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頭顱核磁和腫瘤標(biāo)志物在兒童顱內(nèi)生殖細(xì)胞瘤診治的價值

2011-11-23 01:20朱惠娟金自孟
關(guān)鍵詞:尿崩癥生殖細(xì)胞下丘腦

袁 濤,段 煉,朱惠娟,潘 慧,金自孟

中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科衛(wèi)生部重點實驗室,北京 100730

·垂體下丘腦疾病的診治論壇論著·

頭顱核磁和腫瘤標(biāo)志物在兒童顱內(nèi)生殖細(xì)胞瘤診治的價值

袁 濤,段 煉,朱惠娟,潘 慧,金自孟

中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科衛(wèi)生部重點實驗室,北京 100730

目的評價頭顱核磁共振顯像(MRI)和腦脊液及血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物動態(tài)改變在兒童顱內(nèi)生殖細(xì)胞瘤診治的價值。方法總結(jié)2009年1月至2010年12月診治的5例中樞性尿崩癥兒童患者(女性3例、男性2例),全部患者在初診和隨診時進行頭顱MRI增強掃描,并檢測垂體前葉激素和腦脊液及血清腫瘤標(biāo)志物人絨毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)和甲胎蛋白水平。結(jié)果3例既往未經(jīng)過檢查和治療,2例起病時病因未明,就診于我院時病情加重。起病年齡8歲至12歲1個月,起病至就診時間1至78個月。全部患者均以多尿、多飲癥狀起病,除1例以外,其余患者均有生長遲滯,第二性征未發(fā)育;1例患者在隨訪的2年內(nèi)身高生長速度正常,已進入正常青春期發(fā)育,但是在顱內(nèi)腫瘤顯著增大后,5例患者均有垂體前葉功能減退,血漿泌乳素水平升高。3例分別在起病后18、24和78個月出現(xiàn)腦疝。3例起病時頭顱MRI均表現(xiàn)為垂體柄增粗,在隨訪18~22個月表現(xiàn)為下丘腦-垂體區(qū)巨大占位,2例在起病后1和78個月首次就診,MRI示顱內(nèi)巨大占位;全部患者均有T1加權(quán)像垂體后葉高信號的消失。5例患者腦脊液hCG均升高,其中4例血清hCG也相應(yīng)升高,并且隨著腫瘤的增大而升高,放療后隨腫瘤的縮小而下降。只有1例腦脊液和血清甲胎蛋白顯著升高。結(jié)論診斷為“特發(fā)性中樞性尿崩癥”的患者必須進行密切的隨訪來鑒別病因,尤其是合并有垂體前葉激素缺乏時。初診時MRI表現(xiàn)為正常或單純垂體柄增粗者,在隨訪過程中應(yīng)連續(xù)觀察頭顱MRI增強掃描的變化,以盡早診斷出潛在的下丘腦垂體柄病變。推薦在初診時評價腦脊液hCG水平,因為hCG升高可能早于MRI陽性表現(xiàn)。

中樞性尿崩癥;生殖細(xì)胞瘤

兒童和青少年中樞性尿崩癥(central diabetes insipidus,CDI)起源于下丘腦視上核和室旁核的神經(jīng)元變性或破壞。已知的病因包括生殖細(xì)胞瘤、顱咽管瘤、Langerhans組織細(xì)胞增生癥、局部炎癥、自身免疫性或血管性疾病、手術(shù)或外傷、結(jié)節(jié)病、轉(zhuǎn)移瘤、中線腦和頭顱畸形等[1]。特發(fā)性CDI是排除性診斷,隨著影像學(xué)檢測技術(shù)敏感性的提高,一些曾經(jīng)診斷為特發(fā)性CDI的患者的病因得到了明確,近幾十年特發(fā)性CDI的診斷比例明顯降低[2]。本研究總結(jié)我院就診的5例以CDI起病的兒童生殖細(xì)胞瘤患者病歷,頭顱核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)顯示從垂體柄增粗到巨大占位的進展過程及對治療的反應(yīng),以更好地指導(dǎo)臨床工作。

對象和方法

對象選取2009年1月至2010年12月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科就診的5例CDI兒童患者(女性3例、男性2例)(表1)。3例為既往未經(jīng)過檢查和治療的患者,2例為起病時在其他醫(yī)院,就診于我院時病情有加重的患者。全部患者均無尿崩癥的家族史。起病年齡8~12歲,起病后至就診的時間1~78個月。全部患者均以多尿、多飲癥狀起病,3例患者分別在起病后18、24和78個月出現(xiàn)腦疝,在我院就診時均有垂體前葉功能減退。無其他自身免疫性疾病的證據(jù)。

方法多尿和多飲均經(jīng)過禁水加壓素試驗確診為CDI。全部患者均檢測甲狀腺激素、腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素、性腺激素、泌乳素和胰島素樣生長因子-1水平,均在就診及隨訪時進行MRI平掃和增強掃描,初診時頭顱MRI(除垂體后葉高信號消失以外)只表現(xiàn)為垂體柄增粗者每6個月進行增強掃描。全部患者均檢測腦脊液和血清中的腫瘤標(biāo)志物人絨毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG)和甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)水平。

結(jié) 果

5例患者起病年齡8~12歲1個月,在起病1~78個月后首次就診。首次就診時5例患者均表現(xiàn)為多尿、多飲,經(jīng)過禁水加壓素試驗確診為CDI,去氨加壓素治療后尿量控制在正常范圍。首次就診時因病例2和病例4均在起病3個月內(nèi)就診,身高生長未受影響,另外3例身高均位于同性別同齡兒童第3百分位以下(

病例1、3、4起病時頭顱MRI均表現(xiàn)為垂體柄增粗,分別在隨訪至18、18和22個月時表現(xiàn)為下丘腦-垂體區(qū)巨大占位;病例2和5在起病后1和78個月首次就診時頭顱MRI即顯示下丘腦-垂體區(qū)巨大占位(圖1);病例1、3和5甚至出現(xiàn)梗阻性腦積水及腦疝的表現(xiàn)。全部患者均有T1加權(quán)像垂體后葉高信號的消失。病例4在我院進行每6個月1次規(guī)律的隨訪,隨病程的進展,頭顱MRI顯示視交叉上方下丘腦區(qū)逐漸出現(xiàn)占位性病變(圖2),血清和腦脊液中hCG水平逐漸升高,隨著放療的進行,腫物逐漸縮小,血清和腦脊液中hCG水平逐漸下降(表1)。

A.冠狀位;B.矢狀位A. coronal view; B. sagittal view

1.垂體測量的最大橫徑;2.垂體測量的最大高度;3.垂體柄的最粗徑1. maximum transverse diameter of pituitary;2.maximum height of pituitary; 3.maximum thickened diameter of pituitary stalkA.發(fā)病時垂體柄增粗;B.隨訪12個月,垂體柄增粗較前明顯;C.隨訪22個月,視交叉以上下丘腦區(qū)占位;D.放射治療10次,較放療前下丘腦占位縮??;E.全程放療結(jié)束時,下丘腦占位基本消失A.pituitary stalk thickening at the onset of disease; B.twelve months later, the thickening of stalk increased; C.twenty-two months later, hypothalamus tumor above the optic chiasma; D.after 10 sessions of radiotherapy, the tumor size decreased; E.at the end of radiotherapy, the hypothalamus tumor almost disappeared

表 1 腫瘤標(biāo)志物水平在初診及隨訪、治療中的變化

CSF:腦脊液;β-hCG:人絨毛膜促性腺激素β亞單位;AFP:甲胎蛋白

CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; β-hCG:β subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein

討 論

顱內(nèi)生殖細(xì)胞瘤占原發(fā)性兒童腦腫瘤的7.8%[2],MRI顯示蝶鞍上和神經(jīng)垂體的生殖細(xì)胞瘤主要位于垂體后葉到漏斗部。78%~100%的患者可以檢測到垂體柄部分或完全增粗,而且在生殖細(xì)胞瘤很小時可能為唯一的表現(xiàn)[3]。有垂體柄增粗時預(yù)測惡性腫瘤的風(fēng)險增加至15%~17%,而垂體柄正常時發(fā)生惡性腫瘤的風(fēng)險可降至3%[4]。在全部有尿崩癥和垂體柄增粗的患者,即使無神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和眼科癥狀的表現(xiàn),都應(yīng)該考慮有生殖細(xì)胞瘤的可能。在大多數(shù)患者,尿崩癥通常為首發(fā)癥狀,常伴隨垂體前葉功能減退[5]。生殖細(xì)胞瘤的病程通常進展較快,發(fā)生戲劇性的變化。在Leger等[6]的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)通常在MRI顯示垂體柄增粗后1.3年以內(nèi)以及診斷尿崩癥2.5年以內(nèi)腫瘤快速的生長。本研究顯示5例患者中3例起病時表現(xiàn)為垂體柄增粗者均在2年以內(nèi)腫瘤快速長大。因此,密切隨訪觀察MRI動態(tài)變化在鑒別診斷生殖細(xì)胞瘤方面發(fā)揮重要作用。隨著細(xì)致的MRI隨訪,垂體柄活檢因為手術(shù)的風(fēng)險大而比例顯著減少。Leger等[6]認(rèn)為,如果垂體柄增粗范圍很局限而且病變小于7 mm,不推薦進行垂體柄活檢;在發(fā)現(xiàn)尿崩癥最初的3年內(nèi)應(yīng)該每3~6個月復(fù)查頭顱MRI并監(jiān)測血清和腦脊液中腫瘤標(biāo)志物hCG水平的變化,隨訪的時間間隔取決于垂體柄病變進展的速度,以避免發(fā)展為巨大的腫瘤導(dǎo)致視力和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀。如果垂體柄增粗已經(jīng)擴展至雙側(cè)垂體柄以外,則建議進行手術(shù)活檢。在經(jīng)過3年的隨訪以后,惡性病變的可能性大大減少,但在隨后的2年內(nèi),每年還應(yīng)進行仔細(xì)的臨床和動態(tài)的MRI觀察;5年以后,隨訪間隔可延長至每2~5年隨訪1次(取決于病變的發(fā)育能力和重要性)來明確病因?qū)W診斷[6]。hCG和其他腫瘤標(biāo)志物如AFP在生殖細(xì)胞瘤早期診斷中的作用尚未被廣泛了解。腦脊液hCG升高者需警惕生殖細(xì)胞瘤的存在。本研究病例4在隨訪的2年內(nèi),早在垂體柄增粗時即有腦脊液hCG水平的輕度升高(11.1 mIU/ml),隨著腫瘤的生長,hCG水平顯著升高(1965 mIU/ml),在放射治療后腫瘤基本消失,腦脊液hCG降至8 mIU/ml。因此,腦脊液hCG在該患者還可以作為隨訪腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的有效指標(biāo)。但腦脊液中hCG陰性的結(jié)果并不能排除生殖細(xì)胞瘤[7]。生長停滯和多種垂體激素缺乏是垂體生殖細(xì)胞瘤的常見早期表現(xiàn)(在隨訪過程中幾乎100%發(fā)生),但是垂體前葉激素的缺乏并不能預(yù)測生殖細(xì)胞瘤的發(fā)生。一旦診斷了CDI,必須進行重要指標(biāo)的檢查及隨訪觀察,包括腫瘤標(biāo)志物、骨骼檢查(在Langerhans組織細(xì)胞增生癥中有85%的患者有顱骨受累),尤其重要的是頭顱MRI。生殖細(xì)胞瘤對放療和化療均很敏感,因此在臨床診斷生殖細(xì)胞瘤的患者即使病情嚴(yán)重至腦疝、意識障礙的程度,積極的治療仍然能挽救患者的生命,延長生存期,改善預(yù)后。

CDI伴有垂體柄增粗的自然病程是不可預(yù)測的。尚未見到垂體功能自然恢復(fù)者,但是下丘腦-垂體MRI表現(xiàn)可以從完全恢復(fù)至腫物快速增大而差異很大。診斷為“特發(fā)性中樞性尿崩癥”的患者必須進行密切隨訪來鑒別病因,尤其是合并有垂體前葉激素缺乏時。初診時MRI表現(xiàn)為正常或單純垂體柄增粗者,在隨訪過程中應(yīng)連續(xù)觀察頭顱MRI增強掃描的變化,以盡早診斷出潛在的下丘腦垂體柄病變。推薦在初診時即評價腦脊液hCG水平,因為hCG升高可能早于MRI有陽性表現(xiàn)。

[1] Ghirardello S, Garre ML, Rossi A, et al. The diagnosis of children with central diabetes insipidus[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 20(3):359-375.

[2] Ghirardello S, Malattia C, Scagnelli P, et al. Current perspective on the pathogenesis of central diabetes insipidus[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2005, 18(7):631-645.

[3] Mootha SL, Barkovich AJ, Grumbach MM, et al. Idiopathic hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, pituitary stalk thickening, and the occult intracranial germinoma in children and adolescents[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997, 82(5):1362-1367.

[4] Alter CA, Bilaniuk LT. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the child with central diabetes insipidus[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 15 (Suppl 2):681-687.

[5] Pomarede R, Czernichow P, Finidori J, et al. Endocrine aspects and tumoral markers in intracranial germinoma: an attempt to delineate the diagnostic procedure in 14 patients[J]. J Pediatr, 1982, 101(3):374-378.

[6] Leger J, Velasquez A, Garel C, et al. Thickened pituitary stalk on magnetic resonance imaging in children with central diabetes insipidus[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 84(6):1954-1960.

[7] Maghnie M, Cosi G, Genovese E, et al. Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 343(14):998-1007.

ValueofBrainMagneticResonanceImagingandTumorMarkersintheDiagnosisandTreatmentofIntracranialGerminomainChildren

YUAN Tao, DUAN Lian, ZHU Hui-juan, PAN Hui, JIN Zi-meng

YUAN Tao Tel:010-65295078,E-mail:t75y@sina.com

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tumor markers in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum in the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial germinoma in children.MethodsTotally 5 children (3 girls and 2 boys) who were treated in our hospital between January 2009 and December 2010 due to central diabetes insipidus. All patients

contrast-enhanced brain MRI at presentation and during each follow-up: meanwhile, their anterior pituitary hormones and tumor markers including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) were also determined.ResultsThree patients presented without prior evaluation, and two patients were referred to our hospital due to exaggerated disease of unknown cause. Their ages at presentation ranged from 8 years to 12 years 1 month, and the duration of symptoms at presentation was between 1 month to 78 months. All of them had polyuria and polydipsia at presentation. Except one child, the other 4 patients had growth retardation and failure in initiation of puberty. Although the growth rate and puberty development were normal during the 2-year follow-up for the excepted child, all child experienced anterior pituitary hypofunction and an increased concentration of plasma prolactin after the lesion became enlarged. Three patients had cerebral hernia, which presented in 18, 24, and 78 months, respectively. In three patients, brain MRI at presentation showed isolated pituitary stalk thickening, which further developed into massive tumor in the hypothalamus pituitary region 18-22 months later; in the remaining two patients, large brain tumor was found via MRI at their first presentations. In all five patients, the posterior pituitary gland (bright spot) disappeared on T1-weighted MRI images. CSF hCG elevated in all five patients, and serum hCG increased in four patients; the level of hCG varied with the mass size of tumor. Serum and CSF AFP increased in only one patient.ConclusionsPatients with “idiopathic central diabetes insipidus” must be closely followed to identify the etiology, especially when anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies are detected. For patients with normal brain MRI results or simply isolated pituitary stalk thickening at presentation, the changes of serial contrast-enhanced brain MRI should be observed during follow-up to ensure the early detection of an evolving occult hypothalamic-stalk lesion. Determination of CSF hCG at the first presentation may be useful, because an increased CSF level of hCG precedes MRI abnormalities.

central diabetes insipidus; germinoma

ActaAcadMedSin,2011,33(2):111-115

袁 濤 電話:010-65295078,電子郵件:t75y@sina.com

R584.3

A

1000-503X(2011)02-0111-05

10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2011.02.002

Ministry of Health Key Lab of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China

2011-01-24)

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