【摘要】 目的:探究Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)對(duì)胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折患者的影響。方法:選擇2021年5月—2023年5月江西嘉佑曙光骨科醫(yī)院收治的96例胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折患者,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分兩組,各48例。對(duì)照組行開放式椎弓根內(nèi)固定術(shù),觀察組行Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)。比較兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)、疼痛程度、椎體功能、影像學(xué)指標(biāo)、并發(fā)癥、生活質(zhì)量。結(jié)果:兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量均少于對(duì)照組,切口長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)前,兩組視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)評(píng)分、Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評(píng)分、影像學(xué)指標(biāo)、生活質(zhì)量綜合評(píng)定問卷(GQOLI-74)評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后3個(gè)月,觀察組VAS、ODI評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組,GQOLI-74各維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后7 d,觀察組傷椎前緣高度比、椎體矢狀面指數(shù)(SI)均高于對(duì)照組,脊柱后凸角度(Cobb角)小于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:相較于開放式手術(shù),Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)能夠進(jìn)一步減輕胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折患者的疼痛程度,改善影像學(xué)指標(biāo)、椎體功能,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,提高生活質(zhì)量。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折 Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù) 圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo) 疼痛程度 椎體功能 影像學(xué)指標(biāo) 并發(fā)癥 生活質(zhì)量
Effect of Sextant Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation on Patients with Thoracolumbar Multiple Spinal Fractures/FU Jiangfeng, QIU Xuewen, LI Xiaomei, LI Ming. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(26): 0-053
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effect of Sextant minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw fixation on patients with thoracolumbar multiple spinal fractures. Method: A total of 96 patients with thoracolumbar multiple spinal fractures admitted to Jiangxi Jiayou Shuguang Orthopedic Hospital from May 2021 to May 2023 were selected and divided into two groups according to random number table method, with 48 cases in each group. The control group underwent open pedicle internal fixation, and the observation group underwent Sextant minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw fixation. Perioperative indexes, pain degree, vertebral function, imaging indexes, complications and quality of life between the two groups were compared. Result: There was no significant difference in surgery time between the two groups (P>0.05). The intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume in the observation group were less than those in the control group, and the incision length and hospital stay were shorter than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Before surgery, there were no significant differences in visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI) score, imaging index and generic quality of life inventory 74 (GQOLI-74) score between the two groups (P>0.05). Three months after surgery, VAS and ODI scores in observation group were lower than those in control group, and the scores of GQOLI-74 in all dimensions were higher than those in control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At 7 d after surgery, the frontal height ratio of injured vertebra and sagittal plane index (SI) of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the kyphotic angle (Cobb angle) was smaller than that of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with open surgery, Sextant minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw fixation can further reduce the pain degree of patients with thoracolumbar multiple spinal fractures, improve imaging indicators, vertebral function, reduce the occurrence of complications, and improve quality of life.
[Key words] Thoracolumbar multiple spinal fractures Sextant minimally invasive percutaneous pedicle screw fixation Perioperative indicators Pain degree Vertebral function Imaging indicators Complications Quality of life
First-author's address: Orthopedics Department, Jiangxi Jiayou Shuguang Orthopedic Hospital, Nanchang 330025, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.26.012
胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折通常包括壓縮性骨折、爆裂性骨折、屈曲牽張性骨折等類型,其中以壓縮性骨折較為常見,是由外力作用引起的椎體壓縮變扁,多發(fā)生于胸椎和腰椎的交界處[1-2]。胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折主要癥狀為局部疼痛、腫脹、感覺障礙等,若骨折壓迫到神經(jīng)根或脊髓,還會(huì)出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)部位的肌無力、感覺異常、大小便失禁等,嚴(yán)重影響日常生活[3]。手術(shù)是治療胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折重要方式,既往開放式手術(shù)可復(fù)位受損椎體,但創(chuàng)傷較大,患者存在明顯疼痛,不利于術(shù)后快速恢復(fù)[4-5]。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)發(fā)展,Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)因具有創(chuàng)傷小的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在骨科應(yīng)用愈發(fā)廣泛,但對(duì)于其具體應(yīng)用效果仍需進(jìn)一步研究?;诖?,本研究在胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折患者中行Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),分析其臨床效果。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2021年5月—2023年5月江西嘉佑曙光骨科醫(yī)院收治的96例胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折診斷[6],且經(jīng)X線或CT檢查確診;均符合手術(shù)指征;精神正常,溝通無障礙;凝血功能均無障礙。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并其他部位骨折;存在急慢性感染;存在自身免疫性損害;合并肝、腎等器官功能異常;合并身體功能障礙;臨床資料不完整。按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各48例。本研究已經(jīng)江西嘉佑曙光骨科醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者、家屬均簽署同意書。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組行開放式椎弓根內(nèi)固定術(shù):全身麻醉,選俯臥位,腹部懸空,做一切口于胸腰椎脊柱正后方,長(zhǎng)度12 cm,顯露骨折部位,于C臂機(jī)下,確定骨折部位、椎弓根螺釘擬固定位置,標(biāo)記后鎖定。置入椎弓根螺釘,固定傷椎鄰近椎體,依次置入連接棒、椎弓根,并固定,撐開受傷椎體椎弓根遠(yuǎn)近端,利用椎弓根螺釘復(fù)位,縫合。
觀察組行Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù):全身麻醉,體位選擇俯臥位,腹部保持懸空狀態(tài),于C臂機(jī)下,投影上下相鄰椎弓根位置后標(biāo)記,持續(xù)進(jìn)針至橫突、小關(guān)節(jié)交匯處,調(diào)整進(jìn)針方向,達(dá)椎弓根時(shí),插入穿刺針,退出針芯,置入導(dǎo)絲,后退出針筒。導(dǎo)入空心攻絲鉆,擴(kuò)大操作通道,置入椎弓根釘,抽出導(dǎo)絲。固定滿意后,于椎弓根釘尾槽內(nèi),置入連接棒,擰緊螺帽,復(fù)位、縫合。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo):包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量及切口長(zhǎng)度。(2)疼痛程度:術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月采用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)評(píng)估,總分10分,0分無痛,10分疼痛劇烈,評(píng)分越高,代表疼痛越明顯[7]。(3)椎體功能:術(shù)前、術(shù)后3個(gè)月采用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評(píng)估,包括10個(gè)項(xiàng)目,總分50分,評(píng)分越高,功能障礙越嚴(yán)重[8]。(4)影像學(xué)指標(biāo):術(shù)前、術(shù)后7 d通過X線片檢測(cè),椎體矢狀面指數(shù)(SI)=(傷椎體前緣高度/傷椎體后緣高度)×100%,傷椎前緣高度比=(傷椎椎體高度/傷椎上下椎體高度平均值)×100%,脊柱后凸角度(Cobb角)。(5)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況:包括神經(jīng)受損、神經(jīng)根脊髓壓迫、切口感染、內(nèi)固定移位等。(6)生活質(zhì)量:采用生活質(zhì)量綜合評(píng)定問卷(GQOLI-74)評(píng)估,該量表包括4個(gè)維度,評(píng)分均為0~100分,評(píng)分越高代表生活質(zhì)量越好[9]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
本研究數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析和處理,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較
對(duì)照組男25例,女23例;年齡25~69歲,平均(47.55±2.61)歲;骨折AO分型:A1型22例,A2型15例,A3型11例;骨折原因:交通事故21例,高空墜落17例,重物砸傷10例;體重指數(shù)18.3~29.8 kg/m2,平均(24.07±1.22)kg/m2。
觀察組男26例,女22例;年齡23~71歲,平均(47.61±2.65)歲;骨折AO分型:A1型23例,A2型16例,A3型9例;骨折原因:交通事故20例,高空墜落16例,重物砸傷12例;體重指數(shù)18.1~29.5 kg/m2,平均(24.10±1.26)kg/m2。兩組基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),有可比性。
2.2 兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較
兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量均少于對(duì)照組,切口長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 兩組疼痛程度、椎體功能比較
術(shù)前,兩組疼痛程度、椎體功能比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后3個(gè)月,觀察組VAS、ODI評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組影像學(xué)指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)前,兩組影像學(xué)指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后7 d,觀察組傷椎前緣高度比、SI均高于對(duì)照組,Cobb角小于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.5 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較
觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=5.031,P=0.025),見表4。
2.6 兩組生活質(zhì)量比較
術(shù)前,兩組生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后3個(gè)月,觀察組GQOLI-74中各維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表5。
3 討論
胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折是臨床常見骨折類型,發(fā)生率約占脊柱骨折的50%,多由直接或間接暴力引起,如交通事故、高處墜落、重物砸傷等高能量損傷,以及骨質(zhì)疏松、感染等病理因素[10-11]。胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折若未及時(shí)治療,會(huì)影響傷椎功能恢復(fù),導(dǎo)致脊柱活動(dòng)受限,并伴有較高感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),嚴(yán)重影響生活質(zhì)量[12]。手術(shù)可促進(jìn)骨折患者脊柱正常結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù),減輕脊髓神經(jīng)的壓迫,但采用何種手術(shù)治療是目前臨床工作者亟須解決的難題。
傳統(tǒng)開放式手術(shù)通過椎弓根螺釘固定,能夠有效恢復(fù)脊柱的生理曲度和穩(wěn)定性,減少脊柱活動(dòng)時(shí)的負(fù)荷,防止脊柱進(jìn)一步損傷;同時(shí),其可準(zhǔn)確固定骨折部位,使骨折端穩(wěn)定,對(duì)骨折愈合有利[13-14]。然而,開放式椎弓根內(nèi)固定術(shù)需在骨折部位進(jìn)行較大范圍的切開和剝離,對(duì)患者創(chuàng)傷較大,加之其可能會(huì)引起感染、脊髓損傷等并發(fā)癥,影響術(shù)后恢復(fù)進(jìn)程[15-16]。本研究中,觀察組術(shù)中出血及術(shù)后引流量均少于對(duì)照組,切口長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后3個(gè)月VAS、ODI評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后7 d傷椎前緣高度比、SI均高于對(duì)照組,Cobb角小于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后3個(gè)月GQOLI-74中各維度評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,提示在胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折患者中行Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)較開放手術(shù)能夠更為有效地減輕疼痛、優(yōu)化圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)、改善影像學(xué)指標(biāo)及椎體功能,利于降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),加快生活質(zhì)量改善。其原因?yàn)镾extant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)因手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較小,能夠最大限度地保留患者腰背肌肉的完整性,利于顯著減輕疼痛感,減少腰背肌肉的功能障礙,而患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)過程中,疼痛的減輕可促進(jìn)其早期進(jìn)行康復(fù)鍛煉,有助于加快骨折愈合[17-18]。同時(shí),該種手術(shù)方式通過精確的復(fù)位和固定,能夠有效恢復(fù)胸腰椎的生理曲度和穩(wěn)定性,從而改善椎體功能,早期恢復(fù)正常的生活和工作,對(duì)提高生活質(zhì)量意義8XhwSPvOFkD4tXLziukRgw==重大[19-20]。此外,Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)因創(chuàng)傷小,可減少術(shù)后感染、內(nèi)固定移位等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),加快恢復(fù)進(jìn)程。
綜上所述,相較于開放手術(shù),于胸腰椎多發(fā)脊柱骨折中行Sextant微創(chuàng)經(jīng)皮椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)能夠顯著減輕疼痛,改善影像學(xué)指標(biāo)及椎體功能,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,提高生活質(zhì)量。
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(收稿日期:2024-02-04) (本文編輯:馬嬌)