任靜瑤 于淼 蔡輝
摘要:現(xiàn)有研究證實纖維蛋白原、血漿白蛋白、中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞在調(diào)節(jié)不同腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,且在腫瘤患者的外周血中的水平與生存預(yù)后和治療效果之間存在顯著的相關(guān)性,但單次應(yīng)用的準(zhǔn)確性和特異性尚未完全明確。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,術(shù)前纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值(FAR)和全身炎癥反應(yīng)指數(shù)(SIRI)等因子正在成為預(yù)測多種腫瘤預(yù)后和療效的綜合指標(biāo),其在胃癌的進(jìn)展中起著關(guān)鍵的調(diào)節(jié)作用。因此,術(shù)前外周血FAR和SIRI水平在胃癌患者的預(yù)后評估和療效預(yù)測中具有一定的潛力,對制定個體化治療策略具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。本文綜述了近年來國內(nèi)外關(guān)于FAR和SIRI在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的潛在機(jī)制以及在胃癌患者中的應(yīng)用價值,旨在探索這些指標(biāo)在胃癌患者中的臨床價值,以提高患者的臨床治療效果和生存率。
關(guān)鍵詞:胃癌;纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值;全身炎癥反應(yīng)指數(shù);炎癥指標(biāo)
中圖分類號:R735.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.039
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)12-0168-06
Application Value of Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio and Systemic Inflammatory Response Index
in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Abstract:Existing studies have confirmed that fibrinogen, plasma albumin, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes play an important role in regulating the occurrence and development of different tumors, and there is a significant correlation between the level of fibrinogen, plasma albumin, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of tumor patients and the survival prognosis and treatment effect, but the accuracy and specificity of single application have not been fully clarified. Increasing evidence shows that preoperative factors such as fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) are becoming comprehensive indicators for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of various tumors, which play a key regulatory role in the progression of gastric cancer. Therefore, preoperative peripheral blood FAR and SIRI levels have certain potential in the prognosis evaluation and efficacy prediction of gastric cancer patients, and have important guiding significance for the formulation of individualized treatment strategies. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of FAR and SIRI in tumorigenesis and development and their application value in patients with gastric cancer in recent years, aiming to explore the clinical value of these indicators in patients with gastric cancer, so as to improve the clinical treatment effect and survival rate of patients.
Key words:Gastric cancer;Fibrinogen to albumin ratio;Systemic inflammatory response index;Inflammation indicators
胃癌(gastric cancer)作為世界范圍內(nèi)的一種重要癌癥,其發(fā)病率排名第五,死亡率排名第四[1]。與大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比,中國的死亡率/發(fā)病率比和5年患病率更高[2]。目前,以外科手術(shù)為主的多學(xué)科綜合治療仍然是胃癌治療的主要手段[3]。盡管在手術(shù)和麻醉技術(shù)、術(shù)后護(hù)理以及與胃癌相關(guān)的介入放射學(xué)方面取得了顯著進(jìn)展,但胃切除術(shù)仍存在嚴(yán)重的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險。據(jù)報道[4],其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率為20%~35%。這些并發(fā)癥會阻礙康復(fù),影響輔助治療的耐受性,降低患者生活質(zhì)量[5]。同時,患有并發(fā)癥的患者具有更大的疾病復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險[6]。最近,越來越多的研究表明,纖維蛋白原[7]、血漿白蛋白[8]、中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞[9]水平與腫瘤的預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。此外,纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值(fibrinogen to albumin ratio,F(xiàn)AR)和全身炎癥反應(yīng)指數(shù)(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI)是可以同時反映患者炎癥和營養(yǎng)狀況的綜合標(biāo)志物,在許多實體瘤的預(yù)后評估中也顯示出重要的價值,如肝細(xì)胞膽管癌[10]、胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤[11]、胰腺癌[12]、肝癌[13]、膽囊癌[14]。特別是對于胃癌患者,炎癥和營養(yǎng)被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致腫瘤進(jìn)展并進(jìn)而降低存活率的兩個重要因素。本文就術(shù)前FAR和SIRI水平在胃癌患者預(yù)后評估和術(shù)后療效預(yù)測方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,旨在探索能夠預(yù)測評估胃癌患者短期治療效果和長期生存結(jié)局的可靠參考指標(biāo)。
1 FAR的定義及在癌癥中的相關(guān)機(jī)制
FAR=纖維蛋白原(F)/白蛋白(A)。白蛋白水平受患者的營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)和代謝需求的影響,其不僅是一種可以反映營養(yǎng)狀況的有價值的指標(biāo),還可參與炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān)的評估[15]。低蛋白血癥的發(fā)生會導(dǎo)致血漿膠體滲透壓下降,從而減少了組織的灌注。這種情況下,組織的氧和營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)減少,同時也影響了免疫細(xì)胞的功能。低白蛋白血癥由炎癥狀態(tài)引起并反映了炎癥狀態(tài),炎癥狀態(tài)會干擾對手術(shù)或化療等事件的充分反應(yīng),并且與生活質(zhì)量差和壽命縮短有關(guān)[16]。低白蛋白血癥可引起腫瘤患者免疫缺陷,降低治療效果,增加死亡率[17,18]。纖維蛋白原是血漿中含量最高的凝血因子,這種糖蛋白由肝臟合成和分泌,在血管或組織受損時可以轉(zhuǎn)化為纖維蛋白,從而防止過度出血。纖維蛋白原轉(zhuǎn)化為纖維蛋白驅(qū)動炎癥,炎癥灶內(nèi)和周圍的血管外纖維蛋白沉積表明纖維蛋白可能直接影響局部炎癥細(xì)胞活性。同時,炎癥作為活性調(diào)節(jié)劑也影響著抗纖維蛋白溶解狀態(tài)[19]。癌癥患者的凝血障礙多種多樣,起源于腫瘤特異性生長特征、內(nèi)皮受損的新生血管生成、骨髓造血功能缺陷、低蛋白血癥或轉(zhuǎn)移性病造生長導(dǎo)致的器官功能障礙[20]。纖維蛋白原水平異??蓪?dǎo)致凝血時正常穩(wěn)態(tài)控制失衡。有研究表明[21],纖維蛋白原、纖維蛋白和纖維蛋白溶解系統(tǒng)的成分與癌癥生長和轉(zhuǎn)移過程相互作用較為復(fù)雜。簡單來說,血漿高纖維蛋白原促進(jìn)高凝狀態(tài),有利于腫瘤細(xì)胞的粘附和存活,導(dǎo)致癌癥的轉(zhuǎn)移潛在性[22]。同時,纖維蛋白原還可以為腫瘤細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)提供一個穩(wěn)定的框架,以促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的粘附和侵襲過程[23]。也有研究表示[24],纖維蛋白原在癌細(xì)胞上的沉積可形成一種物理屏障,使癌細(xì)胞免受自然殺傷細(xì)胞的識別和裂解,增加了腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險。此外,循環(huán)纖維蛋白原水平升高可誘導(dǎo)白介素-6(IL-6)的合成,促進(jìn)腫瘤進(jìn)展[25]。因此,可以認(rèn)為惡性腫瘤患者術(shù)前高纖維蛋白原狀態(tài)與腫瘤的侵襲性和復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險增加有關(guān)?;诖?,纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值升高提示腫瘤預(yù)后不良,復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險較高。
根據(jù)Wen Y等[26]的研究結(jié)果可知,F(xiàn)AR是胃癌患者一個有價值的預(yù)測指標(biāo),其與癌癥患者的全因死亡率相關(guān)。由于FAR具有測量簡單、成本低、易行性較好以及相對較高的準(zhǔn)確性等特點,在臨床得以廣泛使用[27]。與其他炎癥指標(biāo)不同的是,纖維蛋白原、白蛋白在血液中的水平不受化療的干擾,能更準(zhǔn)確地反映患者化療后的真實炎癥狀態(tài)[28]。
2 FAR與胃癌
有研究[29]評估前白蛋白與纖維蛋白原比值(PFR)、單核細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(MLR)和白蛋白-纖維蛋白原比值(AFR)對胃癌的診斷價值,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)AFR與胃癌腫瘤大小、TNM分期、臨床分期等病理特征相關(guān)(P<0.05),且當(dāng)PFR、MLR和AFR組合時,曲線下面積(AUC)為0.951,敏感性和特異性分別為87.10%和95.06%,提示這種組合對胃癌患者的診斷價值很高。也同樣有文獻(xiàn)報道[30],AFR對HP陰性胃癌患者也具有診斷價值。除此之外,一項國內(nèi)多機(jī)構(gòu)研究[31]采用測試隊列和外部驗證隊列中驗證FAR水平與GC病理分期和患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后有關(guān)。一項對1196例胃癌患者的大型回顧性分析顯示[32],血清纖維蛋白原水平與晚期腫瘤分期和接受胃切除術(shù)的患者生存率低呈正相關(guān)。并且有多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FAR或AFR可為接受一線化療胃癌患者[33]、老年胃癌患者[34]、可切除的Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胃癌患者[35-37]的臨床預(yù)后判斷提供一定的參考價值。還有研究表明[38],低AFR(<10.85)是化療耐藥的獨立危險因素。不僅如此,在一項納入365例接受根治性腹腔鏡胃切除術(shù)老年胃癌患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[34],術(shù)前AFR水平是術(shù)后發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的有效預(yù)測指標(biāo)。國內(nèi)也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[39],AFR是腹腔鏡胃切除術(shù)后老年胃癌患者術(shù)后譫妄的危險因素。FAR在評估營養(yǎng)狀況、凝血功能和全身炎癥方面具有重要意義。以上結(jié)果表明其在胃癌的診斷、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥預(yù)測、化療耐藥評估及長期生存結(jié)局判斷中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用,可以作為評估胃癌患者預(yù)后的有力參數(shù)。
3 SIRI的定義及在腫瘤中的相關(guān)機(jī)制
SIRI=中性粒細(xì)胞(N)×單核細(xì)胞(M)/淋巴細(xì)胞(L)。炎癥在腫瘤增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和化療耐藥性中起重要作用[40]。SIRI集結(jié)了嗜中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞三種細(xì)胞功能,是一種新的綜合指標(biāo),作為較近被提出的一項指標(biāo),對腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及其預(yù)后有重要作用。中性粒細(xì)胞作為腫瘤微環(huán)境的關(guān)鍵組成部分,它通過多種機(jī)制促進(jìn)腫瘤進(jìn)展,病理活化的中性粒細(xì)胞可能是理解休眠腫瘤細(xì)胞再激活機(jī)制的起點[41]。研究表明[42],中性粒細(xì)胞可以通過促進(jìn)基質(zhì)降解和癌細(xì)胞增殖。嗜中性粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì),如趨化因子、基質(zhì)降解蛋白酶和活性氧,具有改變腫瘤生長和侵襲性的能力。在很大程度上,中性粒細(xì)胞的分子和細(xì)胞生理學(xué)似乎決定了它們的主要作用是有利于轉(zhuǎn)移性播種。中性粒細(xì)胞細(xì)胞外陷阱(NET)由釋放的DNA分子形成,旨在捕獲循環(huán)中的腫瘤細(xì)胞。這種纏繞的循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞可能更容易在腔內(nèi)存活,粘附在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上并外滲。中性粒細(xì)胞可以直接與困在脈管系統(tǒng)中的腫瘤細(xì)胞相互作用[43]。單核細(xì)胞,作為炎癥和癌癥之間聯(lián)系的介質(zhì),在癌癥發(fā)展的各個階段扮演著重要角色[44]。它們可以通過分化為免疫調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞來促進(jìn)癌癥免疫逃逸[45]。高水平的單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)代表高腫瘤負(fù)荷。在大多數(shù)腫瘤中,腫瘤細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)循環(huán)單核細(xì)胞分化成腫瘤活化的巨噬細(xì)胞(TAM),通過分泌細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子并誘導(dǎo)具有抗癌活性的活化CD8+T細(xì)胞的凋亡,可促進(jìn)腫瘤增殖、侵襲和遷移[46]。此外,TAM的密度會影響腫瘤血管生成,從而導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不良[47]。淋巴細(xì)胞作為免疫系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,具有免疫監(jiān)視的功能[48]。重要的是,T細(xì)胞中的代謝開關(guān)可以調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞活動并有助于腫瘤進(jìn)展[49]。淋巴細(xì)胞通過細(xì)胞毒性可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤生長,殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞。一般來說,淋巴細(xì)胞的減少將導(dǎo)致免疫紊亂并損害對腫瘤的免疫反應(yīng)[50]。
SIRI反映了癌癥微環(huán)境中主要免疫細(xì)胞(中性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞)之間的復(fù)雜相互作用和協(xié)同促進(jìn)作用,該新指標(biāo)可用于預(yù)測惡性腫瘤患者的生存期,并能反映宿主免疫和炎癥狀況之間的平衡。越來越多研究報告顯示SIRI與眾多腫瘤的預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。Chen Y等[51]在鼻咽癌研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),SIRI較高的患者的OS明顯短于SIRI較低的患者。此外,有研究報道[52],在絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌女性中,SIRI低的患者OS明顯長于SIRI高的患者。也有研究顯示[53,54],在一些實體瘤(包括胰腺癌、胃癌、食管癌)中顯示出良好的預(yù)后能力。由于SIRI很容易根據(jù)全血細(xì)胞計數(shù)測試的結(jié)果計算出來,因此適用于在隨訪期間頻繁測試SIRI。SIRI的價值和動態(tài)變化都有可能作為評估輔助放化療療效,選擇合適的患者接受特定的靶向治療和免疫治療,以及監(jiān)測可能的復(fù)發(fā)標(biāo)志物,不過這些還需要進(jìn)一步的研究證實。
4 SIRI與胃癌
在日本的一項研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[55],在選取的8個具有代表性的炎癥反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物中淋巴細(xì)胞/單核細(xì)胞(LMR)在其他炎癥反應(yīng)標(biāo)志物中預(yù)測胃癌患者生存率的能力最強(qiáng),較低的LMR與根治性胃切除術(shù)后的低生存率有關(guān)。另有研究顯示術(shù)前LMR是預(yù)后的獨立預(yù)測因子[57],術(shù)后12個月LMR以最高準(zhǔn)確度預(yù)測5年總生存率(AUC為0.717)[56]。對于晚期胃癌患者的預(yù)后,MLR也被證實具有顯著預(yù)測價值。淋巴細(xì)胞/單核細(xì)胞可以反映患者的免疫狀態(tài)和炎癥程度,以上結(jié)果表明LMR對于胃癌患者生存率顯示出潛在的預(yù)測價值。最近,我國研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)基于SIRI的綜合評分系統(tǒng)可以預(yù)測胃癌術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[58]。有研究指出[59],SIRI可作為腫瘤胸外科術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的預(yù)測性生物標(biāo)志物。2022年8月意大利發(fā)表的一篇研究表明[60],SIRI可作為胃癌全胃切除術(shù)后吻合口漏的預(yù)測因子。胃癌術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生會增加治療的難度,從而延遲康復(fù)并提高死亡風(fēng)險,因此,早期預(yù)防和及時處理這些并發(fā)癥非常重要。而以上研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)為SIRI成為監(jiān)測胃癌患者病情和進(jìn)行有效管理的有用工具提供了有力證據(jù)。
5總結(jié)
FAR和SIRI水平與胃癌患者的生存率和腫瘤的惡性程度相關(guān),它們可以成為輔助判斷的工具,幫助臨床醫(yī)師評估患者的炎癥狀態(tài)、治療效果及預(yù)后,從而指導(dǎo)圍手術(shù)期管理和診療決策的制定。FAR和SIRI是一種簡單、方便、廉價的指標(biāo),可補(bǔ)充TNM分期以識別高?;颊摺S捎赥NM分期只能在手術(shù)后獲得,因此術(shù)前預(yù)測預(yù)后可以為患者制定更具個性化的治療計劃。雖然國內(nèi)外對關(guān)于纖維蛋白原-白蛋白比值和全身炎癥反應(yīng)指數(shù)在胃癌患者中的價值進(jìn)行了探討,但仍缺乏高級別循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的支持。當(dāng)前的研究主要是回顧性單中心研究,且每個研究對FAR和SIRI的臨界值并不一致,這使得綜合評價變得困難。胃癌預(yù)后受到多種復(fù)雜因素的影響,使用單一指標(biāo)難以準(zhǔn)確評估。胃癌患者的免疫營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)是一個全身性的變化過程,僅僅研究單個指標(biāo)存在一定的局限性,需要進(jìn)行更全面深入的探討。因此,將FAR和SIRI結(jié)合起來應(yīng)用對于胃癌患者短期和長期結(jié)局的價值有待進(jìn)一步探索。FAR和SIRI的應(yīng)用和解釋需要更多的研究來支持,從而為胃癌患者的風(fēng)險評估、臨床診療和預(yù)后分析提供更多可靠和準(zhǔn)確的循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)。
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