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肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療的研究現(xiàn)狀

2024-07-30 00:00:00寧金月黃沾任陳春雷
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2024年20期

【摘要】 肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC),簡稱肝癌,是我國發(fā)病率及致死率分別位于第5位和第2位的惡性腫瘤,肝癌的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)嚴(yán)重影響患者的預(yù)后,而肝癌術(shù)后進(jìn)行輔助治療是預(yù)防肝癌復(fù)發(fā)的重要手段。盡管國內(nèi)外有研究證實(shí)了部分輔助治療方案可延緩患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、延長患者生存期、改善患者預(yù)后等,國內(nèi)也有專家共識(shí)對(duì)多種輔助治療方案進(jìn)行了推薦,包括抗病毒治療、靶向治療、免疫治療、經(jīng)肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、肝動(dòng)脈灌注化療(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)、中醫(yī)藥治療等,但肝癌術(shù)后的輔助治療在肝癌綜合治療中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值尚未完全明確,輔助治療的受益人群也無法精準(zhǔn)定位,因此肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療的必要性仍存在爭議。本文將對(duì)國內(nèi)外進(jìn)行的肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療研究進(jìn)行綜述。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 肝細(xì)胞癌 肝癌術(shù)后 復(fù)發(fā) 輔助治療

Research Status of Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma/NING Jinyue, HUANG Zhanren, CHEN Chunlei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(20): -188

[Abstract] Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), referred to as liver cancer, is the fifth and second malignant tumor in China in terms of incidence and mortality, respectively. Postoperative recurrence of liver cancer seriously affects the prognosis of patients, and postoperative adjuvant therapy is an important means to prevent the recurrence of liver cancer. Although domestic and foreign studies have confirmed that some adjuvant therapy protocols can delay postoperative recurrence, prolong survival time and improve prognosis of patients, there is also a consensus of experts in China to recommend a variety of adjuvant therapy protocols, including antiviral therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), traditional Chinese medicine treatment, etc. However, the application value of adjuvant therapy after liver cancer surgery in the comprehensive treatment of liver cancer is not completely clear, and the beneficiary population of adjuvant therapy can not be accurately positioned, so the necessity of adjuvant therapy after liver cancer surgery is still controversial. This article will review the research on postoperative adjuvant therapy for liver cancer at home and abroad.

[Key words] Hepatocellular carcinoma After liver cancer surgery Recurrence Adjuvant therapy

First-author's address: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.20.042

肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC),簡稱肝癌,是世界范圍內(nèi)常見的惡性腫瘤,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2020年全球新發(fā)肝癌人數(shù)及肝癌死亡人數(shù)分別位于全球惡性腫瘤的第6位和第3位。我國作為肝癌多發(fā)國,在我國惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率及致死率中,肝癌分別位于第5位和第2位,2020年我國新發(fā)肝癌病例及肝癌死亡病例均接近全球新發(fā)及死亡病例數(shù)的50%。作為我國死亡人數(shù)排名第二位的惡性腫瘤,我國每年因肝癌死亡的人數(shù)接近40萬[1]。

長期以來,手術(shù)切除在我國肝癌治療中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,然而,有證據(jù)顯示,得到手術(shù)根治的患者,其術(shù)后5年復(fù)發(fā)率仍高達(dá)50%~70%[2],早期肝癌患者術(shù)后五年生存率也僅為60%左右[3]。因而,肝癌根治術(shù)后進(jìn)行輔助治療,以期降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率,延長患者總生存期(overall survival,OS)正逐漸成為大家爭相研究的熱點(diǎn)。下面,筆者將對(duì)肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療的現(xiàn)狀加以綜述。

1 原發(fā)性肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素

《肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療中國專家共識(shí)(2023版)》中以2年時(shí)間為界,將肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)分為早期復(fù)發(fā)和晚期復(fù)發(fā)[4],早期復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素有多發(fā)腫瘤、腫瘤長徑大于5 cm、腫瘤分化差(Edmondson Ⅲ、Ⅳ級(jí))、微血管或大血管侵犯、切緣≤1 cm、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤標(biāo)志物持續(xù)異常等,晚期復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素包括年齡大于60歲、慢性病毒性肝炎活動(dòng)期、HBV-DNA>106 copies/mL、HBsAg陽性、肝硬化程度、低蛋白血癥、多發(fā)腫瘤等,這些均是肝癌術(shù)后是否選擇、如何選擇合適輔助治療的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵。該共識(shí)中認(rèn)為中高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人群在肝功能恢復(fù)良好的情況下,應(yīng)盡快行術(shù)后輔助治療?!陡渭?xì)胞肝癌全程多學(xué)科規(guī)范化管理:華西醫(yī)院多學(xué)科專家共識(shí)(第二版)》中認(rèn)為,肉眼癌栓、微血管侵犯(MVI)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、多個(gè)腫瘤、衛(wèi)星結(jié)節(jié)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)術(shù)后2個(gè)月未降至正常水平、術(shù)后血管造影殘存陽性病灶是明確的肝癌復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)考慮行術(shù)后輔助治療[5]。

2 原發(fā)性肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療的不同方案

目前有許多治療方法被應(yīng)用于肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療,如抗病毒、介入治療、中醫(yī)治療、放療、靶向治療、免疫治療及聯(lián)合治療等。不同的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素在復(fù)發(fā)率及復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間上可能有一定的區(qū)別,因此,針對(duì)不同的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng)的輔助治療干預(yù),可能有助于改善患者預(yù)后,降低患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率。

2.1 術(shù)后規(guī)律抗病毒治療

肝炎發(fā)展為肝硬化,最后進(jìn)展為肝癌,是世界公認(rèn)的三部曲,目前普遍認(rèn)為患者是否合并肝炎與HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)情況息息相關(guān),術(shù)前HBV-DNA水平也可直接影響患者術(shù)后生存率,抗病毒治療作為肝癌全程化管理中的重要一環(huán)已得到普遍的認(rèn)同。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌切除術(shù)后可能引起HBV再激活,原發(fā)性肝癌術(shù)后肝炎病毒再激活比例高達(dá)20%,HBV-DNA數(shù)量發(fā)生變化可直接導(dǎo)致患者肝硬化概率增加,間而影響患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率及轉(zhuǎn)移率[6-7]。林志東等[8]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究顯示,肝癌術(shù)后HBV-DNA數(shù)量級(jí)升高是肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。譚文友等[9]研究顯示,肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率或轉(zhuǎn)移率與HBV-DNA水平呈正相關(guān),特別是當(dāng)患者HBV-DNA水平達(dá)到甚至超過105 copies/mL時(shí),肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率明顯升高?!兑腋尾《鞠嚓P(guān)肝細(xì)胞癌抗病毒治療中國專家共識(shí)(2023版)》中建議HBV相關(guān)肝癌患者長期(終身)使用抗病毒藥物治療[10]。目前也有部分研究在探索不同的抗病毒藥物在肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)方面的影響。Qi等[11]對(duì)1 303例HBV相關(guān)的肝癌切除術(shù)后患者應(yīng)用核苷酸類似物或核苷類似物進(jìn)行抗病毒治療,研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于核苷類似物YT6CDXOMz3vwo2x0BhQEKvaw6RS33uOc8Io/RiwMJ6c=,核苷酸類似物能明顯降低肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率及延長OS,該研究的亞組分析也發(fā)現(xiàn)富馬酸替諾福韋酯的無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和OS也高于恩替卡韋組。一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)比恩替卡韋,早期HBV相關(guān)的HCC患者術(shù)后接受富馬酸替諾福韋酯治療具有更長的OS及更低的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),尤其是在術(shù)后晚期復(fù)發(fā)方面[12]。但也有研究認(rèn)為兩者在術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和OS方面具有相似性[13]。雖然目前對(duì)于富馬酸替諾福韋和恩替卡韋在肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)方面的優(yōu)劣性存在一定的爭議,但多數(shù)研究表明富馬酸替諾福韋在術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)方面優(yōu)于恩替卡韋[14-15]。

2.2 術(shù)后輔助經(jīng)肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞(TACE)

TACE是目前術(shù)后輔助局部治療中應(yīng)用相對(duì)廣泛的方案。多項(xiàng)研究表明,肝癌術(shù)后行輔助TACE,可有效改善患者預(yù)后,降低患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率,延長患者OS[16-18]。國內(nèi)一多中心回顧性研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后輔助TACE可以改善患者的無病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)和OS,尤其是具有復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素患者[19],該研究認(rèn)為術(shù)后輔助TACE可能是監(jiān)測(cè)HCC患者早期腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和提高術(shù)后生存率的潛在方法。一項(xiàng)納入8項(xiàng)研究的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),MVI陽性患者術(shù)后輔助TACE是有益的,但對(duì)多發(fā)結(jié)節(jié)的MVI陽性患者無效[20]?!陡伟┬g(shù)后輔助治療中國專家共識(shí)(2023版)》中認(rèn)為TACE可改善術(shù)后高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素患者的無復(fù)發(fā)生存時(shí)間(relapse free survive,RFS)和OS[4]。對(duì)于肝癌術(shù)后輔助TACE的有效性,目前仍存在不一樣的結(jié)論。Chen等[21]認(rèn)為術(shù)后輔助TACE并不能延緩或預(yù)防患者腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),其主要作用是可以在肝動(dòng)脈造影下早期發(fā)現(xiàn),并早期治療術(shù)后殘余腫瘤或早期復(fù)發(fā)病灶。對(duì)于不存在復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的孤立性肝癌患者,有研究表明,術(shù)后輔助TACE并不能改善患者預(yù)后,甚至可能促進(jìn)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),該研究分析認(rèn)為,化療藥物可殺傷正常肝細(xì)胞、損害肝功能、削弱患者免疫力,并使栓塞血管形成缺氧環(huán)境,間接促進(jìn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),因此不建議對(duì)于不合MIb/M0YoGG1oove+337ODpQQuJC4s42WGjHuyzVrPqg=并危險(xiǎn)因素的小肝癌患者進(jìn)行術(shù)后輔助TACE[22]。混合型肝癌患者術(shù)后輔助TACE也并不能改善其預(yù)后[23]。

2.3 術(shù)后輔助肝動(dòng)脈灌注化療(HAIC)

HAIC作為亞洲應(yīng)用時(shí)間長、應(yīng)用范圍較廣的肝癌治療技術(shù),不僅在中晚期肝癌中進(jìn)行應(yīng)用,也有部分學(xué)者嘗試將其作為肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療進(jìn)行研究。Kim等[24]回顧性分析31例患者經(jīng)輸液港行HAIC(氟尿嘧啶、順鉑方案)并未得出其在術(shù)后輔助治療方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。隨著三代鉑類藥物的出現(xiàn),以及多種化療藥物的聯(lián)合使用,HAIC作為肝癌綜合治療中一個(gè)重要的治療方法,已被許多研究證實(shí)其在術(shù)后輔助治療中的顯著效果及安全性。有薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后輔助HAIC可以改善患者的OS和中位DFS[25],該分析認(rèn)為,相對(duì)于TACE,HAIC具有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):持續(xù)局部高濃度化療藥物灌注,可以消除潛在微轉(zhuǎn)移灶,減少術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),并可減少異位栓塞不良反應(yīng)及栓塞形成的缺氧環(huán)境誘發(fā)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。Feng等[26]回顧性分析85例HCC術(shù)后輔助HAIC(奧沙利鉑、氟尿嘧啶、絲裂霉素)的資料發(fā)現(xiàn),HAIC能減少術(shù)后肝內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā),提高術(shù)后長期生存率,且安全可靠。Huang等[27]應(yīng)用HAIC(奧沙利鉑、氟尿嘧啶、吉西他濱)對(duì)HCC術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行預(yù)防性治療并隨訪觀察3年,得出的結(jié)論認(rèn)為HAIC可以有效且安全地降低肝內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)。有部分研究對(duì)合并有術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)因素的患者實(shí)施HAIC,也取得了一定的成就。最近一項(xiàng)多中心、Ⅲ期、隨機(jī)研究結(jié)果表明,MVI陽性患者行術(shù)后輔助FOLFOX-HAIC可明顯改善其DFS,且毒副作用可接受[28],該研究同時(shí)指出每周期行肝動(dòng)脈插管術(shù)可減少因留置輸液港帶來的相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)?!陡蝿?dòng)脈灌注化療治療肝細(xì)胞癌中國專家共識(shí)(2021版)》中認(rèn)為對(duì)于合并有MVI的患者,建議術(shù)后1~2個(gè)月開始行HAIC,有助于減少術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和延長生存時(shí)間[29]。HAIC目前尚無統(tǒng)一的灌注化療方案,不同的化療方案在術(shù)后預(yù)防中的作用是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異仍需進(jìn)一步研究。預(yù)防性TACE與HAIC之間的優(yōu)劣性也尚無明確的結(jié)論。

2.4 術(shù)后輔助靶向、免疫治療及其聯(lián)合治療

靶向藥物在HCC治療中的效果已經(jīng)得到了普遍的認(rèn)可,是不可切除肝癌的一線治療方案[30]。早在2015年的一項(xiàng)全球多中心研究就開始探索索拉非尼在HCC術(shù)后預(yù)防中的作用,該研究共納入了

1 114例HCC根治術(shù)或射頻消融術(shù)后的患者,研究結(jié)果表明術(shù)后輔助索拉非尼并不能改善HCC術(shù)后患者的預(yù)后[31]。該研究出現(xiàn)陰性結(jié)果的原因可能是其并未將是否合并復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行篩選,而是單純地將研究對(duì)象分為索拉非尼組和安慰劑組。另有納入13項(xiàng)研究的薈萃分析研究發(fā)現(xiàn),索拉非尼能延長HCC術(shù)后患者的OS,降低復(fù)發(fā)率,而且不會(huì)出現(xiàn)無法耐受的不良反應(yīng)[32]。除此之外,術(shù)后輔助應(yīng)用侖伐替尼也被多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)可以使HCC術(shù)后的患者獲得OS及RFS獲益[33-34]。2020年一項(xiàng)合并門靜脈癌栓的HCC術(shù)后輔助治療研究結(jié)果顯示,與既往報(bào)道的結(jié)果相比,術(shù)后輔助阿帕替尼治療可以改善其中位RFS及1年生存率[35]。近幾年,隨著免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)在中晚期HCC患者的廣泛使用,其療效也得到了證實(shí),國內(nèi)外研究學(xué)者也在嘗試單用ICIs或聯(lián)合酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)藥物進(jìn)行HCC術(shù)后輔助治療,同樣也取得了不錯(cuò)的效果。一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),存在高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的HCC患者術(shù)后應(yīng)用程序性死亡受體1(programmed death-1,PD-1)治療可以改善其生存結(jié)局,尤其是合并有門靜脈癌栓或腫瘤直徑≥5 cm的患者[36]。有多中心的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果表明,術(shù)后輔助ICIs或聯(lián)合TKI可以改善合并復(fù)發(fā)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的HCC根治術(shù)后患者的RFS[37]。最近華西醫(yī)院正在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)單臂、前瞻性、Ⅱ期臨床研究,該研究應(yīng)用多納非尼聯(lián)合替雷利珠單抗及TACE對(duì)合并有高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的HCC術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行輔助治療,期待其后續(xù)的結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)(ChiCTR2200063003)。華中同濟(jì)大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)院回顧性分析了250例HCC術(shù)后患者的資料發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后輔助TKI聯(lián)合抗PD-1抗體藥物可以改善具有高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者的預(yù)后[38]。2023年《柳葉刀》雜志發(fā)表的前瞻性多中心Ⅲ期臨床研究Imbrave150的最終研究結(jié)果引起了廣泛關(guān)注,該研究表明具有高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的手術(shù)切除或消融術(shù)后患者應(yīng)用阿替利珠單抗聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗進(jìn)行術(shù)后輔助治療,可以改善其RFS[39]。靶向及免疫藥物的安全性已經(jīng)得到了臨床的認(rèn)可,其主要的不良表現(xiàn)為手足皮膚反應(yīng)、腹脹、高血壓、腹瀉、蛋白尿、甲狀腺功能減退、惡心等,但安全可控。除此之外,卡瑞利珠單抗、特瑞利珠單抗、度伐利尤單抗等藥物的相關(guān)臨床研究也正在進(jìn)行,《肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療中國專家共識(shí)(2023版)》中將HCC術(shù)后靶向、ICIs的單藥或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用作為B類推薦[4]。

2.5 術(shù)后輔助放療

放療在肝癌治療中的作用得到了一定的認(rèn)可,但在肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療方面的效果仍處于探索階段。Yu等[40]首次報(bào)道了窄切緣患者(<1 cm)術(shù)后輔助外放療并不能改善其DFS和OS,但可以改善直徑<5 cm的HCC患者的DFS。Wang等[41]研究認(rèn)為術(shù)后輔助放療可以提高靠近大血管行窄切緣HCC的OS和DFS,《原發(fā)性肝癌放射治療中國專家共識(shí)(2020年版)》也依據(jù)該研究結(jié)果建議對(duì)窄切緣患者行術(shù)后輔助放療。2021年一項(xiàng)前瞻性2期臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)窄切緣HCC患者行術(shù)后放療是有效且安全的,該研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后輔助放療有可能降低MVI陽性及窄切緣患者的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[42]。

2.6 術(shù)后輔助中醫(yī)藥治療

中醫(yī)作為我國的民族瑰寶,在我國醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域一直占據(jù)重要地位,中醫(yī)藥在我國癌癥治療中也發(fā)揮著重要作用[43]。部分中醫(yī)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,肝癌根治術(shù)后使患者機(jī)體正氣受損,患者津液耗傷、正氣虛弱之時(shí),若輔以益氣補(bǔ)血,有利于患者減少機(jī)體損耗,預(yù)防術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)。陳虹宇等[44]曾進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)肝癌根治術(shù)后輔助中醫(yī)治療對(duì)比未輔助中醫(yī)治療的回顧性研究,研究結(jié)果表明中醫(yī)治療可延緩術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),并具有延長OS的潛力。一項(xiàng)國內(nèi)多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCC術(shù)后輔助槐耳顆粒治療可減少肝外復(fù)發(fā)、延長RFS[45];Wang等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)槐耳顆??裳娱L消融術(shù)后HCC患者的無進(jìn)展生存期?!禖SCO原發(fā)性肝癌診療指南2020》中也將術(shù)后輔助槐耳顆粒治療作為Ⅱ類推薦。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),健脾化瘀湯(JPHYD)可通過改善肝硬化和提高其他輔助治療的有效性來改善肝切除術(shù)后HCC患者的RFS和OS,安全且不良反應(yīng)可耐受[47]。對(duì)于HCC術(shù)后輔助中醫(yī)治療的效果目前尚無更高級(jí)別的證據(jù)證實(shí)。

3 小結(jié)

以手術(shù)治療為主的綜合治療是目前肝癌治療的主流趨勢(shì),無論手術(shù)治療或是新輔助治療、輔助治療,根本目的都是延長患者的生存期。近年,肝癌根治術(shù)后的輔助治療一直是研究熱點(diǎn),但目前尚無確切的診療規(guī)范。雖然已有部分研究認(rèn)為肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療對(duì)改善患者生存質(zhì)量、延緩腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、延長患者生存期等有明顯效果,但其主要針對(duì)人群為合并有復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的患者,對(duì)不合并復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的患者是否需要進(jìn)行術(shù)后輔助治療,仍缺乏大型的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)研究驗(yàn)證。目前多項(xiàng)不同藥物、不同方案的肝癌根治術(shù)后輔助治療的前瞻性臨床研究正在進(jìn)行,相信,隨著未來新的臨床數(shù)據(jù)、研究結(jié)果的公布,HCC術(shù)后進(jìn)行規(guī)范化的輔助治療還有更多的可能性。

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(收稿日期:2024-01-11) (本文編輯:陳韻)

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