【摘要】 膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA) 是一種普遍存在的慢性軟骨退化性疾病,主要發(fā)病人群為中老年人,可引起關(guān)節(jié)腫大、疼痛、僵硬以及活動(dòng)受限,對(duì)患者的正常生活質(zhì)量造成極大的負(fù)面影響。富血小板血漿(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)是新鮮全血離心后的自體產(chǎn)物,含有許多促進(jìn)組織修復(fù)的生長因子,不僅能夠修復(fù)神經(jīng),還能夠緩解疼痛,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射PRP已成為治療 KOA 的新途徑,可抑制炎癥反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)組織修復(fù),其作用效果優(yōu)于透明質(zhì)酸、糖皮質(zhì)激素等其他生物制劑,而且操作簡便,沒有已知的不良反應(yīng)。旨在將PRP對(duì)KOA的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述,以期為 KOA 臨床治療提供新的思路和方法。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 膝關(guān)節(jié);骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎;治療;富血小板血漿;關(guān)節(jié)腔注射
中圖分類號(hào) R684.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1671-0223(2024)17--05
Mechanism of action of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis Xu Jiayue, Zhang Na, Yao Junjie, Pang Tingting, Wang Yufeng. Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
【Abstract】 Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common chronic degenerative disease of cartilage, commonly found in middle-aged and elderly patients, can cause joint swelling, pain, stiffness and limited mobility, seriously affecting patients' ability to live daily life. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous product of fresh whole blood centrifugation. It contains many growth factors that promote tissue repair and has the effect of nerve repair and pain relief. Intra-articular injection of PRP has become a new treatment method for KOA, which can inhibit inflammation and promote tissue repair. Its effect is better than other biological agents such as hyaluronic acid and glucocorticoid, and it is easy to operate with no known adverse reactions. The purpose of this paper is to review the mechanism of action of PRP on KOA, in order to provide new ideas and methods for clinical treatment of KOA.
【Key words】 Knee joint; Osteoarthritis; Treatment; Platelet-rich plasma; Articular injection
膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一種關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退行性疾病,其特征是喪失軟骨完整性、軟骨下骨有所改變、形成骨贅和滑膜炎癥。60歲及以上人群中,膝關(guān)節(jié)炎患病率高達(dá)37%[1],女性發(fā)病率高于男性[2]。長期不良影響包括體力活動(dòng)減少、身體狀況下降、睡眠受損、抑郁和殘疾。治療方案包括口服非甾體類抗炎藥和關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)注射透明質(zhì)酸等[3],晚期膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎可采用全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療[4]。由于置換后的關(guān)節(jié)壽命有限,且關(guān)節(jié)翻修存在一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此保守治療成為骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)[5]。其中,富血小板血漿( platelet-rich plasma,PRP)在臨床上應(yīng)用已超過35年,涉及運(yùn)動(dòng)創(chuàng)傷以及骨科、整形美容等許多領(lǐng)域[6]。其制備原理是基于全血中各種成分的不同沉降系數(shù),采用離心方法提取血小板,然后去除紅細(xì)胞和上清液,得到中間層即為PRP[7]。PRP中含有豐富的合成代謝生長因子和抗炎細(xì)胞因子[8]。這些因子可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、分化、血管生成和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)的合成[9],有助于促進(jìn)軟骨表面蛋白的形成,刺激KOA軟骨細(xì)胞的增殖和分化,并抑制相關(guān)炎癥因子的表達(dá),從而發(fā)揮其治療KOA的作用。
1 PRP治療KOA的作用機(jī)制
1.1 PRP促進(jìn)KOA軟骨細(xì)胞增殖和分化
軟骨細(xì)胞的凋亡是KOA發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵因素。軟骨細(xì)胞能夠分泌包括轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子和抗炎細(xì)胞因子(白細(xì)胞介素-4、白細(xì)胞介素-10和白細(xì)胞介素-13)等在內(nèi)的多種合成代謝因子,這些因子通過刺激細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的合成來修復(fù)軟骨[10]。在KOA的早期和晚期發(fā)生的滑膜炎癥與其相鄰軟骨的改變有關(guān)。軟骨的降解會(huì)使炎癥循環(huán)永久化,膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的治療目的是打斷這種惡性循環(huán),抑制炎癥介質(zhì),減少軟骨降解的介質(zhì),并刺激新的軟骨形成。Moussa等人[11]的研究結(jié)果表明,PRP能夠顯著降低骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中軟骨細(xì)胞的凋亡率,并且使軟骨細(xì)胞的增殖增加,同時(shí)提高患者軟骨細(xì)胞的自噬能力;自噬可以調(diào)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的生命周期,是克服關(guān)節(jié)軟骨衰老和凋亡的一種重要防御機(jī)制[12]。
軟骨退化是膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的主要病理改變。Kruger等人[13]的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,PRP能夠顯著刺激軟骨下祖細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移,這些細(xì)胞不僅具有高增殖能力,還可以分化為成骨細(xì)胞和軟骨細(xì)胞,從而促進(jìn)軟骨基質(zhì)的形成。間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)可以從多種成人間充質(zhì)組織中分離出來,如骨髓、脂肪組織和滑膜[14],它們具有較高的自我更新能力以及多譜系分化能力,可分化為成骨細(xì)胞和軟骨細(xì)胞等;Allan等人[15]通過細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過PRP處理的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞其增值率明顯高于對(duì)照組,并且表現(xiàn)出較高水平的成骨標(biāo)志物RUNX2 mRNA以及軟骨形成標(biāo)志物Sox-9和聚集蛋白聚糖mRNA。Sox-9是表達(dá)軟骨基質(zhì)蛋白所需的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,并能夠表明早期軟骨源性分化。聚集蛋白是一種軟骨基質(zhì)蛋白,對(duì)維持蛋白聚糖含量至關(guān)重要,因此與軟骨基質(zhì)合成有關(guān)。聚集蛋白和Sox-9都是軟骨源性分化的有效標(biāo)志物。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證實(shí)了PRP能夠促進(jìn)MSC的增殖,并且證明了PRP能夠引起MSC向軟骨方向分化。此外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)上調(diào)Sox9以及II型膠原和聚集蛋白聚糖的合成,有助于維持關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞表型[16]。
1.2 PRP促進(jìn)軟骨表面蛋白形成
正常的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨保持潤滑良好的表面,摩擦系數(shù)極低,以最大限度地減少磨損并促進(jìn)終身無痛的關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)。淺表區(qū)蛋白(superficial zone protein,SZP)是由關(guān)節(jié)軟骨淺層軟骨細(xì)胞分泌的糖蛋白[17],SZP作為防止關(guān)節(jié)中直接固體對(duì)固體接觸的軟骨保護(hù)屏障,在減少摩擦和磨損方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[18],SZP也被稱為潤滑素,不僅能夠潤滑軟骨邊界,還能抑制滑膜細(xì)胞的過度生長[19]。其下調(diào)與OA的發(fā)病機(jī)制相關(guān)。在早期和慢性膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中,SZP的產(chǎn)生和潤滑性能會(huì)降低[20]。Sakata等人[18]采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法,檢測來自膝關(guān)節(jié)滑膜以及軟骨的細(xì)胞中SZP的含量,并得出結(jié)論:PRP可以促進(jìn)來源于滑膜和關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的細(xì)胞增殖,并顯著增加了來源于滑膜和關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞的SZP的分泌。此外,通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PRP中含有內(nèi)源性SZP,且PRP中SZP的含量不受激活方法的影響,因此通過注射PRP可以增加SZP的含量,從而延緩KOA的進(jìn)展。
膠原蛋白與細(xì)胞的生長發(fā)育密切相關(guān),廣泛分布于人體的骨骼、皮膚、軟骨等組織器官內(nèi),是關(guān)節(jié)軟骨內(nèi)的一種重要組成成分[20]。在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者中,II型膠原蛋白變性率的上升,占總II型膠原蛋白的6.0%,淺表區(qū)軟骨的變性率通常大于深層區(qū)[21]。富含血小板衍生生長因子的PRP,不僅能夠增加膠原蛋白的合成和分泌,還能夠調(diào)節(jié)膠原酶的分泌[22],從而促進(jìn)膠原蛋白的再生。Akeda等人[23]比較分析了PRP、貧血小板血漿(platelet-poor plasma,PPP)以及胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum ,F(xiàn)BS),對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖、蛋白多糖(proteoglycan-PG)和膠原蛋白合成的影響。結(jié)果顯示用PRP處理的軟骨細(xì)胞的PG和膠原蛋白的合成顯著高于用FBS或PPP處理后的軟骨細(xì)胞。
1.3 PRP抑制炎癥因子的表達(dá)
腫瘤壞死因子和白細(xì)胞介素-1β是主要的促炎細(xì)胞因子,白細(xì)胞介素-1β抑制II型膠原蛋白[24]和聚集蛋白聚糖的表達(dá)[25],而腫瘤壞死因子可以抑制軟骨細(xì)胞中蛋白多糖、II型膠原蛋白和連接蛋白的合成[26]。許多研究表明,腫瘤壞死因子和白細(xì)胞介素-1β通過調(diào)節(jié)抑制軟骨細(xì)胞的合成代謝活性,來降低細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)主要成分的合成水平[26]。Kim等人[22]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PRP可以下調(diào)由促炎細(xì)胞因子引起的II型膠原蛋白的表達(dá),并顯著減少基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-3(matrix metalloproteinase-3,MMP-3)和環(huán)氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)基因表達(dá)的增加,同時(shí)還減少了細(xì)胞的凋亡并抑制了炎癥因子的表達(dá),從而起到抗炎作用。
PRP在被激活后,可以產(chǎn)生PRP釋放物(PRPr),其含有較少的白細(xì)胞和高濃度的生長因子[27],具有抗炎作用,而且可以促進(jìn)基質(zhì)的合成,也可以誘導(dǎo)軟骨細(xì)胞生成軟骨組織。Khatab等人[4]對(duì)PRPr對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、軟骨損傷和滑膜炎癥等與KOA進(jìn)展相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果表明PRPr可以減輕滑膜炎癥,減輕疼痛,并在此過程中保護(hù)軟骨。
核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-kB)是一種非活性的復(fù)合物,與抑制劑結(jié)合,并在激活時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞核中[28-29],它能夠調(diào)節(jié)包括參與炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞凋亡和其他免疫反應(yīng)等在內(nèi)的150多個(gè)基因[29],當(dāng)NF-kB信號(hào)通路被激活后,多種炎癥因子如腫瘤壞死因子、白細(xì)胞介素-1β和白細(xì)胞介素-6等被釋放,從而引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)。在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病過程中,NF-kB的含量顯著增加,PRP可抑制NF-kB的活化,從而減少軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制炎癥反應(yīng)[30];此外,Bendinelli等人[31]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在被凝血酶激活的PRP中不僅含有修復(fù)生長因子,還含有肝細(xì)胞生長因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF),HGF可以促進(jìn)組織細(xì)胞再生,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡。HGF通過阻止p65向細(xì)胞核易位來抑制NF-kB通路的激活,并降低軟骨細(xì)胞中COX-2和CXCR4等靶基因的表達(dá)以抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),髕下脂肪墊(infrapatellar fat pad,IFP)中較高的脂肪含量,會(huì)誘導(dǎo)膝關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)生炎癥,從而導(dǎo)致骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,尤其是由髕下脂肪墊中脂肪細(xì)胞所衍生的炎性因子和其他可溶性因子[32],如脂聯(lián)素和瘦素,通過誘導(dǎo)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者軟骨中白細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞的浸潤進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)軟骨降解,導(dǎo)致軟骨變性。IFP體積的增大也被證明與膝關(guān)節(jié)炎疼痛的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),并引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)[33]。Chen等人[34]的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在抑制IFP脂肪細(xì)胞后,并添加HA+PRP后,能顯著減少由IFP脂肪細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)的炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)軟骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量,并降低其成脂潛能和炎癥表型,從而保護(hù)軟骨免受變性影響;此外PRP中大量存在的血管源性生長因子,也被證明可以通過脂肪源性干細(xì)胞的ERK途徑抑制脂肪生成,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了IFP可能是治療KOA的潛在治療靶點(diǎn)。
2 PRP治療KOA的臨床實(shí)踐
目前臨床上治療膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎的主要方法包括膝關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射透明質(zhì)酸、糖皮質(zhì)激素、皮質(zhì)類固醇和臭氧等,大量研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,與上述生物制劑相比,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射PRP的效果更為顯著[35]。
最重要的是,PRP是一種自體產(chǎn)品,與皮質(zhì)類固醇、胎盤和胎盤衍生物等非自體直接生物制品不同,PRP沒有已知的不良反應(yīng)[36],并且可以減少血液傳播的污染,在安全性方面具有很大優(yōu)勢[37]。此外,作為一種微創(chuàng)技術(shù)手段,關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射PRP不涉及任何手術(shù)切口,操作過程相對(duì)簡便,并能直接作用于損傷部位,在很大程度上減輕了患者的疼痛感。然而由于PRP是從血液中提取的生物分子復(fù)合物,其生物學(xué)特性與血液相似,因此尚未確定何時(shí)進(jìn)行分離以及如何使這些分子的濃度達(dá)到最佳治療效果[38]。另外,由于對(duì)血液內(nèi)在和多功能特性的研究仍不充分,PRP比傳統(tǒng)生物制劑更為復(fù)雜[39]。目前PRP的制備方法尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并且最適宜的濃度等問題也沒有確切答案,因此導(dǎo)致臨床上PRP治療KOA存在差異性,這種差異性與PRP制備方法(包括離心次數(shù)、用于分離血小板濃縮物的試劑盒類型、白細(xì)胞或紅細(xì)胞濃度等)、注射次數(shù)和注射體積[40]以及給藥間隔和頻率等問題相關(guān)[41]。KOA的嚴(yán)重程度對(duì)PRP注射的療效和癥狀緩解的持續(xù)時(shí)間有影響,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,在軟骨退行性變較小的年輕患者中,PRP注射效果更佳[42]。目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用單采機(jī)是獲得可重復(fù)PRP的唯一方法[43]。如何更好地活化富血小板血漿仍需進(jìn)一步明確,并需要建立一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的制備方法以提供質(zhì)量保障,以支持其在研究和臨床應(yīng)用中的可靠性。此外,需要考慮到PRP中的許多生長因子具有有限的生物半衰期,這可以部分解釋PRP治療結(jié)果的可變性。當(dāng)生長因子水平與可用受體相比過高,可能會(huì)對(duì)細(xì)胞功能產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[44]。一項(xiàng)研究表明,凍干PRP粉末可能成為臨床實(shí)踐中質(zhì)量和功能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的替代品[45]。
3 展望
KOA作為中老年人最常見的一種關(guān)節(jié)疾病,具有較高的發(fā)病率及致殘率,嚴(yán)重影響患者的日常活動(dòng)和生活質(zhì)量,目前,KOA的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,可能與機(jī)體遺傳、創(chuàng)傷、免疫等因素相關(guān)。因此,如何預(yù)防KOA的發(fā)生以及延緩病情進(jìn)展,值得深入探討。國內(nèi)外研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)PRP相對(duì)于其他生物制劑,在治療KOA方面具有良好的臨床效果。大多數(shù)KOA的治療都是姑息性的,并不能阻止疾病的進(jìn)展或替代退化的軟骨,而PRP在調(diào)節(jié)所有因素方面發(fā)揮著重要作用,可能成為治療包括KOA在內(nèi)的許多其他疾病最有前景的治療工具之一。
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[2024-03-28收稿]