韓炎森,牟 珊,陳德坤*
(1.西北農(nóng)林科技大學生命科學學院,陜西楊陵 712100;2.西北農(nóng)林科技大學動物醫(yī)學院,陜西楊陵 712100)
奶山羊?qū)嶒炐匀榉垦椎牟±斫M織學觀察及促炎性細胞因子的檢測
韓炎森1,牟 珊2,陳德坤2*
(1.西北農(nóng)林科技大學生命科學學院,陜西楊陵 712100;2.西北農(nóng)林科技大學動物醫(yī)學院,陜西楊陵 712100)
選健康泌乳期關(guān)中奶山羊8只,分成金黃色葡萄球菌感染組和大腸埃希菌感染組,每只羊分別經(jīng)右乳頭灌注病原性大腸埃希菌(3×103cfu)和金黃色葡萄球菌(3×102cfu),對照乳區(qū)灌注等量無菌PBS。于灌注細菌前后不同時間采集血樣和乳樣,測定血清和乳樣中的促炎性細胞因子水平,并于72 h后取山羊乳腺組織制備病理切片觀察組織變化。結(jié)果顯示,金黃色葡萄球菌感染組奶山羊乳樣中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-12、IL-17和TNF-α水平不斷升高,血樣中相同細胞因子水平均表現(xiàn)先上升后下降特點;大腸埃希菌感染奶山羊乳樣中細胞因子表現(xiàn)為先上升后下降趨勢,血樣中變化趨勢不明顯。組織病理切片觀察顯示乳腺被金黃色葡萄球菌感染后腺泡腔內(nèi)可見脫落的腺泡細胞、淋巴細胞、中性粒細胞及巨噬細胞;間質(zhì)水腫,結(jié)締組織間隙可見大量淋巴細胞、中性粒細胞及巨噬細胞浸潤。
乳房炎;組織病理學;細胞因子
*通訊作者
乳房炎是泌乳動物主要疾病之一[1-2],在奶牛和奶山羊養(yǎng)殖中最為常見。近年來隨著奶山羊養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,乳房炎問題也日顯突出。乳房炎的發(fā)生不僅導致動物泌乳量降低,乳汁質(zhì)量下降,嚴重的還會導致動物死亡,不僅給養(yǎng)殖業(yè)造成經(jīng)濟損失,還使得乳制品品質(zhì)下降,有害微生物含量超標等,危害消費者身體健康。
乳腺在乳房炎發(fā)生時具有一系列防御機制保護,由粒細胞和細胞因子所介導的非特異性免疫反應在這個過程的早期起著大部分的保護作用。雖然綿羊、奶牛、豬和小鼠實驗性乳房炎[3-7]及其免疫保護因子的變化規(guī)律和機理[7-9]都有過報道,但由于免疫機制的復雜性,乳房炎一直都難以得到有效預防。本研究利用人工誘發(fā)山羊?qū)嶒炐匀橄傺?研究乳房發(fā)病過程中的病理變化及血液和乳汁中細胞因子的變化規(guī)律。為闡明乳腺的防御體系并通過人工干預提高乳腺的健康水平提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1.1 試驗用動物 8只健康泌乳期關(guān)中奶山羊,購自關(guān)中地區(qū)養(yǎng)殖戶,處于第2個~3個泌乳期,體重35 kg左右。持續(xù)檢測1周,乳樣菌檢陰性,動物無乳房炎表現(xiàn)。
1.1.2 病原菌 西北農(nóng)林科技大學動物醫(yī)學院免疫學實驗室從患乳房炎奶山羊乳汁中分離鑒定所得2種病原菌,大腸埃希菌(E.coli)O117血清型和金黃色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)。
1.2.1 奶山羊乳房炎模型建立 調(diào)整大腸埃希菌濃度為3×103cfu/mL,葡萄球菌濃度為3×102cfu/mL。奶山羊分為大腸埃希菌感染組和金黃色葡萄球菌感染組,每組4只。采用乳頭管灌注法于奶山羊右乳區(qū)灌注 1 mL菌液,左乳區(qū)灌注等量無菌PBS。
1.2.2 樣品采集及處理 分別于灌注前(0h)和灌注后4、8、24、48、72 h采集靜脈血和左右乳區(qū)乳汁。乳汁3 000r/min離心30 min,棄去上層乳脂和沉淀物。靜脈血1 500 r/min離心10 min,收血清。脫脂乳和血清分裝后-20℃保存待檢。感染葡萄球菌的奶山羊于72 h后處死,取乳腺組織,40 g/L多聚甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,切片,HE染色,進行病理組織學觀察。
1.2.3 細胞因子檢測 用購自美國R&D公司的細胞因子ELISA試劑盒按說明書所述:加樣,加酶,顯色,終止,分別檢測血清和脫脂乳中細胞因子IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-12,IL-17和 TNF-α的濃度。
金黃色葡萄球菌感染組山羊在灌注細菌后2 h開始出現(xiàn)精神委靡,4 h后飲食欲下降,右乳區(qū)比左乳區(qū)明顯發(fā)熱,乳汁LMT檢測已呈強陽性。24 h后山羊更加委靡,個別羊全身顫抖甚至無法站立并出現(xiàn)拉稀,飲食欲幾近廢絕,右乳區(qū)明顯腫大發(fā)熱變硬,乳汁發(fā)黃、pH升高,產(chǎn)奶量嚴重下降。48 h后山羊躺臥,飲食欲廢絕,右乳區(qū)腫大變硬發(fā)涼,乳汁已成血乳。大腸埃希菌感染組山羊在灌注細菌后4 h開始精神不振,右乳區(qū)稍有發(fā)熱,乳汁LMT也是強陽性。但24 h后精神狀況出現(xiàn)好轉(zhuǎn),少量飲食,右乳區(qū)仍較左乳區(qū)發(fā)熱,產(chǎn)奶量下降,乳汁pH亦有升高;體溫在感染后升高明顯,感染后72 h時仍未恢復正常。
金黃色葡萄球菌感染組山羊乳樣中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-12、IL-17 和 TNF-α水平呈持續(xù)上升趨勢,血清中細胞因子水平則表現(xiàn)為先上升,并在感染后4h達到峰值,然后下降的趨勢。大腸埃希菌感染山羊乳樣中的細胞因子濃度則呈先上升后下降趨勢,并且在灌注后24h水平最高,血清中 IL-1β,IL-6和IL-17表現(xiàn)為先上升后下降趨勢,分別在感染后4、24、8 h細胞因子水平最高,IL-8和 TNF-α濃度始終低于感染前,IL-12變化規(guī)律不明顯。除IL-6外,血清中其他檢測細胞因子水平始終高于乳樣(圖1~圖6)。
圖1~圖6乳樣中細胞因子水平的變化趨勢明顯:金黃色葡萄球菌感染山羊細胞因子呈持續(xù)上升特點,大腸埃希菌感染山羊則呈先上升后下降特點;血清中細胞因子水平變化規(guī)律不明顯。除IL-6外,血清中細胞因子水平始終高于乳樣中。
圖1 感染后72 h內(nèi) IL-1β濃度變化Fig.1 Concentration of IL-1βin 72 hours after infection
圖2 感染后 72 h內(nèi)IL-6濃度變化Fig.2 Concentration of IL-6 in 72 hours after infection
圖3 感染后72 h內(nèi)IL-8濃度變化Fig.3 Concentration of IL-8 in 72 hours after infection
圖4 感染后72 h內(nèi)IL-12濃度變化Fig.4 Concentration of IL-12 in 72 hours after infection
圖5 72 h內(nèi)IL-17濃度變化Fig.5 Concentration of IL-17 in 72 hours after infection
圖6 感染后72 h內(nèi) TNF-α濃度變化Fig.6 Concentration of TNF-α in 72 hours after infection
乳腺組織石蠟切片形態(tài)學觀察顯示,正常健康奶山羊乳腺腺泡腔緊密排列,腺泡內(nèi)無其他細胞出現(xiàn)(圖7)。感染葡萄球菌的奶山羊乳腺腺小葉的腺泡腔中可見腺泡細胞、淋巴細胞、中性粒細胞及巨噬細胞浸潤;間質(zhì)水腫,結(jié)締組織間隙可見大量淋巴細胞、中性粒細胞浸潤(圖8)。
圖7 健康泌乳期奶山羊乳腺組織切片(10×40)腺泡緊密排列,腺泡內(nèi)無其他細胞浸潤Fig.7 Mammary histology pathological section of healthy lactation dairy goat(10×40).Acinus were closely arranged,and there were no other cells in acinus
圖8 實驗性乳腺炎奶山羊乳腺組織切片(10×40)腺泡腔內(nèi)炎性細胞浸潤,間質(zhì)水腫Fig.8 Mammary histology pathological section of experimental mastitis dairy goat(10×40).Inflammato ry cells infiltrating in acinar lumina,interstitial edema
臨床型乳房炎動物,通常都會表現(xiàn)出肉眼可見的臨床癥狀,表現(xiàn)為動物精神委靡,表現(xiàn)為食欲不振,體溫升高,乳房病變,乳汁變色,增稠或者呈水樣、乳中有凝塊等。有些動物伴隨著顫栗或長臥不起等。實驗性乳房炎病理模型描述中,患乳房炎乳腺腺泡腔內(nèi)充滿炎性細胞、變性脫落上皮細胞和空泡性滲出物(脂肪),間質(zhì)水腫、間質(zhì)組織增生,上皮萎縮。本試驗中奶山羊臨床癥狀及乳腺組織形態(tài)學觀察顯示實驗性乳房炎模型成功建立,這也進一步為我們鑒別乳房炎提供了可參考的臨床資料。
IL-1可誘導肝細胞合成急性期蛋白和一些補體組分促進中性粒細胞釋放炎性介質(zhì)和炎癥蛋白直接參與炎性反應;IL-6促進Ig的分泌,促進單核細胞及中性粒細胞產(chǎn)生過氧化物,加速肝細胞APP合成從而介導機體抗炎癥的自身穩(wěn)定反應;IL-8又稱中性粒細胞激活蛋白,能夠趨化中性粒細胞向炎癥部位遷移,并激活中性粒細胞,促使其釋放溶酶體酶及超氧化物實現(xiàn)對病原體的殺傷作用;IL-12可以促進NK細胞的殺傷水平和黏附分子的表達,同時還可以上調(diào)腫瘤壞死因子(TNF);IL-17具有強大的招募中性粒細胞的作用,調(diào)節(jié)并促進多種炎性介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,通過不同機制發(fā)揮致炎作用,主要介導防御胞外病原微生物感染,參與炎癥反應和自身免疫,與免疫調(diào)節(jié)、免疫病理和宿主免疫關(guān)系密切;TNF-α位于促炎癥細胞因子相互連接形成的網(wǎng)絡頂點,作為誘導細胞反應中的最初物質(zhì),在細胞和亞細胞水平上激發(fā)一系列級聯(lián)反應[10],可以誘導IL-1、IL-6等細胞因子的瀑布樣釋放。TNF-α一方面能增強嗜中性粒細胞的殺菌活性,另一方面還可以加速嗜中性粒細胞通過內(nèi)皮細胞壁的滲出[11-12]。乳房炎病原菌釋放的毒素可以募集白細胞和乳腺上皮細胞分泌細胞因子,這些細胞因子在乳房炎發(fā)生過程中是重要的促炎性因子。促炎因子一旦產(chǎn)生,不但可以自身激活,還能促進其他促炎因子的產(chǎn)生,引起連鎖和放大效應,即“瀑布”效應。本實驗中兩個不同組乳樣細胞因子濃度呈不同規(guī)律變化,我們也得到了部分與以前報道相似的結(jié)論[6,13],奶山羊感染病原菌后乳樣中各種促炎性細胞因子水平都有明顯升高。結(jié)合奶山羊臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)可以知道伴隨著各種細胞因子濃度的升高,金黃色葡萄球菌在乳腺中繁殖迅速并且釋放大量毒素,炎癥反應和乳腺組織損傷呈進行性加重。而大腸埃希菌對奶山羊乳房炎的致病力是有限的,其感染通常引起急性乳房炎但易于治愈。本研究為闡明乳腺的免疫機制及防御體系并通過人工干預提高乳腺的健康水平提供了理論依據(jù)。
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The Histopathological Observation and Detection of Inflammatory Cytokines of Experimental Mastitis in Dairy Goat
HAN Yan-sen1,MOU Shan2,CHEN De-kun2
(1.College of Li fe Science,Northwest A&F University,Yang ling,Shaanxi,712100,China;2.College of veterinary medicine,Northwest A&F University,Yang ling,Shaanxi,712100,China)
Choosed 8 healthy Guanzhong dairy goats which were in the lactation period and divided intoE.coli)group and S.aureus group.The teat on the right side of mammary glands ofE.coli)group and S.aureus group was inoculated respectively with pathogenicity E.coli(3 103CFU)and S.aureus(3 102CFU),and the contrary one with phosphate buffer solution(PBS).The blood and milk samples were collected at different times and the inflammatory cytokines levels in sera and milk was detected before and after the infection,then,collected the mammary tissue at 72 h post-infection and made histology pathological section.The results showed that the cytokines IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-12,IL-17 and TNF-αof S.aureus group in milk were rising,the cytokines levels of Saureus group in sera rose first and then declined;the cytokines levels ofE.coli)group in milk rose first and then declined,the trends on cytokines levels in sera were not obvious.Histology pathological section observation showed there were deciduous acinar cells,lymphocytes,polymorphonuclear(PMN)and macrophages in acinar lumina whose mammary gland was infected by S.aureus;there were interstitial edema,and a lot of lymphocytes,polymorphonuclear(PMN)and macrophages in connective tissue clearance.
mastitis;histopathology;cytokine
S852.31;S858.27
A
1007-5038(2011)08-0053-04
2011-04-27
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(201103038)
韓炎森 (1985-),男,山西長子人,碩士研究生,主要從事生物信息學分子設計及免疫學研究。