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大興安嶺北部主要喬木樹種葉片-土壤碳氮磷生態(tài)化學計量特征

2024-07-10 10:38景繼鑫,陳燦陽,滿秀玲,韓昭郅
森林工程 2024年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:樟子松葉片土壤

景繼鑫,陳燦陽,滿秀玲,韓昭郅

摘要:以大興安嶺北部多年凍土區(qū)典型森林群落主要喬木為研究對象,分析葉片和土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及生態(tài)化學計量特征,探討葉片和土壤C、N、P生態(tài)化學計量之間的關(guān)系,為該地區(qū)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)養(yǎng)分循環(huán)研究提供理論依據(jù)。結(jié)果表明,4種喬木葉片C∶N范圍為25.66~47.92,C∶P范圍為323.83~603.86,N∶P為10.21~20.59,興安落葉松葉片C∶P和N∶P均最低,樟子松葉片C∶N和C∶P均最高,白樺C∶N最低,山楊N∶P最高;4種喬木葉片C∶N和C∶P都高于全球植物平均水平,表明這些喬木葉片具有較高的N、P利用效率,同時山楊葉片N∶P>20,其生長主要受P素限制;不同的群落土壤C∶N為13.89~18.46,C∶P為35.43~77.19,N∶P為1.96~5.26,山楊林C∶P和N∶P均為最高,而C∶N最低。白樺林C∶N最高,N∶P最低。樟子松林C∶P最低。冗余分析結(jié)果顯示,4種喬木葉片C、N、P生態(tài)化學計量與土壤之間存在顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系,土壤C、N、P含量及化學計量對喬木固碳及氮磷吸收具有顯著影響。由此可見,我國寒溫帶4種喬木具有較高的N、P利用效率,但山楊生長受到P的限制,葉片C、N、P生態(tài)化學計量與土壤生態(tài)化學計量顯著相關(guān)。

關(guān)鍵詞:大興安嶺北部地區(qū);興安落葉松;樟子松;生態(tài)化學計量;土壤;葉片

中圖分類號:S714文獻標識碼:A文章編號:1006-8023(2024)03-0001-10

The Foliar-soil Ecostoichiometric Characteristics of the Principal Arboreal?Species in the Northern Region of the Greater Hinggan Mountains

JING Jixin, CHEN Canyang, MAN Xiuling*, HAN Zhaozhi

(College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China)

Abstract:In this study, the main trees of typical forest communities in permafrost area of northern Greater Khingan Mountains were selected as the research objects, the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in leaves and soil and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics were analyzed, and the relationship between leaves and soil C, N and P ecological stoichiometry was discussed to provide theoretical basis for the study of nutrient cycling in forest ecosystem in this area. Results indicated that the C∶N ratio of four tree leaves ranged from 25.66 to 47.92, the C∶P ratio ranged from 323.83 to 603.86, and the N:P ratio ranged from 10.21 to 20.59. Larix gmelini exhibited the lowest C∶N and N∶P ratios, while Pinus sylvestris var mongolica had the highest C∶N and C∶P ratios, Betula platyphylla had the lowest C∶N ratio and? Populus davidiana had the highest N∶P ratio. The C∶N and C∶P ratios of all four tree species exceeded the global average, suggesting efficient utilization of N and P. Nevertheless, the leaf N∶P >20 of? Populus davidiana was primarily limited by P in its growth. The soil C∶N ratio of different communities ranged from 13.89 to 18.46, the C∶P ratio ranged from 35.43 to 77.19, and the N∶P ratio ranged from 1.96 to 5.26. Populus davidiana forests exhibited the highest C∶P and N∶P ratios, while having the lowest C∶N ratio. Betula platyphylla had the highest C∶N ratio and the lowest N∶P ratio. Pinus sylvestris var mongolica displayed the lowest C∶P ratio. The redundancy analysis results showed that there was a significant correlation between the ecological stoichiometry of C, N, and P in the leaves of four trees and the soil. The content and stoichiometry of soil C, N, P had a significant impact on the carbon fixation and nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of trees. It can be seen that the four types of trees in the cold temperate zone of China have high N and P utilization efficiency, but the growth of Populus davidiana is limited by P. The ecological stoichiometry of leaf C, N, and P is significantly correlated with soil ecological stoichiometry.

Keywords:Northern Greater Hinggan Mountains; Larix gmelini; Pinus sylvestris var mongolica; ecological stoichiometry; soil; foliage

0引言

生態(tài)化學計量學作為一門對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中能量循環(huán)過程和多種化學元素平衡深入探究的學科[1-2],對分析生態(tài)循環(huán)中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)等元素間相互耦合關(guān)系發(fā)揮著重要作用[3]。目前,C∶N∶P化學計量特征對于植物養(yǎng)分利用[4]、營養(yǎng)元素限制[5]、群落結(jié)構(gòu)功能穩(wěn)定性[6]、凋落物分解[7]和微生物調(diào)節(jié)[8]等方面的研究都有廣泛應用。通過葉片的生態(tài)化學計量可以反映植物的生長和營養(yǎng)限制的情況,而葉片的C∶N和C∶P則可以表現(xiàn)出植物的碳同化速率,并用于評估其營養(yǎng)利用的效率[9],而葉片N∶P用于評價植物生長過程N、P養(yǎng)分限制狀況[10]。在不同季節(jié)[11]、生長階段[12]和演替階段[13],植物生長發(fā)育情況亦會有所不同,并通過不同的生態(tài)化學計量特征呈現(xiàn)。影響植物生長發(fā)育的一個關(guān)鍵決定性因素是土壤可利用的N和P[14],其含量高低和土壤礦化程度可以通過土壤C∶N和C∶P來反映[15],其中N∶P是評估植物生長受N、P限制情況的重要指標[16]。Güsewell等[17]認為陸地植物的N∶P在10以下時,植物生長受N限制,在10~20時,N和P對植物生長無影響,超過20則受P限制。一般來說,溫帶和北方森林主要受N限制,而熱帶和亞熱帶森林則普遍受P限制[18-19]。在不同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,植物葉片-土壤化學計量關(guān)系也有所不同,這是由于植物需要對不同的環(huán)境做出相應的適應策略[20]。因此,生態(tài)化學計量學研究對于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)養(yǎng)分供給研究具有重要意義。

大興安嶺北部作為我國唯一的寒溫帶林區(qū),該地區(qū),冬季漫長且寒冷,年均氣溫約為-4.5 ℃且無霜期僅約90 d。這些獨特的氣候條件對植物生長產(chǎn)生了重大影響,可能改變其對養(yǎng)分的需求水平和養(yǎng)分適應策略。因此,本研究選擇大興安嶺北部多年凍土區(qū)的典型森林群落作為研究對象,探究其主要喬木葉片與土壤C、N、P化學計量特征及其影響因子,以期為大興安嶺地區(qū)森林養(yǎng)分循環(huán)研究提供科學依據(jù)。

1研究區(qū)概況與研究方法

1.1研究區(qū)概況

研究區(qū)位于大興安嶺地區(qū)的漠河市北極村鎮(zhèn),坐落在黑龍江上游的大興安嶺山脈北麓,黑龍江上游(50°10′~53°33′N,121°7′~124°20′E)。該地為寒溫帶大陸性季風氣候,四季分明,冬季長且寒冷,夏季短而溫熱,年均氣溫-4.9 ℃,6—9月的平均氣溫為7.5~18.1 ℃。海拔300~700 m,年均降水量350~500 mm,年無霜期90 d左右,是我國多年凍土主要分布區(qū)。本區(qū)頂級群落是以興安落葉松(Larix gmelini)為主的明亮針葉林,其他森林類型有白樺(Betula platyphylla)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)和山楊(Populus davidiana)等,林下灌木主要有興安杜鵑(Rhododendron dauricum)、杜香(Ledum palustre)和越橘(Vaccinium vitis-idaea)等。地帶性土壤為棕色針葉林土,且有多年凍土的分布。

1.2樣品采集與分析方法

在前期踏查的基礎上,于2022年7月選擇4種典型森林群落,即興安落葉松林、樟子松林、白樺林和山楊林,在每一群落中選典型地段設置3塊面積為20 m×30 m的調(diào)查樣地,對樣地進行每木檢尺,樣地基本情況見表1。在每個樣地內(nèi)選擇3株標準

木為調(diào)查樣木,在每個標準木的東南西北4個方位,分別剪取樹冠內(nèi)部和外部相同部位無病蟲害成熟的葉片混勻,每個標準木獲得3份樣本,共108個樣本,用于C、N和P含量的檢測。葉片采集的同時,在每個樣地內(nèi)隨機選取3個點,挖掘土壤剖面,在去除凋落物后,分別按照0~5、5~10、10~20 cm進行分層采集土壤樣品,將同一土層不同點的土壤樣品混勻,每塊樣地同一土層取3個樣本,4個林型共108個樣本,用于測定土壤養(yǎng)分含量。同時,用環(huán)刀取原狀土,測定土壤容重和含水量。

1.3土壤及葉片C、N、P含量測定

將取回的新鮮土壤挑去根系和石礫等雜物,放置在陰涼通風處自然風干,風干后土樣用研缽研磨并過0.149 mm篩,用于測定土壤有機碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)、全氮(total nitrogen, TN)和全磷(total phosphorus, TP)含量。新鮮葉片置于烘箱中經(jīng)過105 ℃ 2 h殺青后,在65 ℃烘干至恒重,粉碎后過100目篩,用于測定葉片C、N和P含量。土壤和植物葉片有機C含量均采用重鉻酸鉀-硫酸外加熱法測定;采用凱氏定氮法測定N含量,鉬銻抗比色法測定P含量。

1.4數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計與分析

使用Excel 2020和SPSS 16.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。首先對數(shù)據(jù)進行K-S檢驗,對P<0.05的數(shù)據(jù)進行對數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換,使其符合正態(tài)分布。采用單因素方差分析比較不同樣地葉片和土壤以及不同土層間C、N、P、C∶N、C∶P、N∶P含量差異性。用R4.0.5完成冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)檢驗喬木葉片與土壤C、N、P含量及化學計量比之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系?;瘜W計量比為質(zhì)量分數(shù)比,0~20 cm土層數(shù)據(jù)由加權(quán)平均獲得,數(shù)據(jù)表示均為平均值±標準差。

2結(jié)果與分析

2.1不同樹種葉片C、N、P含量及其化學計量比特征

由表2可知,大興安嶺北部4種喬木葉片TC含量變化幅度為455.53~487.00 g/kg,其中興安落葉松葉片TC含量最低,白樺葉片最高,二者差異顯著(P<0.05)。4種喬木葉片TN含量在9.88~18.99 g/kg范圍內(nèi)波動,由大到小表現(xiàn)為白樺、山楊、興安落葉松和樟子松。其中,白樺葉片TN含量是樟子松葉片的1.70倍,差異極顯著(P<0.01);葉片TP含量為0.81~1.43 g/kg,由大到小表現(xiàn)為興安落葉松、白樺、山楊和樟子松,興安落葉松葉片TP含量顯著高于樟子松(P<0.05)。總結(jié)來看,興安落葉松葉片TP含量最高,TC含量最低,樟子松葉片TN和TP含量均最低,而白樺葉片TC和TN均最高,山楊葉片TC、TN和TP含量則處于中間水平。

不同樹種葉片C∶N范圍為25.66~47.92,樟子松葉片C∶N顯著高于其他3個樹種,白樺葉片最低,而白樺和山楊葉片差異不顯著(P>0.05);4種喬木葉片C∶P范圍在323.83~603.86,4種喬木間差異并不顯著;葉片N∶P范圍在10.21~20.59,山楊葉片N∶P為興安落葉松葉片的2.02倍,差異顯著(P<0.05)。由此可見,興安落葉松葉片C∶P和N∶P均最低,樟子松葉片C∶N和C∶P均最高,白樺葉片C∶N最低,山楊葉片N∶P最高,且4種喬木葉片C∶P差異均不顯著。

2.2不同群落類型土壤C、N、P含量及其化學計量比特征

由表3可知,不同群落類型土壤SOC含量呈現(xiàn)隨土層加深而逐漸減少的趨勢,不同土層波動范圍為9.59~37.87 g/kg,白樺林0~20 cm土層SOC含量(26.14 g/kg)極顯著高于樟子松林(14.23 g/kg)(P<0.01)。4種群落類型0~20 cm土壤TN含量在0.96~1.71 g/kg變化,其中,由大到小排序為山楊林、白樺林、興安落葉松林和樟子松林,山楊林土壤TN含量在所有土層中均顯著高于其他3種群落類型;興安落葉松林TP含量隨土層下降而增加,但各土層之間差異不顯著,且10~20 cm土層TP含量顯著高于其他3種群落類型。白樺林0~20 cm土壤TP含量(0.71 g/kg)為山楊林(0.32 g/kg)的2.22倍,差異極顯著(P<0.01)。由此可見,白樺林土壤SOC和TP含量均最高,山楊林土壤TN最高而TP最低,樟子松林土壤SOC和TN均最低,興安落葉松林土壤SOC和TP在0~5 cm和5~10 cm含量相對較低,但10~20 cm含量顯著高于其他群落類型。

不同群落類型土壤C∶N在13.89~18.46,由大到小表現(xiàn)為白樺林、興安落葉松林、樟子松林和山楊林,而樟子松林和山楊林之間差異不顯著;4種群落0~20 cm土壤C∶P在35.43~77.19,樟子松林和白樺林差異不顯著,同時,樟子松林在不同土層之間由大到小表現(xiàn)為10~20、0~5、5~10 cm,其在10~20 cm土層C∶P最高,其余群落類型均為0~5 cm最高;各群落N∶P范圍在1.96~5.26,山楊林顯著高于白樺林,興安落葉松林和樟子松林為中等水平且差異不顯著。樟子松林N∶P表現(xiàn)為隨土層加深而升高的趨勢,其余群落類型表現(xiàn)相反。由此可見,山楊林C∶P和N∶P均為最高,而C∶N最低。白樺林C∶N最高,N∶P最低。樟子松林C∶P最低。

2.3葉片化學計量特征與土壤因子之間的關(guān)系

為更深入地揭示大興安嶺地區(qū)主要樹種葉片化學計量特征與土壤因子之間的相互關(guān)系,本研究采用冗余分析(RDA)方法進行分析。RDA分析能夠在一張圖上同時對葉片化學計量特征和土壤因子進行排序,更能直觀顯示二者之間的關(guān)系,二者夾角為銳角則為正相關(guān),夾角為鈍角則為負相關(guān)。銳角越小,正相關(guān)性越大。鈍角越大,則負相關(guān)越大。同時,土壤因子箭頭越長,說明其對葉片化學計量影響越明顯。

由圖1可知,落葉松林、樟子松林、白樺林和山楊林所測得的0~20 cm土壤因子分別對其葉片化學計量前兩軸的總解釋信息量分別為78.44%、74.67%、83.45%和72.34%。落葉松和樟子松葉片TC均與土壤TP、C∶P和N∶P顯著正相關(guān),而白樺和山楊葉片TC與C∶P和N∶P顯著負相關(guān)。4種喬木葉片TN與土壤C∶N和C∶P顯著正相關(guān)。白樺葉片TP與C∶N、C∶P、N∶P顯著負相關(guān),其余3種喬木TP與C∶N、C∶P、N∶P呈顯著正相關(guān)。落葉松和山楊葉片C∶N、C∶P和N∶P與土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P顯著負相關(guān)。樟子松和白樺C∶N與土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P顯著負相關(guān)。土壤pH與4種喬木葉片C、N、P大多呈顯著負相關(guān)。

3討論

3.1不同喬木葉片C、N、P含量及化學計量特征

植物體內(nèi)C、N、P相互耦合,共同調(diào)控植物的生長發(fā)育[21]。本研究表明,大興安嶺地區(qū)4種喬木葉片C含量(455.53~487.00 g/kg)高于我國暖溫帶(451 g/kg)[22]、溫帶(438 g/kg)[23]和熱帶(452.3 g/kg)[24],而葉片TN含量(9.88~18.99 g/kg)和TP含量(0.81~1.43 g/kg)均低于我國植物葉片TN含量均值19.7 g/kg和TP含量均值2.0 g/kg[19]。植物養(yǎng)分含量及其吸收利用和效率在不同溫度[25]、濕度[26]和海拔[27]條件下均表現(xiàn)出差異。因此,本研究4種喬木在大興安嶺地區(qū)獨特的低溫環(huán)境下,產(chǎn)生了與其他地區(qū)不同的養(yǎng)分吸收利用策略。本研究中樟子松葉片TC含量(473.33 g/kg)高于興安落葉松和山楊葉片,其主要原因在于常綠樹種葉片更新速度較慢,大量C素被光合作用所固定并積累儲存在葉片中[28]。相比之下,白樺葉片TC含量(487 g/kg)最高,說明在大興安嶺地區(qū),白樺葉片具有較高的C儲能力。有研究結(jié)果表明,較高的葉片TN使其具有更快的光合速率,加速植物生長[29],而針葉樹種與闊葉樹種由于葉片結(jié)構(gòu)的差異產(chǎn)生了不同的葉片生理功能,導致針葉樹種向光合器官中分配的氮素比例較低[30],同時,常綠植物吸收的氮素大多用于構(gòu)建生長所必需的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白[31],從而N含量由小到大表現(xiàn)為樟子松葉片、興安落葉松、2種闊葉樹種。

植物C∶N和C∶P通常能表示植物對N、P的利用效率[32]。本研究中4種喬木樹種C∶N(13.89~18.46)和C∶P(35.43~77.19)高于全球植物平均C∶N(22.5)和C∶P(233.2)[19],說明研究區(qū)4種喬木葉片具有較高的P利用效率,而N利用效率較低。由于針葉樹種葉片氮素周轉(zhuǎn)較闊葉樹種更慢,且淋洗過程中氮素損失量更低[33],使樟子松和落葉松葉片氮利用效率顯著高于山楊和白樺葉片。陸地植物在N∶P<10時受N限制,在大于20時受P限制[11],山楊葉片N∶P為20.59,說明山楊生長可能受P素限制,然而植物葉片化學計量特征由環(huán)境與遺傳因子共同決定,具有種內(nèi)變異且生態(tài)策略趨異性[34],因此大興安嶺北部地區(qū)山楊生長是否受P素限制還需開展進一步研究。白樺葉片C、N最高,興安落葉松葉片TP含量最高,樟子松葉片C∶N和C∶P最高,山楊葉片N∶P最高,這也反映了不同樹種對養(yǎng)分分配及其利用效率存在差異[35]。

3.2不同群落類型土壤C、N、P含量及化學計量特征

大興安嶺地區(qū)4種典型森林類型土壤SOC和TN含量均表現(xiàn)為隨土層深度的增加而降低,而TP含量在不同土層間差異不明顯,這是因為土壤SOC、TN和TP含量在垂直分布上主要是由于C、N、P來源不同所決定的。土壤N來源途徑多樣,主要包括植物凋落物歸還和大氣沉降補充[36-37],而P來源相對單一,主要由巖石風化和淋洗補充,這些過程相對困難[38]。因此,表層土壤N含量較高,而P在垂直分布中均一性較好。土壤SOC、TN和TP主要來源于凋落物分解,然后被植物吸收[39],這些元素經(jīng)過淋溶后向下層土壤遷移,同時也受植物根系的吸收和利用影響[40]。依據(jù)全國第二次土壤普查養(yǎng)分分級標準,山楊林土壤TN含量處于二級水平,興安落葉松林和白樺林屬于三級,而樟子松林則屬于四級。白樺林TP含量為三級,興安落葉松林和樟子松林為四級,山楊林僅為五級水平。大興安嶺地區(qū)森林土壤N和P含量較低,在一定程度上影響了植物生長[41],比如P素缺乏可能對山楊生長產(chǎn)生了限制。

土壤C、N、P化學計量比是反映土壤養(yǎng)分和土壤養(yǎng)分有效性的關(guān)鍵性指標[4]。在本研究中,4種林型土壤C∶N在土壤剖面中隨深度增加而降低。同一土層中土壤C∶N值越低,意味著土壤礦化作用越快,土壤中速效氮含量也較高[42-43]。然而,這4種林型C∶N均高于中國土壤C∶N的平均值(11.9)[44],這可能是由于本研究位于大興安嶺北部,冬季漫長而寒冷,導致凋落物分解速率相對較慢,歸還土壤的N素量相對較低[45]。土壤C∶P會顯著影響到土壤微生物的C和P,當C∶P>200時微生物進行磷凈固持,當C∶P<200時進行磷凈礦化[46]。此外,土壤C∶P也可以表示土壤磷的有效性,二者之間呈負相關(guān)[42]。興安落葉松林、白樺林和樟子松林土壤C∶P均低于我國平均值61[44],而山楊林高于平均值,這表明山楊林土壤磷有效性相對較低,可能受P素限制。作為診斷土壤氮磷養(yǎng)分限制飽和度的指標,土壤N∶P能夠反映植物生長過程中土壤養(yǎng)分的供給情況[16],本研究中,山楊土壤N∶P(5.26)顯著高于其余3種群落類型(1.96~2.55),同時高于我國平均值5.1[44],并且其N含量在4個群落類型中最高,說明土壤磷元素可能是山楊生長的一個重要限制因素,即土壤中N素有效性較高,而磷素的有效性不足以與之平衡,因此會影響樹木生長發(fā)育和生理功能[47]。

3.3葉片化學計量與土壤因子之間的關(guān)系

大興安嶺北部4種群落類型土壤C、N、P對葉片化學計量特征變化的貢獻較低,說明在植物生長過程中C、N、P之間相互耦合,共同影響植物發(fā)育[48]。土壤因子中土壤含水對葉片化學計量特征變化的貢獻最大,落葉松林和樟子松林土壤含水與葉片TP呈正相關(guān),與葉片C∶P和N∶P顯著負相關(guān),這是由于土壤水分通過影響土壤微生物[49-50]的活性與種類進而間接影響植物對磷素的吸收和利用。土壤pH上升,硝化細菌活性被抑制,礦化氮有向氨化轉(zhuǎn)變的趨勢,從而提高植物氮利用效率[51],使落葉松林和樟子松林土壤pH與葉片C∶N正相關(guān)。樟子松林土壤C∶N與葉片C∶N正相關(guān),白樺林土壤C∶N和C∶P均與葉片C∶P呈正相關(guān),這與部分研究中,在養(yǎng)分匱乏的環(huán)境下,植物的養(yǎng)分利用效率較高的觀點一致[52]。而樟子松林和白樺林土壤C∶N與葉片C∶N負相關(guān),這可能是由于土壤中氮含量超過植物的最大吸收量,氮含量下降會對植物生長發(fā)育產(chǎn)生負面影響[53]。

4 結(jié)論

本研究深入分析了大興安嶺北部4種喬木葉片和土壤生態(tài)化學計量特征,結(jié)果表明,4種喬木葉片C∶N>25,興安落葉松葉片顯著高于其他3個樹種,白樺葉片最低,葉片C∶P>600,但4種喬木間差異不顯著,葉片N∶P在10.21~20.59,興安落葉松最低,山楊葉片N∶P最高,且>20,表明其生長可能受到磷限制。4種林型土壤C∶N均高于我國土壤C∶N的平均值(11.9)。興安落葉松林、白樺林和樟子松林土壤C∶P均低于我國平均值(61),而山楊林高于平均值。同時山楊土壤N∶P(5.26)顯著高于其余3種群落類型(1.96~2.55),說明土壤磷元素可能是山楊生長一個重要的限制因素。樟子松林土壤C∶N與葉片C∶N正相關(guān),白樺林土壤C∶N和C∶P均與葉片C∶P呈正相關(guān),樟子松林和白樺林土壤C∶N與葉片C∶N負相關(guān),說明植物養(yǎng)分利用效率主要受土壤中養(yǎng)分含量所影響,且不同植物對環(huán)境會作出相應的適應策略。

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