楊永德 印國兵 曾曉華
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院普外科,重慶 400010
局部進(jìn)展期乳腺癌趨化因子受體CXCR4的表達(dá)與新輔助化療療效的相關(guān)性及預(yù)后研究
楊永德 印國兵 曾曉華
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院普外科,重慶 400010
背景與目的:目前已經(jīng)確立新輔助化療在局部進(jìn)展期乳腺癌(local advanced breast cancer,LABC)治療中的地位,達(dá)到病理完全緩解者可提高生存率,但仍有大量患者復(fù)發(fā)、死亡,而無法從中受益。因此,我們迫切需要從分子水平找到可以預(yù)測新輔助化療效果和預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。目前已經(jīng)證實(shí)趨化因子受體CXCR4與乳腺癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),然而關(guān)于CXCR4能否作為LABC患者新輔助化療中的療效指標(biāo)和預(yù)后指標(biāo),目前卻鮮有報(bào)道。本研究中,我們采用紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案治療LABC,同時比較CXCR4低表達(dá)和高表達(dá)與療效和遠(yuǎn)期生存的相關(guān)性。方法:對接受4個周期紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案進(jìn)行治療的86例ⅡB~ⅢB期(參照2002年AJCC乳腺癌TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn))LABC患者資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。用免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測新輔助化療前后乳腺癌組織CXCR4的表達(dá),分析新輔助化療對CXCR4低表達(dá)和CXCR4高表達(dá)患者的臨床、病理療效及其與遠(yuǎn)期生存的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:86例患者中58例(67.4%)為CXCR4高表達(dá),28例(32.6%)為CXCR4低表達(dá),新輔助化療后,CXCR4高表達(dá)49例(57.0%),低表達(dá)37例(43.0%),化療前后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。86例患者的腫瘤原發(fā)灶總有效率(ORR)為90.7%(78/86),其中臨床完全緩解(cCR)占20.9%(18/86),部分緩解(PR)占69.8%(60/86),病情穩(wěn)定(SD)占9.3%(8/86),病理完全緩解(pCR)占15.1%(13/86)。CXCR4低表達(dá)cCR為39.3%(11/28),pCR為28.6%(8/28),明顯高于CXCR4高表達(dá)的cCR[12.07%(7/58)]和pCR[8.6%(5/58)](P<0.05)。新輔助化療后,LABC患者CXCR4高表達(dá)的復(fù)發(fā)和死亡的相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別是CXCR4低表達(dá)的2.923(95%CI:1.418~6.023,P=0.003 6)倍和3.364(95%CI:1.190~9.509,P=0.022 1)倍。CXCR4高表達(dá)5年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率(RFS)為34%,低于CXCR4低表達(dá)組(59%)(P=0.002 7),CXCR4高表達(dá)5年總體生存率(OS)為57%,低于CXCR4低表達(dá)組(68%)(P=0.013 9)。COX回歸分析顯示,高表達(dá)的CXCR4是LABC患者在新輔助化療后一種新型的獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo)。結(jié)論:紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案在LABC的新輔助化療中療效顯著,CXCR4低表達(dá)療效更明顯,更易獲得cCR和pCR。新輔助化療后,CXCR4高表達(dá)者遠(yuǎn)期生存明顯低于CXCR4低表達(dá)者,復(fù)發(fā)和死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。CXCR4可作為預(yù)測新輔助化療療效和預(yù)后的一個重要參考指標(biāo)。
乳腺癌; 趨化因子受體; CXCR4; 新輔助化療
目前已經(jīng)確立新輔助化療(neo-adjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)在局部進(jìn)展期乳腺癌(locally advanced breast cancer,LABC)治療中的肯定地位[1],但仍有大量患者無法從中受益。趨化因子受體CXCR4是1種7次跨膜的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)被證實(shí)與包括乳腺癌在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)[2]。目前有學(xué)者對CXCR4的表達(dá)與乳腺癌新輔助化療的療效及預(yù)后相關(guān)因素之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,但是尚未形成一個統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論。本研究旨在比較乳腺癌新輔助化療前后CXCR4的表達(dá)與新輔助化療療效之間的相互關(guān)系及預(yù)后研究,探討CXCR4能否作為預(yù)測乳腺癌新輔助化療療效和預(yù)后有效指標(biāo),為臨床治療提供指導(dǎo)。
選取2004年1月—2008年12月重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院乳腺外科收治的86例ⅡB~ⅢB期(參照2002年第六版AJCC乳腺癌TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn))LABC患者進(jìn)行回顧性研究,患者均為女性,年齡30~75歲,中位年齡48歲,其中浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌52例,浸潤性小葉癌20例,單純癌6例,硬癌4例,髓樣癌4例。所有患者化療前完成空芯針穿刺病理明確診斷,有可評價(jià)病灶,無炎性乳腺癌和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。所有患者行新輔助化療前均簽署知情同意書,第1天接受蒽環(huán)類藥物表柔比星60 mg/m2或吡柔比星45 mg/m2,靜脈滴注;第二天紫杉醇175 mg/m2,靜脈滴注3 h,每2周重復(fù)1次,共4個周期。化療同時給予地塞米松、氯苯那敏及西咪替丁等輔助用藥,以防胃腸道反應(yīng)。4個周期化療結(jié)束后14~21 d,接受乳腺癌改良根治術(shù)或根治術(shù),其中改良根治術(shù)81例,根治術(shù)5例。所有患者的ER、PR和Her-2的免疫組織化學(xué)染色由本院病理科按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)程操作。術(shù)后給予規(guī)范化化療、內(nèi)分泌治療及放療。
全部病例新輔助化療前穿刺活檢取出的標(biāo)本和乳腺癌術(shù)后的標(biāo)本均用免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測CXCR4的表達(dá),CXCR4免疫組化染色試劑盒購自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司,按試劑盒熱修復(fù)法操作。免疫組化結(jié)果判定:按腫瘤細(xì)胞陽性細(xì)胞率和著色強(qiáng)度分別進(jìn)行記分。按陽性細(xì)胞百分率記分:≤5%為0分,>5%~25%為1分,>25%~50%為2分,>50%~75%為3分,>75%為4分。按著色強(qiáng)度記分并分為4個等級:無著色為0分,淡黃色為1分,黃色為2分,棕黃色為3分。兩者積分乘積為0表示陰性(-),大于1為陽性,其中1~2表示弱陽性(+),3~4表示陽性(++),≥5為強(qiáng)陽性(+++)[3]。在本研究中,≤2分記為CXCR4低表達(dá),>2分記為CXCR4高表達(dá)。
療效按WHO制定的同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),腫瘤完全消失定義為臨床完全緩解(complete clinical response,cCR),腫瘤體積縮小50%以上為部分緩解(partial response,PR),而腫瘤病灶體積縮小不超過50%或體積增大不足25%視為疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD),腫瘤體積增大超過25%或出現(xiàn)新病灶則認(rèn)為是疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD),總有效率(overall response rate,ORR)為CR+PR患者所占百分比[4]。病理完全緩解(pathologic complete response,pCR)定義為原發(fā)腫瘤及區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)均無殘留浸潤性癌細(xì)胞,其中殘留原位癌也包括在pCR組[5]。
從治療第1天開始計(jì)算,所有患者均隨訪至2010年12月。中位隨訪32(15~72)個月,40例出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移,其中21例因?yàn)槟[瘤轉(zhuǎn)移而死亡。復(fù)發(fā)指臨床及組織學(xué)顯示同側(cè)乳腺區(qū)或區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)復(fù)發(fā),遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移指臨床影像學(xué)檢查顯示有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移病灶。生存率指標(biāo)采用5年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率(relapse-free survival,RFS)與總生存率(overall survival,OS),RFS指從手術(shù)后的第1天開始至第1次復(fù)發(fā)或末次隨訪為事件終點(diǎn),在所隨訪觀察的時間內(nèi)未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移為終檢值;OS指從治療第1天開始至死亡或末次隨訪為事件終點(diǎn),生存、失訪或死于其他疾病為終檢值。
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)資料進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,所有數(shù)據(jù)具體采用χ2檢驗(yàn)、Fisher精確概率法、Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn),Kaplan-Meier方法和COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析患者生存情況,用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較生存率比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
新輔助化療前,86例LABC患者乳腺癌組織中CXCR4蛋白高表達(dá)58例(圖1);低表達(dá)28例(圖2),高表達(dá)率為67.4%。按計(jì)劃完成4個療程的新輔助化療后,乳腺癌組織中CXCR4蛋白高表達(dá)49例,低表達(dá)37例,高表達(dá)率為57.0% ,CXCR4由高表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)為低表達(dá)15例,CXCR4由低表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)為高表達(dá)6例,65例化療前后CXCR4的表達(dá)無變化,表達(dá)率在化療前后無明顯變化(χ2=1.00,P>0.05)。
圖 1 新輔助化療前乳腺癌CXCR4高表達(dá)Fig. 1 CXCR4 high expression in breast cancer tissue of pre-NAC
圖 2 新輔助化療前乳腺癌CXCR4低表達(dá)Fig. 2 CXCR4 low expression in breast cancer tissue of pre-NAC
全部患者在新輔助化療后均進(jìn)行了療效評估。ORR為90.7%(78/86),其中cCR占20.9%(18/86),臨床部分緩解(PR)占69.77%(60/86),SD占9.3%(8/86),無進(jìn)展病例。CXCR4低表達(dá)組的ORR與CXCR4高表達(dá)組的ORR差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。CXCR4低表達(dá)組的cCR(39.3%)和pCR(28.6%)顯著高于CXCR4高表達(dá)組的cCR(12.07%)和pCR(8.6%),兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表1)。
表 1 CXCR4的表達(dá)與新輔助化療療效Tab. 1 Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy between patients with low CXCR4 and high CXCR4
用Kaplan-Meier生存分析發(fā)現(xiàn):新輔助化療后,CXCR4高表達(dá)的5年RFS為34%,遠(yuǎn)低于CXCR4低表達(dá)的5年RFS (59%)(P=0.002 7)。CXCR4高表達(dá)的5年OS為57%,也低于CXCR4低表達(dá)的5年OS(68%)(P=0.013 9)(圖3、4)。
另外,我們通過Spearman秩相關(guān)檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),CXCR4的高表達(dá)與區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)兩者之間無相關(guān)性(r=0.14,P=0.19)。同時,我們也比較了CXCR4的高表達(dá)是否與已知的臨床病理因素有關(guān),比如腫瘤大小、ER、PR、Her-2狀態(tài)等,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)CXCR4高表達(dá)與腫瘤大小(P=0.278 1)、ER(P=0.643 7)、PR(P=0.532 6)及Her-2(P=0.337 4)也沒有相關(guān)性,從而證明CXCR4的表達(dá)可能是一個獨(dú)立的預(yù)測結(jié)果指標(biāo)。
為了進(jìn)一步證明在癌組織中高表達(dá)的CXCR4是一種LABC患者在新輔助化療后新型的獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo),我們對CXCR4高表達(dá)與已知的常見臨床病理因素進(jìn)行了COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型比較癌癥復(fù)發(fā)和死亡相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。新輔助化療后,LABC患者CXCR4高表達(dá)的復(fù)發(fā)和死亡的相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別是CXCR4低表達(dá)的2.923倍(95%CI:1.418~6.023,P=0.003 6)和3.364倍(95%CI:1.190~9.509,P=0.022 1);相比之下,淋巴結(jié)陽性的復(fù)發(fā)和死亡相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別是淋巴結(jié)陰性的是2.346倍(95%CI:1.470~3.745,P=0.000 4)和3.055倍(95%CI:1.484~6.286,P=0.002 4)(表2、3)。
表 2 CXCR4與腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)(COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型)Tab. 2 CXCR4 and cancer recurrence (COX proportional hazard model)
表 3 CXCR4與腫瘤相關(guān)的死亡(COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型)Tab. 3 CXCR4 and cancer death (COX proportional hazard model)
CXCR4屬于GTP-蛋白偶聯(lián)的7次跨膜受體,基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子-1(stromal cell derived factor-1,SDF-1)是該受體的唯一配體。目前CXCR4已經(jīng)被證實(shí)與多種癌癥的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),包括乳腺癌[6-7]。Muller等[6]利用動物模型篩選了人類乳腺癌細(xì)胞中的17種趨化因子受體基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)CXCR4表達(dá)水平明顯高于正常乳腺上皮細(xì)胞,并且通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝臟、骨骼及肺臟等器官中SDF-1有較高的表達(dá),CXCR4通過與SDF-1的特異性結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物發(fā)揮作用,參與乳腺癌上述器官的轉(zhuǎn)移。Schmid等[8]采用免疫組織化學(xué)方法的研究結(jié)果提示,CXCR4在非典型導(dǎo)管上皮增生、導(dǎo)管原位癌及導(dǎo)管原位癌伴浸潤性癌均有表達(dá),提示CXCR4可能是乳腺癌發(fā)生的早期分子事件。
新輔助化療自上世紀(jì)70年代開始應(yīng)用于LABC的臨床治療以來,迅速成為乳腺外科的研究熱點(diǎn)[9]。近年來,新輔助化療在LABC中的治療作用得到了肯定,達(dá)到病理完全緩解者可提高生存率[10],因而,臨床上能否找到可以預(yù)測新輔助化療效果的指標(biāo)顯得日益重要。對于趨化因子受體CXCR4的表達(dá)與新輔助化療療效之間的相關(guān)性,蔡偉等[11]的研究認(rèn)為,CXCR4在乳腺癌組織中表達(dá)的分布狀態(tài)可作為新輔助化療的療效參考指標(biāo),CXCR4的表達(dá)呈簇狀分布化療療效好于散在分布者。在我們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類的新輔助化療方案在LABC的新輔助化療中療效顯著,CXCR4低表達(dá)療效更明顯,更易獲得cCR和pCR(P<0.05〉,證實(shí)紫杉醇聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類可能會使CXCR4低表達(dá)患者受益更多,CXCR4蛋白低表達(dá)的患者化療有效率高。而化療前后,CXCR4蛋白表達(dá)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),說明新輔助化療并不能顯著降低CXCR4在乳腺癌組織中的表達(dá)水平。目前大量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新輔助化療后,LABC患者5年生存率仍然較低,在20%~55%不等[12-13]。區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移和能不能獲得pCR是目前最重要的臨床預(yù)后指標(biāo)[14-15],除此之外,無論是臨床或是生物學(xué),目前幾乎已經(jīng)沒有其他可用的預(yù)后指標(biāo)。達(dá)到pCR者可提高生存率,但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)只有8%~20%的LABC患者在新輔助化療后能達(dá)到pCR,這就意味著對于大多數(shù)的LABC患者而言,預(yù)后的判斷完全取決于患者的區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)。如果說能找到一個獨(dú)立的預(yù)后判斷因素,將會協(xié)助臨床醫(yī)師對高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的識別,有針對性的更深入研究或新型的靶向治療。然而關(guān)于在分子水平對LABC進(jìn)行預(yù)測的研究很少,大部分都集中在傳統(tǒng)的臨床病理特征,如區(qū)域淋巴結(jié),炎性乳腺癌,或是在新輔助化療后較差的病理反應(yīng)[16-17]。目前CXCR4與乳腺癌預(yù)后的關(guān)系上尚未有定論。Salvucci等[18]對1 808例浸潤性乳腺癌和214例浸潤前乳腺癌患者的分析表明,CXCR4的細(xì)胞質(zhì)著色與腫瘤惡性度有關(guān),并對疾病特異性生存有預(yù)后價(jià)值。Kang等[19]采用RT-PCR法對乳腺癌的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CXCR4與乳腺癌預(yù)后不良有關(guān)。但是有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為CXCR4與乳腺癌預(yù)后是沒有關(guān)系的。很多學(xué)者對CXCR4的表達(dá)與乳腺癌新輔助化療的療效及預(yù)后相關(guān)因素之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,但是尚未形成統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論。Holm等[2]通過對54例LABC患者新輔助化療后的研究認(rèn)為,新輔助化療后CXCR4的高表達(dá)預(yù)示著有更差的生存率。Hiller等[20]通過對17例LABC患者的研究認(rèn)為,新輔助化療后,CXCR4的表達(dá)可作為預(yù)測生存率的指標(biāo)。在我們的研究中,對于接受新輔助化療的LABC的患者來說,在新輔助化療后,CXCX4高表達(dá)比低表達(dá)的患者有更差的生存率,除此之外,CXCR4高表達(dá)預(yù)示著復(fù)發(fā)相對危險(xiǎn)度(RR=2.923,95%CI:1.418~6.023,P=0.0036)和癌癥死亡相對危險(xiǎn)度(RR=3.364,95%CI:1.190~9.509,P=0.0221)明顯高,新輔助化療后CXCR4的表達(dá)也似乎是一種比淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)更強(qiáng)的預(yù)測指標(biāo),這一結(jié)果與Holm等[2]的研究較為一致。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)具有極大的重要性,因?yàn)檫@是一個獨(dú)立的預(yù)測結(jié)果指標(biāo),而且是一個比區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)更強(qiáng)的預(yù)測乳腺癌的結(jié)果指標(biāo)。雖然我們的數(shù)據(jù)只有86例,但我們相信從這些數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是可靠的,因?yàn)槲覀兡軌蝌?yàn)證的結(jié)果是依賴于1個已經(jīng)比較確定的預(yù)后指標(biāo):區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)。雖然本研究取得了一些進(jìn)展,但是我們也不能夸大其重要性,CXCR4表達(dá)作為LABC患者在新輔助化療預(yù)后指標(biāo)還應(yīng)通過未來的前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)。因此,本研究結(jié)果提示CXCR4的表達(dá)狀態(tài)可能是預(yù)測新輔助化療療效和預(yù)后的1個重要的獨(dú)立參考指標(biāo)。
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Expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in locally advanced breast cancer patients with the efficacy and prognosis correlation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
YANG Yong-de, YIN Guo-bing, ZENG Xiao-hua(Department General Surgery, the Second Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing 400010, China)
ZENG Xiao-hua E-mail:qq-zxh@126.com
Background and purpose:The effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) has been proved and that pathologic complete response (pCR) after NAC could improve survival has been proved either. Regardless of treatment, the majority of patients with LABC continues to recur and die from this disease. A molecular predictor to predict the effect of NAC and identify at-risk patients is sorely needed.CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that has been linked to breast cancer invasion and metastasis, but the mechanism of it's translating into clinical practice is still unclear. No study to date has examined the expression of CXCR4 as an indicator of the efficacy of NAC as a prognosticator for LABC patients who have undergone NAC. Therefore, we used taxanes and anthracyclines for LABC and compared the expression of CXCR4 before and after chemotherapy and the relationship of effectiveness and survival.Methods:Eighty-six patients with Ⅱb–Ⅲbstage LABC treated with 4 cycles of neoadjuvant taxanes and anthracyclines chemotherapy were included in this retrospective study. Expression of CXCR4 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry method. The clinical and pathologic response to neoadjuvant taxanes and anthracyclines chemotherapy, and the relationships of response and survival between high CXCR4 and low CXCR4 patients were analyzed.Results:Of the 86 patients, 28 (32.6%) with low the CXCR4 expression and 58 (67.4%) with high CXCR4 expression. After NAC, 37 (43.0%) had low CXCR4 expression, 49 (57.0%) had high CXCR4 expression,which showed no significant changes (P>0.05). The overall response rate (ORR) was 90.7% (78/86), including 20.9%clinical complete response (cCR) and 69.8% clinical partial response, and the pathologic complete response (pCR) was 15.1%. The cCR and pCR were 39.3% and 28.6% in patients with low CXCR4, significantly higher than that in patients with high CXCR4 respectively (12.07% and 8.6%) (P<0.05). After NAC, the relative risks for recurrence and death in the high CXCR4 group were 2.923-fold (95%CI: 1.418–6.023,P=0.0036) and 3.364-fold (95%CI: 1.190–9.509,P=0.0221) higher, respectively than those in the low CXCR4 group. High CXCR4 group had worse 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) (34%) than that in low CXCR4 group (59%,P=0.0027). The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 57% for high CXCR4 and 68% for low CXCR4 (P=0.0139). COX proportional hazard model analysis further strengthened our hypothesis that high CXCR4 expression in cancer specimens following NAC is a novel independent prognostic indicator of poor cancer outcome in patients who had LABC.Conclusion:Patients with low CXCR4 are more sensitive to taxane and anthracycline neoadjuvant chemotherapy than those with high CXCR4. Patients with low CXCR4 have increased cCR and pCR rates compared with those with high CXCR4. After NAC, low CXCR4 patients have a good prognosis than those with high CXCR4. Detecting expression of CXCR4 in LABC tissue would be an important index for predicting the effects of NAC and as a prognosticator for LABC patients who have undergone NAC.
Breast cancer; Chemokine receptors; CXCR4; Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2011.06.005
R737.9
A
1007-3639(2011)06-0446-06
曾曉華 E-mail:qq-zxh@126.com
2011-03-28
2011-05-15)