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最大耗氧量速度(vO2max)作為中長(zhǎng)跑訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)可以有效地用來(lái)制定中長(zhǎng)跑間歇訓(xùn)練和持續(xù)訓(xùn)練的訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃和評(píng)定日常的訓(xùn)練效果。研究目的:通過(guò)4周vO2max強(qiáng)度的間歇訓(xùn)練和持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練的實(shí)效性研究,首先是驗(yàn)證高強(qiáng)度的間歇訓(xùn)練對(duì)于提高受試者的有氧耐力方面是否優(yōu)于持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練;其次來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)高強(qiáng)度的間歇訓(xùn)練跑30/15組與15/15組在4周訓(xùn)練后對(duì)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員有氧耐力和3 000 m跑成績(jī)的效果優(yōu)劣。研究方法:男性田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)員18名,隨機(jī)分成3組:1)40 min70%vO2max持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練組(A組);2)間歇跑15/15訓(xùn)練組(B組);3)間歇跑 30/15訓(xùn)練組(C組)。訓(xùn)練前、后測(cè)試指標(biāo): vO2max、O2max、3 000 m成績(jī)測(cè)定。研究結(jié)果:1)O2max:間歇跑組(B組和C組)訓(xùn)練前、后均有顯著性升高(P<0.05;P<0.01);A組訓(xùn)練前后無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的變化。2) vO2max:間歇跑組訓(xùn)練前后均有非常顯著性的的提高(P<0.01),而A組訓(xùn)練前后無(wú)顯著性差異。4)3 000 m跑成績(jī):C組訓(xùn)練前后有非常顯著性的升高(P<0.01),A組和B組均有顯著性升高(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:用vO2max作為強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)進(jìn)行中長(zhǎng)跑訓(xùn)練,在受試者有氧能力的改善和3 000 m跑成績(jī)的提高上,間歇訓(xùn)練優(yōu)于持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練,尤其是30/15組間歇跑訓(xùn)練最為顯著。
間歇訓(xùn)練;中長(zhǎng)跑;最大耗氧量速度;有氧能力;成績(jī)
自1959年 Roskamm和 Reindell提出間歇訓(xùn)練法以來(lái),經(jīng)半個(gè)世紀(jì)的探索,已有不少?gòu)?qiáng)度指標(biāo)用來(lái)監(jiān)控中長(zhǎng)跑間歇訓(xùn)練,如:乳酸閾強(qiáng)度(LT)、通氣閾跑速(VT)、O2max百分比等。而最近有一項(xiàng)重要的速度指標(biāo)—最大耗氧量速度(vO2max)引起了國(guó)內(nèi)、外教練員和研究者的關(guān)注。諸多學(xué)者[4,5,10-13,20]把vO2max定義為在遞增負(fù)荷測(cè)試中,能夠誘導(dǎo)O2max產(chǎn)生的最小速度。Daniels[14]認(rèn)為,vO2max是一個(gè)整合跑步效率(Running economy RE)和O2max等參數(shù)的有效的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)指標(biāo)。Babineau和Leger[3]的研究認(rèn)為,運(yùn)動(dòng)員個(gè)體的vO2max與其在1 500~5 000 m比賽中跑的速度最為密切,尤其是3 000 m跑, Billat[9]研究指出:3 000 m跑訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度 100%~105% vO2max最為合適,此強(qiáng)度下有氧供能比例約為85%~90%。
在中長(zhǎng)跑訓(xùn)練中,除RE外影響運(yùn)動(dòng)員有氧能力的另外一個(gè)重要的因素是O2max。對(duì)于有訓(xùn)練基礎(chǔ)的或者是訓(xùn)練水平較高的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,要提高他們的O2max主要是通過(guò)高強(qiáng)度的間歇訓(xùn)練(H IT)[22,27]。Smith研究[25]認(rèn)為,如果想要提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的最大有氧能力,間歇訓(xùn)練中100% vO2max強(qiáng)度是比較適宜的,特別是對(duì)于3 000 m項(xiàng)目運(yùn)動(dòng)員。因?yàn)樵谶f增負(fù)荷中,100%vO2max是誘導(dǎo)個(gè)體O2max的最小速度,同時(shí),該速度和3 000 m跑比賽時(shí)的速度快慢相仿[1,19]。而在相關(guān)持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練的研究中, Helgerud[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),70%vO2max強(qiáng)度下,短期內(nèi)亦能夠有效地提高受試者的有氧能力。
在中長(zhǎng)跑的間歇訓(xùn)練中,除訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度和持續(xù)時(shí)間外,間歇形式和間歇比例也被視為重要的訓(xùn)練因素。Gorostiaga[17]和Astrand[2]的研究認(rèn)為,30 s100%vO2max強(qiáng)度的快跑加以30 s或15 s完全休息的間歇訓(xùn)練只能誘導(dǎo)個(gè)體的65%~70%O2max;同樣,Billat[7]報(bào)道指出,100% vO2max的間歇訓(xùn)練中,要使受試者達(dá)到O2max的狀態(tài),不低于50%vO2ma x強(qiáng)度的積極性間歇恢復(fù)方式是必須的。Babineau和Leger等研究者[3,25]認(rèn)為,對(duì)于vO2max強(qiáng)度監(jiān)控下的耐力性項(xiàng)目的訓(xùn)練,間歇比例應(yīng)該是1∶1 (快跑15 s+慢跑放松15 s或者快跑30 s+慢跑放松30 s)或者2∶1(快跑30 s+慢跑放松15 s或者快跑60 s+慢跑放松30 s)比較適合。但是,至今也沒(méi)有比較合理的證據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)明何種比例的間歇訓(xùn)練才是最合理和科學(xué)的。目前,以vO2max作為強(qiáng)度指標(biāo)進(jìn)行間歇訓(xùn)練主要是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室借用運(yùn)動(dòng)跑臺(tái)和氣體分析儀等儀器進(jìn)行的一次性測(cè)定的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,很少有人在田徑訓(xùn)練中進(jìn)行實(shí)效性的研究。因此,本研究目的是通過(guò)為期4周的vO2max強(qiáng)度的中長(zhǎng)跑間歇訓(xùn)練和持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練的實(shí)效性研究對(duì)比,首先是驗(yàn)證高強(qiáng)度的間歇訓(xùn)練在提高受試者的有氧耐力方面是否優(yōu)于持續(xù)跑訓(xùn)練;其次來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)高強(qiáng)度的間歇訓(xùn)練跑30/15組與15/15組在4周訓(xùn)練后對(duì)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員有氧耐力和3 000 m跑成績(jī)的效果優(yōu)劣,從而為實(shí)際訓(xùn)練提供參考依據(jù)。
本次實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究對(duì)象為上海體育學(xué)院附屬競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)校男性田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)員18名,主要為徑賽項(xiàng)目(200 m~5 000 m),其中,二級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)員11人,三級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)員 7人,受試者平均進(jìn)行專業(yè)訓(xùn)練4年以上(4.2±2.1),年齡20.8± 2.1歲,身高173.6±4.5cm,體重66.0±6.4kg,O2max 62.55±6.78 ml/kg/min,體脂肪率 10.8±3.3%(表 1)。
表1 本研究實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的基本情況一覽表
熟悉本次實(shí)驗(yàn)訓(xùn)練方案后,18名受試者隨機(jī)分成3組:40 min70%vO2max持續(xù)跑組(A組)6人、間歇跑15/ 15(100%vO2max)組(B組)6人、間歇跑30/15(100% vO2max)組(C組)6人。A組訓(xùn)練方式為70%vO2max持續(xù)跑40 min;B組訓(xùn)練方式為100%vO2max快速跑15 s,接著以50%vO2max的放松慢跑15 s,不斷重復(fù)循環(huán),循環(huán)次數(shù)根據(jù)氣體分析儀測(cè)定結(jié)果而定;C組訓(xùn)練方式為100%vO2max強(qiáng)度快速跑30 s,接著15 s50% vO2max的放松慢跑,不斷重復(fù)循環(huán),循環(huán)次數(shù)根據(jù)氣體分析儀測(cè)定結(jié)果而定。
意大利 K4b2氣體分析儀。德國(guó) h/p/cosmos公司專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)跑臺(tái)。德國(guó)產(chǎn)Cortex Biophysik Metamax system (MAX-11)運(yùn)動(dòng)心肺功能測(cè)試系統(tǒng)。
所有體成分基礎(chǔ)指標(biāo)測(cè)試、運(yùn)動(dòng)跑臺(tái)以及心肺功能測(cè)試均在上海市民體質(zhì)測(cè)試中心進(jìn)行。室溫控制在20℃~25℃,相對(duì)濕度控制在45%左右。3 000 m跑測(cè)試以及 K4b2氣體分析測(cè)試均在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)田徑場(chǎng)進(jìn)行,氣溫在21℃~23℃。
所有受試者訓(xùn)練前后都要進(jìn)行1次跑臺(tái)遞增負(fù)荷力竭測(cè)試,主要測(cè)試受試者的vO2max和O2max。跑臺(tái)測(cè)試完后在400 m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)跑道上測(cè)試3 000 m跑成績(jī)。兩次測(cè)試要求間隔至少48 h以上,訓(xùn)練前后期指標(biāo)測(cè)試各在2周內(nèi)完成,具體測(cè)試方法如下。
作者單位:1.上海體育學(xué)院,上海200438;2.嘉興學(xué)院,浙江嘉興314200
1.Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China;2.Jiaxing University,Jiaxing 314200,China.
1.2.3.2 3 000 m跑成績(jī)測(cè)定
所有跑臺(tái)測(cè)試完后,在400 m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)田徑場(chǎng)上測(cè)試3 000 m跑成績(jī)(環(huán)境溫度在21℃~23℃),測(cè)試前準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)以60%~70%vO2max強(qiáng)度下慢跑15 min,接著進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)睦炀毩?xí),休息3 min后進(jìn)行測(cè)試。
1.2.4.1 3組訓(xùn)練量確定
在確定A組運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間后,采用3組運(yùn)動(dòng)中總攝氧量一致的原則,用意大利 K4b2氣體分析儀對(duì)每個(gè)跑完預(yù)定時(shí)間和距離的受試者的攝氧量進(jìn)行分析,從而推斷兩個(gè)間歇訓(xùn)練組的間歇循環(huán)次數(shù)。
1.2.4.2 訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容安排
1.2.4.3 訓(xùn)練監(jiān)控
在正式訓(xùn)練前,400 m標(biāo)準(zhǔn)跑道上每隔10 m,在內(nèi)道定下醒目的標(biāo)志物,用來(lái)提醒受試者的跑程控制,操場(chǎng)中間用哨子音來(lái)提醒時(shí)間和跑動(dòng)節(jié)奏。間歇跑15/15組、間歇跑30/15組以組為單位進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,40 min持續(xù)跑組6人自帶手表在跑動(dòng)中控制自己每圈時(shí)速即可。訓(xùn)練前,受試者每人根據(jù)自己的vO2max和組別,進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性的訓(xùn)練2次。
測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)用SPSS 13.0和Microsoft Excel 2003軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析,所有的數(shù)據(jù)均用均數(shù)+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(X ±SD)表示。實(shí)驗(yàn)前、后比較采用配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn)(Paired-Samples T Test),組間比較采用方差分析(ANOVA),P<0.05定為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義上有顯著性差異,P<0.01表示有高度顯著性差異。
根據(jù)表2顯示,40 min持續(xù)跑組中完成一次訓(xùn)練后平均攝氧量為123 804±5 276.9 ml,間歇跑15/15組在平均完成71.6±9.76次循環(huán)后耗氧量為123 772±5 167.3 ml,間歇跑30/15組平均完成51±4.40次循環(huán)后,總耗氧量為123 551±5 008.55 ml,各組總耗氧量基本一致,在日后的4周訓(xùn)練中,3組訓(xùn)練量設(shè)定為70%vO2max強(qiáng)度下的持續(xù)跑組40 min,間歇跑15/15組完成71.6次間歇跑循環(huán),間歇跑30/15組完成51次間歇跑循環(huán)。
表2 本研究3組訓(xùn)練量的比較一覽表 (n=9)
3組在一次完整訓(xùn)練過(guò)程中,用k4b2儀器監(jiān)控測(cè)得心率的變化曲線(圖1),在經(jīng)過(guò)3 min左右的進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)階段后,3組受試者的心率變化都趨向于穩(wěn)態(tài)。40 min持續(xù)跑組運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度最低,心率穩(wěn)態(tài)后約為本人最大心率的80%,間歇跑15/15組其次,約為最大心率的85%,間歇跑30/15組強(qiáng)度最大為本人最大心率的90%。
圖1 本研究3組訓(xùn)練心率變化曲線圖
表3 本研究 3 組訓(xùn)練前、后 vO2max、O2max 比較一覽表
表3 本研究 3 組訓(xùn)練前、后 vO2max、O2max 比較一覽表
注:與訓(xùn)練前比較,* P<005,* *P<0.01;與40 min持續(xù)組比較,﹟ P<005,﹟﹟ P<0.01。
實(shí)驗(yàn)前 實(shí)驗(yàn)后 實(shí)驗(yàn)前 實(shí)驗(yàn)后40 min持續(xù)跑組 16.6±0.7 17.0±1.0 2 66.1±4.9 67.5±4.9 2 vO2max(km/h)訓(xùn)練后提高幅度(%)O2max(m l/kg/min)訓(xùn)練后提高幅度(%)間歇跑15/15組 16.0±0.9 17.1±1.5** 7 62.4±8.5 67.5±9.4*﹟ 8間歇跑30/15組 15.7±0.7 16.8±0.7** 7 59.2±5.5 65.0±5.5**﹟﹟ 10
表4顯示,3 000 m跑成績(jī)?cè)?A組(前 721±58 s,后700 ±40 s)和B組(前735±65 s,后699±55 s)訓(xùn)練前后相比都具有顯著性差異(P<0.05),在C組中訓(xùn)練前為731±23 s,訓(xùn)練后為698±31 s,前后相比具有高度顯著性差異(P<0.01)。組間比較無(wú)顯著性差異,但提高幅度不一:A組提高3%,B組提高5%,C組提高5%。
表4 本研究3組訓(xùn)練前、后3 000 m跑成績(jī)比較一覽表
Benedito[6]通過(guò)95%和100%vO2max強(qiáng)度下的4周高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練,結(jié)果顯示,95%vO2max組訓(xùn)練后的5 000 m跑成績(jī)的提高優(yōu)于1 500 m,而100%vO2max組訓(xùn)練后的1 500 m跑成績(jī)的提高優(yōu)于5 000 m跑,這也正好和Billat研究觀點(diǎn)相符合。在本研究中,除了C組的成績(jī)提高非常顯著外(訓(xùn)練前 731±23 s,訓(xùn)練后 698± 31 s),其余兩組也有不同程度的提高,可能與受試者訓(xùn)練水平較低有關(guān)。
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Effects of Different Interval Train ing Associated with vO2max on Aerobic Capacity and 3 000m Runn ing Performance
ZHU Xiao-feng1,2,L IU Wu-yi1
Velocity associated w ith maximal oxygen up take(vO2max)as a strength index of middle and long distance run training can be used to develop the interval training and continuous training p rogram and assess the daily training effect.The purpose of this study:Through 4-weeks research of interval training and continuous training at the vO2max.The first is to verify w hether high intensity interval training is better than continuing one in imp roving the aerobic endurance.Second,to evaluate the effect fo r high intensity interval training30/15 group (30s of running at 100%vO2max followed by 15s of active resting at 50%vO2max)and 15/15group(15s of running at 100%vO2max followed by 15s of active resting at 50% vO2max)after 4-weeks training p rogram,w hich is better to imp rove aerobic endurance and 3000m performance.Methods:18 male athletes were random ly assigned to three groups:(1) long slow distance(group A);(2)H IT 15/15 group(group B);(3)H IT 30/15 group (group C).Result:After 4-weeks training,theO2max of group B and C(P<0.05,P<0.01)imp roved remarkable,w hile no significant variation in long slow distance group.The vO2max of group B and C has been significantly imp roved than before(P<0.01),but there is no significant variation in long slow distance group.The 3000m perfo rmance imp roved very heavily in group C(P<0.01),significantly imp roved in group B and C(P<0.05).Conclusions:By 4-weeks training at the velocity associated w ith maximal oxygen up take,high intensity interval training is significantly mo re effective than the long slow distance training to imp rove subjects’aerobic capacity and 3000m running performance,especially for the 30/15 interval training.
interval training;m idd le and long distance running;vO2max;RE;O2max
G822
A
1002-9826(2010)04-0009-05
2010-04-02;
2010-06-18
上海市重點(diǎn)學(xué)科建設(shè)資助項(xiàng)目(S30802)。
朱小烽(1982-),男,浙江紹興人,助教,碩士,研究方向?yàn)轶w能訓(xùn)練理論與實(shí)踐,Tel:(0573)85235676,E-mail: zhuxiaofeng102@126.com;劉無(wú)逸 (??-),男 ,博士 ,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)獒t(yī)務(wù)監(jiān)督。