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TCIRG1基因突變致常染色體隱性遺傳性骨硬化癥的臨床表現(xiàn)及家系分析

2011-06-13 01:02何進(jìn)衛(wèi)傅文貞顧潔梅胡偉偉柯耀華胡云秋劉玉娟章振林
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2011年35期
關(guān)鍵詞:硬化癥遺傳性雜合

汪 純,何進(jìn)衛(wèi),傅文貞,張 浩,顧潔梅,胡偉偉,岳 華,柯耀華,胡云秋,李 淼,劉玉娟,章振林

TCIRG1基因突變致常染色體隱性遺傳性骨硬化癥的臨床表現(xiàn)及家系分析

汪 純,何進(jìn)衛(wèi),傅文貞,張 浩,顧潔梅,胡偉偉,岳 華,柯耀華,胡云秋,李 淼,劉玉娟,章振林

目的 通過(guò)對(duì)1例常染色體隱性遺傳性骨硬化癥 (ARO)患兒臨床表型和致病基因的研究,提高臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)這類少見(jiàn)惡性遺傳性疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)。方法 對(duì)此例ARO患兒進(jìn)行生化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)、腹部超聲和骨骼X線檢查,同時(shí)對(duì)本例患兒及其父母、祖父母和外祖父母進(jìn)行T細(xì)胞免疫調(diào)節(jié)子1基因 (TCIRG1)全編碼外顯子測(cè)序,并以100位健康志愿者作為基因突變分析的對(duì)照。結(jié)果 該例患兒血常規(guī)示血紅蛋白74 g/L,血小板24×109/L;血清堿性磷酸酶(ALP)達(dá)1 115 U/L;腹部超聲檢查示肝脾腫大,上肢和胸部X線可見(jiàn)典型的骨密度增高。患兒及其母親和外祖母均為T(mén)CIRG1基因3號(hào)外顯子第78位核苷酸發(fā)生雜合移碼突變 (3705C/-)攜帶者。而在100例健康者中未檢出該突變。結(jié)論 新發(fā)現(xiàn)的TCIRG1基因外顯子3雜合移碼突變 (3705C/-)是本例ARO患兒的致病突變位點(diǎn),此基因突變導(dǎo)致脾腫大、嚴(yán)重貧血和血小板減少等嚴(yán)重的臨床表現(xiàn),因此基因檢測(cè)對(duì)于診斷骨硬化癥至關(guān)重要。

骨硬化癥;遺傳性疾病,先天性;T細(xì)胞免疫調(diào)節(jié)子1基因

骨硬化癥是以破骨細(xì)胞缺乏或功能缺陷導(dǎo)致骨吸收障礙和高骨密度為臨床特征的遺傳性疾病。按照遺傳方式可分為常染色體顯性遺傳骨硬化癥 (autosomal dominant osteopetrosis,ADO)和常染色體隱性遺傳骨硬化癥 (autosomal recessive osteopetrosis,ARO)。其中ARO的新生兒發(fā)病率為1:250 000,主要表現(xiàn)為幼年起病,伴有嚴(yán)重且惡性的臨床癥狀,包括危及生命的骨髓衰竭、肝脾腫大、生長(zhǎng)遲緩和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)缺陷 (失明和耳聾等)。目前已經(jīng)明確ARO的主要致病基因是編碼破骨細(xì)胞特異性空泡型質(zhì)子泵a3亞單位的T細(xì)胞免疫調(diào)節(jié)子1基因 (T - cell immune regulator 1 gene,TCIRG1)[1]、氯化物通道7基因 (Chloride channel 7,CLCN7)和骨硬化相關(guān)跨膜蛋白1基因 (Osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane protein 1,OSTM1)[2-5]。迄今中國(guó)有關(guān)ARO的報(bào)道僅見(jiàn)2007年由香港研究者報(bào)道的1例由CLCN7基因純合突變 (p.I261F)導(dǎo)致的ARO患兒[6]。本文通過(guò)對(duì)1例由TCIRG1基因雜合突變導(dǎo)致的ARO患兒的報(bào)道,闡述其典型臨床表現(xiàn)和致病基因,旨在提高臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)這類少見(jiàn)的惡性遺傳性疾病的了解。

1 病例簡(jiǎn)介

患兒,女,6月齡,足月剖宮產(chǎn),出生時(shí)體質(zhì)量3 100 g。因嚴(yán)重貧血和腹部包塊在上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院骨質(zhì)疏松和骨病專科就診,父母為非近親結(jié)婚,家族中無(wú)類似發(fā)病。

指標(biāo)檢測(cè):接診后對(duì)該患兒進(jìn)行了生化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)、骨髓穿刺、腹部超聲和X線檢查。采集該患兒及其父母、祖父母和外祖父母的外周血并從中抽提基因組DNA,進(jìn)行TCIRG1基因全編碼外顯子測(cè)序,共設(shè)計(jì)了10對(duì)引物,擴(kuò)增了10個(gè)350~700 bp片段,覆蓋了該基因19個(gè)編碼外顯子,上下游引物序列見(jiàn)表1。同時(shí)以100位健康志愿者作為基因突變分析的健康對(duì)照[7]。

表1 TCIRG1基因全編碼外顯子測(cè)序上下游引物序列Table 1 The forward and reverse primers for the whole exon sequencing in TCIRG1 gene

臨床癥狀和致病基因:該患兒血常規(guī)示血紅蛋白74 g/L,血小板24×109/L;血清堿性磷酸酶 (ALP)1 115 U/L(同年齡參考值為115~460 U/L),天門(mén)冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶 (AST)701 U/L(同年齡參考值為18~74 U/L),乳酸脫氫酶 (LDH)695 U/L(同年齡參考值為150~360 U/L),羥丁酸脫氫酶(HBDH)484 U/L(同年齡參考值為72~182 U/L),血鈣2.12 mmol/L(同年齡參考值為2.20~2.70 mmol/L),血磷0.96 mmol/L(同年齡參考值為1.23~2.00 mmol/)。腹部超聲檢查示肝、脾腫大。上肢和胸部X線可見(jiàn)典型的骨密度普遍增高,但無(wú)典型三明治樣椎體和骨內(nèi)骨 (bone-in-bone)表現(xiàn) (見(jiàn)圖1)。骨髓穿刺檢查示粒系增生輕度減低?;純杭捌淠赣H和外祖母均發(fā)現(xiàn)TCIRG1基因3號(hào)外顯子78位核苷酸發(fā)生雜合移碼突變 (3705C/-)導(dǎo)致91位蛋白質(zhì)之后的氨基酸編碼發(fā)生改變 (見(jiàn)圖2),而患兒的父親和外祖父均為正常野生型,家系圖見(jiàn)圖3。在100例健康對(duì)照者中未發(fā)現(xiàn)此基因突變。

診斷:根據(jù)上述臨床癥狀和基因突變的結(jié)果,該患兒診斷為ARO,TCIRG1基因外顯子3雜合移碼突變 (3705C/-),根據(jù)人類基因突變數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) (http://www.hgmd.org/),此突變?yōu)樾掳l(fā)現(xiàn)的ARO致病突變位點(diǎn)。

圖1 ARO患兒左上肢和胸部X線檢查所示Figure 1 X-ray radiography of the ARO infant's left upper limb and chest

圖2 TCIRG1基因3號(hào)外顯子78位C缺失發(fā)生雜合移碼突變(3075C/-,見(jiàn)箭頭所指)Figure 2 Genetic analysis showing the novel frameshift mutation in exon 3 of TCIRG1 gene

圖3 本例ARO患兒家系圖Figure 3 The pedigree of the ARO infant

2 討論

ARO是根據(jù)遺傳模式定義的骨硬化癥中一種比較少見(jiàn)的類型,是具有嚴(yán)重臨床表現(xiàn)的嬰兒期常染色體隱性骨骼疾病。臨床表現(xiàn)為再生障礙性貧血、血小板減少癥、肝脾腫大、神經(jīng)精神運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙和危及生命的骨髓衰竭。X線檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)全身性的骨骼普遍硬化。TCIRG1、CLCN7和OSTM1基因是ARO的3個(gè)主要致病基因[2-5]。本文報(bào)道的患兒在6月齡時(shí)根據(jù)嚴(yán)重貧血、血小板減少、肝脾腫大、典型高骨密度X線表現(xiàn)和TCIRG1基因3號(hào)外顯子78位核苷酸雜合移碼突變 (3705C/-)診斷為ARO。患兒的母親和外祖母也是此基因突變的攜帶者,但未發(fā)病,而其父親為正常野生型基因。ARO是常染色體隱性遺傳性骨硬化癥,患者應(yīng)該為該突變位點(diǎn)的純合子才會(huì)發(fā)病,而在本研究中,患兒為該突變位點(diǎn)的雜合子。通過(guò)復(fù)習(xí)文獻(xiàn),有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分ARO患兒雖然是TCIRG1基因單等位基因突變的攜帶者,卻以類似于常染色體顯性遺傳的方式發(fā)病[5,8-9]。對(duì)此該研究指出 Alu-介導(dǎo)的同源重組和雜合子水平的同一基因組大片段缺失可能是ARO患者在單等位基因突變的情況下發(fā)病的潛在機(jī)制,但這些變化是目前常規(guī)的突變檢測(cè)方法所無(wú)法發(fā)現(xiàn)的[5]。本研究已經(jīng)對(duì)患兒及其母親進(jìn)行了Alu-介導(dǎo)的同源重組的研究,但未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)證據(jù),故推測(cè)此TCIRG1基因是該ARO患兒的致病基因,其3號(hào)外顯子雜合移碼突變 (3705C/-)是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的與ARO有關(guān)的突變位點(diǎn),需要進(jìn)一步的研究明確患兒攜帶單等位基因突變的情況下發(fā)病的機(jī)制。

本研究中ARO患兒的ALP水平高于同年齡正常參考值。由于兒童處于生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期,血清ALP水平可作為反映成骨細(xì)胞活性的骨轉(zhuǎn)換指標(biāo),兒童的正常參考值高于成年人。通常骨硬化癥被認(rèn)為是一種由于破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量或者功能缺陷導(dǎo)致的骨吸收障礙疾病。但是以往亦有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道ARO患者血清ALP水平升高[10-11],此現(xiàn)象顯示與其他類型的骨硬化癥患者相比,ARO患者的成骨細(xì)胞分化和功能可能存在差異。而在ARO患兒骨活檢中也證實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了活躍的成骨細(xì)胞[10]。在CLCN7基因敲除小鼠中血清ALP水平上升30%也提示骨形成和骨吸收的平衡被打破[12]。近年來(lái)一些研究也證實(shí)在骨硬化癥發(fā)病機(jī)制中成骨細(xì)胞可能起了一定的作用[13-15]。因此,增高的血清ALP水平可能反映了在年幼的ARO患者中成骨細(xì)胞和破骨細(xì)胞之間平衡的調(diào)節(jié)。進(jìn)一步的研究需要著眼于揭示骨硬化癥中成骨細(xì)胞-破骨細(xì)胞相互關(guān)系背后的病理生理機(jī)制。

綜上所述,TCIRG1基因突變是中國(guó)ARO患者的致病基因之一,此基因突變可導(dǎo)致肝脾腫大、嚴(yán)重貧血和血小板減少癥等嚴(yán)重的臨床表現(xiàn),因此基因檢測(cè)對(duì)于診斷骨硬化癥至關(guān)重要。進(jìn)一步的功能研究有助于揭示此ARO患者血清ALP增高和攜帶單等位基因突變即發(fā)病的可能的機(jī)制。

1 Stark Z,Savarirayan R.Osteopetrosis [J].Orphanet J Rare Dis,2009,4:5.

2 Bliznetz e A,Tverskaya SM,Zinchenko RA,et al.Genetic analysis of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis in Chuvashiya:the unique splice site mutation in TCIRG1 gene spread by the founder effect[J].Eur J Hum Genet,2009,17(5):664 -672.

3 Phadke SR,F(xiàn)ischer B,Gupta N,et al.Novel mutations in Indian patients with autosomal recessive infantile malignant osteopetrosis[J].Indian J Med Res,2010,131:508 -514.

4 Besbas N,Draaken M,Ludwig M,et al.A novel CLCN7 mutation resulting in a most severe form of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis[J].Eur J Pediatr,2009,168(12):1449 -1454.

5 Pangrazio A,Caldana ME,Sobacchi C,et al.Characterization of a novel Alu-Alu recombination-mediated genomic deletion in the TCIRG1 gene in five osteopetrotic patients [J].J Bone Miner Res,2009,24(1):162-167.

6 Lam CW,Tong SF,Wong K,et al.DNA -based diagnosis of malignant osteopetrosis by whole-genome scan using a single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray:standardization of molecular investigations of genetic diseases due to consanguinity[J].J Hum Genet,2007,52(1):98-101.

7 Zhang ZL,He JW,Zhang H,et al.Identification of the CLCN7 gene mutations in two Chinese families with autosomal dominant osteopetrosis(typeⅡ)[J].J Bone Miner Metab,2009,27(4):444-451.

8 Sobacchi C,F(xiàn)rattini A,Orchard P,et al.The mutational spectrum of human malignant autosomal recessive osteopetrosis[J].Hum Mol Genet,2001,10(17):1767.

9 Kornak U,Schulz A,F(xiàn)riedrich W,et al.Mutations in the a3 subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase cause infantile malignant osteopetrosis[J].Hum Mol Genet,2000,9(13):2059.

10 Taranta A,Migliaccio S,Recchia I,et al.Genotype-phenotype relationship in human ATP6i-dependent autosomal recessive osteopetrosis[J].Am J Pathol,2003,162(1):57 -68.

11 Delfattore A,Peruzzi B,Rucci N,et al.Clinical,genetic,and cellular analysis of 49 osteopetrotic patients:implications for diagnosis and treatment[J].J Med Genet,2006,43(4):315 -325.

12 Neutzsky-wulff AV,Karsdal MA,Henriksen K.Characterization of the bone phenotype in ClC -7-deficient mice[J].Calcif Tissue Int,2008,83(6):425-437.

13 De Vernejoul MC,Kornak U.Heritable sclerosing bone disorders:presentation and new molecular mechanisms[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2010,1192(1):269-277.

14 Marzia M,Sims NA,Voit S,et al.Decreased c-Src expression enhances osteoblast differentiation and bone formation [J].J Cell Biol,2000,151(2):311-20.

15 Del Fattore A,Cappariello A,Teti A.Genetics,pathogenesis and complications of osteopetrosis[J].Bone,2008,42(1):19-29.

The Clinical Phenotypes and Family Study of Autosomal Recessive Osteopetrosis Caused by TCIRG 1 Mutation

WANG Chun,HE Jin -wei,F(xiàn)U Wen -zhen,et al.Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetics Research Unit,Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases,Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200233,China

ObjectiveTo study the clinical manifestations and molecular defect in an infant with autosomal recessive osteopetrosis(ARO)to improve the clinicians'understanding of this rare and malignant bone disease.Methods The biochemical parameters,abdominal ultrasound and X - ray were examined on this ARO infant.The entire coding region and adjacent splice sites of the T - cell immune regulator 1(TCIRG1)gene were amplified and sequenced directly in the patient,her parents,her paternal grandparents and her maternal grandparents.One hundred healthy donors were recruited as controls for mutation analysis.ResultsThe infant had severe anemia,thrombopenia and hepatosplenomegaly.Her hemoglobin was only 74 g/L.Her serum ALP level was 1 115 U/L.X -ray images of the chest and upper limb showed typical high bone density.A novel heterozygous frameshift mutation in exon 3 of the TCIRG1 gene(3705C/-)was detected in the infant,her mother and maternal grandmother.No controls harbored mutations in the TCIRG1 gene.ConclusionThe newly-discovered heterozygous mutation in exon 3 of the TCIRG1 gene was responsible for the Chinese infant with ARO,which clinical manifestations are severe anemia,thrombopenia and splenomegaly.So Genetic Analysis is necessary to diagnose osteopetrosis.The following functional study will investigate the potential mechanism to explain the elevated level of serum ALP and the existence of ARO in patient with monoallelic mutation.

Osteopetrosis;Genetic diseases,inborn;T -cell immune regulator 1 gene

R 681.4

A

1007-9572(2011)12-4070-03

上海市科委重大科技專題攻關(guān)專項(xiàng) (10DZ1950100),上海市科委上海市自然科學(xué)基金 (11ZR1427300),上海市科委攻關(guān)-生物醫(yī)藥 (08411963100),國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目 (81070692),國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目 (81000360)

200233上海市,上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院骨質(zhì)疏松和骨病專科,骨代謝病和遺傳研究室

章振林,200233上海市,上海交通大學(xué)附屬第六人民醫(yī)院骨質(zhì)疏松和骨病???,骨代謝病和遺傳研究室;E-mail:zzl2002@medmail.com.cn

2011-09-05;

2011-11-03)

(本文編輯:趙躍翠)

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