文敏周波張春林焦玲
·論 著·
成人創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙海馬體積研究的Meta分析☆
文敏*周波*張春林**焦玲△
目的 綜合評(píng)價(jià)成人創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(Posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)的左、右側(cè)海馬體積。方法 利用Meta分析方法對(duì)國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的關(guān)于成人PTSD左、右側(cè)海馬體積的研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜合定量分析。結(jié)果 共收集到符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)23篇,累計(jì)病例共337例,累計(jì)對(duì)照共389名。PTSD組與健康對(duì)照組左側(cè)海馬體積分析顯示,總體效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=4.77,P<0.01),95%CI橫線位于無效豎線左側(cè),提示PTSD的左側(cè)海馬體積減小;PTSD組與健康對(duì)照組右側(cè)海馬體積比較分析顯示,總體效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=5.01,P<0.01),95%CI橫線位于無效豎線左側(cè),提示PTSD的右側(cè)海馬體積減小。漏斗圖分布呈倒漏斗形,近似對(duì)稱,Begg檢驗(yàn)證實(shí)發(fā)表無偏倚。結(jié)論 成人PTSD患者左、右側(cè)海馬體積均減小。
海馬 創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙 核磁共振成像 META分析
近年來,隨著嚴(yán)重自然災(zāi)害、嚴(yán)重交通事故和重大傳染疾病流行等嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷性應(yīng)激事件的頻繁發(fā)生,創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙 (posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)已經(jīng)成為危害人類身心健康的常見疾病。研究表明,PTSD的發(fā)生與腦解剖結(jié)構(gòu)異常密切相關(guān)[1],其中與學(xué)習(xí)、記憶、情緒密切相關(guān)的海馬體積異常備受關(guān)注[2-4]。有的報(bào)道PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬體積均較正常組減少[5],但也有陰性結(jié)果[6]。關(guān)于PTSD是否存在海馬體積的變化,國內(nèi)外研究結(jié)果仍存在很多爭議[7]。因此,本研究通過對(duì)國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的有關(guān)成人創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙海馬體積的研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析,以期進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 在國內(nèi)外期刊上已經(jīng)公開發(fā)表的有關(guān)成人創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙左、右側(cè)海馬體積研究的文獻(xiàn)。文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①1990~2010年之間國內(nèi)外發(fā)表的一次文獻(xiàn);②獨(dú)立性研究,目的一致;③研究對(duì)象來源和樣本量明確,診斷明確;④原始數(shù)據(jù)提供了樣本量、均數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差;⑤資料收集的方法科學(xué),分析方法正確。文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn);②非成年人研究(年齡低于18歲);③參考Lichtensiein等[8]提出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),剔除重復(fù)報(bào)告、質(zhì)量差、報(bào)道信息太少(未給出海馬體積均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、未設(shè)置健康對(duì)照組)等無法利用的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 檢索方法 分別以 “創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙/posttraumatic stress disorder/post-traumatic stress Disorde/PTSD”、“海馬/hippocampus”與“核磁共振成像/magnetic resonance imaging/MRI”結(jié)合以“主題、關(guān)鍵詞、主題詞”途徑,聯(lián)合檢索中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(CMB)和中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(CNKI)獲得全部相關(guān)的中文文獻(xiàn),運(yùn)用 Endnote檢索Medline、Pubmed、LISTA(EBSCO)外文數(shù)據(jù)庫,查詢1990~2010年國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的有關(guān)成人創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙海馬體積的研究文獻(xiàn)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 運(yùn)用RevMan 5.0分析軟件進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),如果各研究結(jié)果之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義則用固定效應(yīng)模型(fixed effects model),若有差異則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型 (random effects model),計(jì)算合并效應(yīng)指標(biāo)值及95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI),畫出森林圖,并進(jìn)行敏感度分析和漏斗圖分析。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 共收集到符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)23篇,累計(jì)患者共337例,累計(jì)正常對(duì)照共389名;排除5篇未給出正常對(duì)照組數(shù)據(jù)的研究。Bossini等[5、9-18]11篇研究顯示PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬體積均較正常對(duì)照組減少,而 Jatzko等[6、19-23]6篇研究則顯示PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬體積與正常對(duì)照組比較無差異。Pavic等[24-27]4篇研究顯示PTSD患者右側(cè)海馬體積較正常組顯著減少,左側(cè)海馬體積無差異。Bremner等[28]研究顯示PTSD患者左側(cè)海馬體積較正常組顯著減少,右側(cè)海馬體積無差異。見表1。
表1 納入Meta分析文獻(xiàn)的基本情況
2.2 PTSD的左側(cè)海馬體積分析 結(jié)果顯示,各研究結(jié)果間存在異質(zhì)性 (χ2=52.03,P<0.01,I2=58%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型對(duì)效應(yīng)指標(biāo)值進(jìn)行合并統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。森林圖結(jié)果顯示,總體效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=4.77,P<0.01),95%CI橫線位于無效豎線左側(cè),顯示PTSD組左側(cè)海馬體積小于正常對(duì)照組。見圖1。
2.3 PTSD的右側(cè)海馬體積分析 結(jié)果顯示,各研究結(jié)果間存在異質(zhì)性 (χ2=47.72,P<0.01,I2=54%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型對(duì)效應(yīng)指標(biāo)值進(jìn)行合并統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。森林圖結(jié)果顯示,總體效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=5.01,P<0.01),95%CI橫線位于無效豎線左側(cè),顯示PTSD組右側(cè)海馬體積小于正常對(duì)照組。見圖2。
2.4 敏感性分析 逐一剔除其中權(quán)重較大或較小數(shù)據(jù)后,再行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,合并后95%CI橫線仍位于無效豎線左側(cè),與上述結(jié)果一致,說明敏感性低,研究結(jié)果較為穩(wěn)定可信。
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚的評(píng)估 RevMan軟件繪制漏斗圖,分布呈倒漏斗形,除了兩小樣本研究呈散在分布外(可能與其樣本量小,權(quán)重較低,增加了各研究間異質(zhì)性有關(guān)),近似對(duì)稱,發(fā)表偏倚較小。Stata軟件行Begg檢驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步證實(shí)左右側(cè)海馬體積的研究的發(fā)表偏倚均較小 (P均大于0.05)。見圖3A、3B。
本研究運(yùn)用Meta分析方法,對(duì)23篇國內(nèi)外PTSD海馬體積的研究文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了綜合分析,結(jié)果表明,PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬體積均明顯減少。排除權(quán)重較大或較小的文獻(xiàn)后,Meta分析結(jié)果合并效應(yīng)量變化不大,說明結(jié)果較為穩(wěn)定可信。Kitayama等[29]對(duì)1995-2003年間133例PTSD與133正常對(duì)照之間進(jìn)行Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬體積均縮小,與本文結(jié)果一致。Woon等[7]對(duì)2008年以前的17篇英文研究進(jìn)行合并分析,也得到了同樣結(jié)果。
對(duì)于成年P(guān)TSD與海馬體積關(guān)系的研究,國內(nèi)外已有大量的研究,但迄今也沒有得到一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論,各研究之間存在很大差異的原因可能有以下兩個(gè)方面:①磁共振掃描條件不統(tǒng)一,如掃描設(shè)備、掃描厚度、體積分析軟件、海馬位置的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等,均可能影響到實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論;Stein等[30]在海馬的MRI研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),海馬體積變化范圍很大(2.1-6.4 cm2),提示海馬體積測量中存在很多方法學(xué)干擾。Bremner等[27]在海馬體積對(duì)比中,只比較了中段海馬體積,而其它研究均比較了全海馬體積。這些因素均可能影響海馬體積,從而影響到實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論;②研究對(duì)象不統(tǒng)一,患者的年齡、性別、疾病嚴(yán)重程度及持續(xù)時(shí)間的不同,可能導(dǎo)致海馬損傷程度不同,從而影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論。Hara等[21]在對(duì)腫瘤診斷后1年的PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬進(jìn)行MRI檢測時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)海馬體積并未減小,提示海馬體積減小可能與PTSD持續(xù)時(shí)間、PTSD嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。Bonne等[31]在對(duì)早期的PTSD患者的研究中也未發(fā)現(xiàn)雙側(cè)海馬體積減小。Kitayama等[29]總結(jié)以前的研究也證實(shí)了海馬體積減小出現(xiàn)在長期、嚴(yán)重的PTSD患者。同樣,年齡也可能是影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的關(guān)鍵因素,Carrion等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)未成年人PTSD患者雙側(cè)海馬體積無明顯變化,提示年齡是影響海馬體積變化的因素,這可能與未成年人海馬發(fā)育掩蓋了海馬的損傷有關(guān)。
圖1 PTSD組與正常對(duì)照組左側(cè)海馬體積比較的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)森林圖
圖2 PTSD組與正常對(duì)照組右側(cè)海馬體積比較的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)森林圖
圖3 A:左側(cè)海馬體積比較漏斗圖;B:右側(cè)海馬體積比較漏斗圖
本文的系統(tǒng)分析支持PTSD雙側(cè)海馬體積均降低。然而,海馬是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的腦區(qū),從組織學(xué)角度來看,海馬可以分為CA1、CA2、CA3、CA4和齒狀回等亞區(qū),PTSD患者海馬體積減小究竟是均勻發(fā)生于各個(gè)亞區(qū),還是集中于某一亞區(qū),有待于進(jìn)一步研究。海馬體積減小的病理機(jī)制仍不清楚。Wang等[33]對(duì)PTSD患者海馬亞區(qū)的MRI研究顯示,CA3亞區(qū)與齒狀回體積均顯著減小。Neylan等[34]在嚴(yán)重睡眠障礙的PTSD患者M(jìn)RI研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的結(jié)論,這可能與創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)毒性抑制海馬齒狀回神經(jīng)再生[35]和增加CA3區(qū)神經(jīng)元死亡[36]有關(guān),但相關(guān)的影像學(xué)研究較少,尚需大量研究證實(shí)。
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(責(zé)任編輯:曹莉萍)
The hippocampus volumes in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis.
WEN Min,ZHOU Bo,ZHANG Chunlin,JIAO Ling.The department of Anatomy,Guiyang Medical University,4 BeiJing Road,Guiyang 550004.China.Tel:0851-6909571.
Objective To comprehensively evaluate the association of hippocampal volumes in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder.Methods All the published studies on the hippocampal volumes and posttraumatic stress disorder were retrieved and standard techniques of meta-analysis to combine with the results of these studies were used to produce a more precise estimate.Results Based on the criteria.23 studies were selected with a total of 337 accumulative cases and 389 controls.Meta-analysis results showed that compare the hippocampal volumes of controls,the overall effect value of the left(z=5.01)and right(z=4.77)in PTSD was statistical significant(P<0.01).Inverted funnel plot and Begg's test showed the publication bias was not significant(P>0.05).Conclusions The right and left hippocampal volumes in adults were smaller in the posttraumatic stress disorder group compared to the control group.
Hippocampus PTSD MRIMeta-analysis
R749.5
A
2011-05-09)
☆ 貴州省社會(huì)發(fā)展科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目 [編號(hào):黔科合SY字[2008]3046號(hào)]
* 貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院人體解剖學(xué)教研室(貴陽 550004)通訊作者(E-mail:jiaoling5151@sina.com)
** 貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院生物學(xué)教研室
△ 貴陽醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科