虞先濬 劉辰 徐近 龍江 倪泉興
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院胰腺肝膽外科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
CD24+CD44+胰腺癌細胞的獲取及其干細胞特性的初步鑒定
虞先濬 劉辰 徐近 龍江 倪泉興
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院胰腺肝膽外科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海 200032
背景與目的:近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤內(nèi)存在極小一部分細胞,決定腫瘤的惡性表型及生物學(xué)特性,被稱為“腫瘤干細胞”。本研究擬從人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織中找到具有干細胞特性的胰腺癌細胞,為今后靶向干預(yù)胰腺癌干細胞,解決胰腺癌治療的臨床難題提供研究基礎(chǔ)。方法:將人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織種植于NOD/SCID小鼠成瘤,對移植瘤細胞進行流式細胞分選;將流式細胞儀分選獲得的細胞用無血清、含有生長因子的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),觀察細胞的生長、傳代及體外干細胞球形成能力;將細胞接種于非肥胖型糖尿病/重癥聯(lián)合免疫缺陷型 (Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency,NOD/SCID)小鼠,觀察、比較成瘤率,免疫組化法檢測干細胞移植瘤腫瘤分化相關(guān)抗原Ki67、CK7及甲基化調(diào)控因子MBD1的表達;免疫熒光檢測細胞Hedgehog、BMI-1的表達。結(jié)果:人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織種植于NOD/SCID小鼠可部分成瘤,對移植瘤細胞進行流式細胞分選,獲得CD24+CD44+細胞(獲得率0.6%~1.8%);將CD24+CD44+細胞用無血清、含有生長因子的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),細胞呈懸浮球狀生長,可連續(xù)傳代并能再次形成干細胞球;將102個CD24+CD44+細胞接種于NOD/SCID小鼠,成瘤率12.5%(1/8小鼠成瘤),將103個CD24+CD44+細胞接種于NOD/SCID小鼠,4周后100%成瘤,而同樣數(shù)量的CD24-CD44-胰腺癌細胞則無法成瘤(P<0.05),免疫組化法檢測干細胞移植瘤中部分細胞表達Ki67、CK7及MBD1陽性;免疫熒光檢測證實CD24+CD44+細胞陽性表達Hedgehog、BMI-1,表達量分別高于CD24-CD44-細胞9.95倍和2.74倍(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:所獲得的CD24+CD44+細胞具有胰腺癌干細胞特性,可作為今后胰腺癌干細胞研究的實驗基礎(chǔ)。
胰腺癌; 干細胞; Hedgehog; BMI-1
近年來,胰腺癌的發(fā)病率明顯上升。胰腺癌惡性程度高,生物學(xué)行為特異,容易發(fā)生早期轉(zhuǎn)移,且對放、化療不敏感,手術(shù)切除率低,發(fā)病率接近死亡率,預(yù)后很差[1]。因此,深入研究胰腺癌的特性,探求胰腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的根源,具有重要的意義。研究表明,多數(shù)惡性腫瘤中存在極少部分的細胞群體,能夠無限生長、永久生存,并具備自我更新、多向分化的能力,是惡性腫瘤失控生長、轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥和預(yù)后差的根源[2]。本研究擬從人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織中找到具有干細胞特性的胰腺癌細胞,為今后靶向干預(yù)胰腺癌干細胞,解決胰腺癌治療的臨床難題提供研究基礎(chǔ)。
取手術(shù)切除的新鮮人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織10例,其中6例男性,4例女性,平均年齡(54.7±10.3)歲(41~70歲),TNM分期(UICC,2010)均為Ⅲ/Ⅵ期,病理證實為導(dǎo)管腺癌,術(shù)前均未行化療。將腫瘤組織在無菌RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基內(nèi)制成2 mm×2 mm大小的腫瘤組織條,用無血清的PBS溶液沖洗,種植于8周齡的非肥胖型糖尿病/重癥聯(lián)合免疫缺陷型 (Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency,NOD/SCID) 雌性小鼠(8~10周齡,SPF級環(huán)境飼養(yǎng))背部皮下,成瘤后取出移植瘤,分別用膠原酶消化后制成單細胞懸液。
取對數(shù)生長期的細胞(1×106/100 μL),用胰酶消化2~3 min,加入HBSS/2%FBS溶液沖洗,重懸細胞,DAPI(濃度為1 μg/mL)染色。加入PE標記的抗人CD44,F(xiàn)ITC標記的抗人CD24(美國PharMingen公司,濃度均為1∶40),冰上溫育20 min。用流式細胞儀(美國BD公司)進行分選。細胞分選重復(fù)2次,分選后各亞群細胞純度>95%。
收集對數(shù)生長期的細胞,用無血清、含生長因子EGF、FGF10的DMEM-F12培養(yǎng)基重懸、培養(yǎng),收集細胞制成單細胞懸液,接種于無血清DMEM-F12培養(yǎng)基傳代。
取8周齡NOD/SCID雌性小鼠24只,飼養(yǎng)于SPF級環(huán)境。分為3組,每組8只,分別接種102、103、104數(shù)量級的細胞。將CD24+CD44+細胞接種于小鼠右側(cè)背部, CD24-CD44-細胞接種于小鼠左側(cè)背部,每周觀察成瘤情況及腫瘤大小,12周后處死小鼠。移植瘤取出后切片,進行HE及免疫組化染色。
采用二步法免疫組化染色(EnVision System),Ki67(購自美國DAKO公司)、CK7、MBD1(均購自美國Santa Cruz公司)一抗的工作濃度均為1∶100。常規(guī)脫蠟、水化、抗原修復(fù),一抗和二抗分別溫育、DAB顯色、蘇木精復(fù)染,中性樹脂封片觀察。用PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照。
將細胞分為CD24+CD44+和CD24-CD44-2組。取對數(shù)生長細胞,制備細胞涂片,固定、通透、封閉后加入一抗(抗人Hedgehog、抗人BMI-1,均購自美國Santa Cruz公司,濃度為1∶100)溫育1 h,PBS沖洗,加入熒光標記的二抗(濃度為1∶50),沖洗、封片,熒光顯微鏡觀察。MoticFluo1.0圖像分析系統(tǒng)進行圖像分析,根據(jù)熒光顯示的亮度,測定其灰度值,代表蛋白的相對表達量。
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析,計數(shù)資料用χ2檢驗或Fisher’s確切概率檢驗,計量資料的比較用t檢驗。P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
10例人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織異種種植2周后開始成瘤,4周后共有3例成瘤,瘤體大小(995.8±46.8) mm3,未見明顯轉(zhuǎn)移灶,移植瘤經(jīng)HE染色證實為導(dǎo)管腺癌。將3例移植瘤分別進行流式細胞分選,CD24+細胞的比例為2.5%~26.8%,CD44+細胞的比例為2.8%~9.5%,CD24+CD44+細胞的比例為0.6%~1.8%(圖1)。
將CD24+CD44+細胞用無血清的含生長因子的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),4~5 d后細胞呈懸浮球狀生長(圖2),12 d左右將細胞傳代,傳代細胞仍能懸浮球狀生長。
將CD24+CD44+細胞接種于NOD/SCID小鼠右側(cè)背部,CD24-CD44-細胞接種于小鼠左側(cè)背部,觀察小鼠成瘤率。102組:CD24-CD44-細胞均未成瘤(0/8),CD24+CD44+細胞有1例成瘤(1/8);103組:CD24-CD44-細胞均未成瘤(0/8),CD24+CD44+細胞均成瘤(8/8)(P<0.05);104組:CD24-CD44-細胞有2例成瘤(2/8),CD24+CD44+細胞均成瘤(8/8)。移植瘤取出后切片,進行HE染色及Ki67、CK7、MBD1免疫組化染色(圖3)。
免疫熒光檢測CD24+CD44+和CD24-CD44-2組細胞Hedgehog、BMI-1的表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)CD24+CD44+細胞Hedgehog、BMI-1的表達較CD24-CD44-細胞分別上調(diào)了9.95倍和2.74倍(P<0.05,圖4)。
胰腺癌作為一個日趨多見的消化道惡性腫瘤,有其特有的生物學(xué)特性:容易發(fā)生早期轉(zhuǎn)移;對化、放療耐藥;進展迅速、預(yù)后極差。因此,深入研究胰腺癌的特性,探求胰腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的根源,具有重要的意義。
2007年,Simeone等首次報道發(fā)現(xiàn)了胰腺癌干細胞,這些細胞僅占癌細胞總數(shù)的0.2%~0.8%,具有自我更新及多向分化潛能,并能不斷適應(yīng)各種惡劣環(huán)境的變化而永久生存,被認為是胰腺癌無限增殖、早期轉(zhuǎn)移和化、放療耐藥的根源。100個具有干細胞特性的腫瘤細胞就可使半數(shù)以上的小鼠成瘤,其致癌性是普通腫瘤細胞的100倍[3]。有理由相信,如果能夠靶向干預(yù)胰腺癌的干細胞特性,就有可能在這惡性頑疾的治療上獲得重大的突破。
對于胰腺癌干細胞的表面標志物,目前尚無一致的定論。2007年Li等[4]用流式細胞儀分離出CD44、CD24、ESA三陽性的胰腺癌干細胞。同年,Hermann等[5]報道CD133+的胰腺癌細胞具有強大的致瘤、耐藥和轉(zhuǎn)移等干細胞特性。
甲基化結(jié)合域蛋白1 (methyl-CpG binding domain protein 1,MBD1)是一個重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,它通過特異地結(jié)合DNA上甲基化的CpG位點而發(fā)揮活躍的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制作用。我們前期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MBD1在胰腺癌中存在高表達,并與胰腺癌的生長增殖、淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移以及上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化過程密切相關(guān)[6-9]。本研究在胰腺癌干細胞移植瘤中檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)MBD1表達陽性,提示胰腺癌干細胞特性可能與甲基化調(diào)控相關(guān),為今后深入研究甲基化調(diào)控與胰腺癌干細胞特性之間的聯(lián)系及相關(guān)機制提供啟示。
胰腺癌干細胞的核心本質(zhì)為自我更新及無限生長能力,多種信號傳導(dǎo)通路的異常激活參與了胰腺癌干細胞的自我更新特性,如Hedgehog、Notch、BMI-1、PTEN等[10-13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Hedgehog與BMI-1的活化可使腫瘤干細胞球數(shù)量增多、體積增大,增強干細胞的多向分化及傳代后再次形成干細胞球的能力,在體內(nèi),下調(diào)Hedgehog與BMI-1表達可抑制NOD/SCID小鼠成瘤[14]。Li等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),胰腺癌干細胞中Hedgehog的表達高于普通胰腺癌細胞近10倍。異常表達的Hedgehog信號可促使正常胰腺導(dǎo)管發(fā)生癌前病變,并向胰腺癌逐漸發(fā)展,活化的Hedgehog還可維持胰腺癌的惡性表型,而阻斷Hedgehog表達則會減緩胰腺癌增殖、促進細胞凋亡,進而抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、改善腫瘤耐藥[15-16]。BMI-1同樣與胰腺癌的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后有關(guān)[17],本研究中,具有腫瘤干細胞特性的CD24+CD44+細胞表達Hedgehog、BMI-1均明顯高于普通胰腺癌細胞,證實Hedgehog和BMI-1的表達與胰腺癌干細胞特性相關(guān)。
本研究將人原發(fā)胰腺癌組織種植于NOD/SCID小鼠成瘤,對移植瘤細胞進行流式細胞分選,獲得CD24+CD44+細胞(獲得率0.6%~1.8%); 將CD24+CD44+細胞用無血清、含有生長因子的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng),細胞呈懸浮球狀生長,可連續(xù)傳代并能再次形成干細胞球;將103個CD24+CD44+細胞接種NOD/SCID小鼠,4周后100%成瘤,而同樣數(shù)量CD24-CD44-胰腺癌細胞則無法成瘤;免疫熒光檢測證實CD24+CD44+細胞陽性表達Hedgehog、BMI-1,表達量顯著高于CD24-CD44-細胞。證明我們所獲得的CD24+CD44+細胞具有胰腺癌干細胞特性,為今后靶向干預(yù)胰腺癌干細胞,解決胰腺癌治療的臨床難題提供研究基礎(chǔ)。
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The isolation and functional verification of the cells with CD24CD44 double positive expression from primary human pancreatic adenocarcinomas
YU Xian-jun,LIU Chen,XU Jin,LONG Jiang,NI Quan-xing(Department of Pancreatic & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University,Shanghai 200032, China)
NI Quan-xing E-mail:blurlc@hotmail.com
Background and purpose:Emerging evidence has shown that cancer stem cells, which is a few subset of cells in tumor, could determine the malignant phenotype and biological behavior of the tumor, This study aimed to isolate a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cells from primary human pancreatic adenocarcinomas and verify the biological function of the cells.Methods:Primary human pancreatic adenocarcinomas was planted in immunocompromised (NOD-SCID) mice, and then fl ow cytometry was used to sort the cells into several subpopulation.The sorted cells were cultured in a serum-free DMEM/F12 medium with EGF and FGF to observe the proliferation,passage and spheroid forming capacity of the cells, the cells with those unique features were injected s.c. into NOD/SCID mice to determine the tumorigenicity. The expression of differentiation markers like Ki67, CK7 and DNA methylation regulating factor MBD1 in xenograft tumors was examined by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of Hedgehog and BMI-1 was observed by immunof l uorescence method.Results:Through the processes, a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of pancreatic cancer cells were isolated and had been shown positive expression of CD44 and CD24 of cell surface markers. CD24+CD44+cells could form tumor spheroids in nonadherent culture conditions,and the spheroids also had CD24+CD44+features and could be passaged multiple times without loss of tumor spheroids forming capability. In vivo study, the tumorigenesis was dependent on the number of the cells that implanted into mice.Some of CD24+CD44+tumor cells had been observed to also express the differentiation markers Ki67, CK7 and DNA methylation regulating factor MBD1, and the expression of Hedgehog and BMI-1 were significantly up-regulated about 9.95 fold and 2.74 fold, respectively, in CD24+CD44+cells compared with CD24-CD44-cells.Conclusion:The CD24+CD44+cells are highly tumorigenic subpopulation of pancreatic cancer cells and might be the stem cells of pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
Pancreatic carcinoma; Stem cell; Hedgehog; BMI-1
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2011.02.002
R735.9;R73-35
A
1007-3639(2011)02-0086-05
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(No:81001058)。
倪泉興 E-mail:blurlc@hotmail.com
2010-08-25
2010-10-23)