趙沙沙 張海軍 陳會校 張強(qiáng) 李娟 柴巧英 張寶山
摘要:目的? 探討急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者并發(fā)1型心腎綜合征(CRS1)的危險(xiǎn)因素并構(gòu)建預(yù)測模型,旨在為后續(xù)臨床防治方案制定及選擇提供更多參考。方法? 回顧性納入2016年1月-2022年1月于我院住院治療AMI患者共964例,根據(jù)住院期間是否并發(fā)CRS1分組[未并發(fā)CRS1組(n=840)、并發(fā)CRS1組(n=124)],并在傾向性匹配后比較兩組臨床特征資料,采用多因素Logistic回歸模型評價(jià)AMI患者并發(fā)CRS1的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素并構(gòu)建預(yù)測模型,描繪ROC曲線分析相關(guān)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素及預(yù)測模型預(yù)測AMI并發(fā)CRS1的效能。結(jié)果? 964例AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1共124例,發(fā)生率為12.86%;傾向性匹配后未并發(fā)CRS1組、并發(fā)CRS1組均為110例。傾向性匹配后并發(fā)CRS1組心肌肌鈣蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)峰值、N末端B型利鈉肽原及白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平均高于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05);并發(fā)CRS1組估算腎小球?yàn)V過率、白蛋白及血紅蛋白水平均低于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05);Logistic多因素回歸分析顯示,基線eGFR下降、NT-proBNP升高、cTnⅠ峰值升高及WBC升高均是獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。預(yù)測模型預(yù)測AMI并發(fā)CRS1的ROC曲線下面積值為0.955(95%CI:0.926~0.984),特異度為0.936,敏感度為0.918。結(jié)論? AMI患者如基線估算腎小球?yàn)V過率下降、N末端B型利鈉肽原升高、cTnⅠ峰值升高及白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高則在住院期間更易發(fā)生CRS1;基于上述指標(biāo)構(gòu)建的臨床模型在預(yù)測CRS1發(fā)生方面具有良好的效能。
關(guān)鍵詞:急性心肌梗死;1型心腎綜合征;預(yù)測模型
中圖分類號:R542.22? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.003
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)12-0013-06
Risk Factors and Prediction Model Construction of CRS1 in AMI Patients
Abstract:Objective? To explore the risk factors of type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS1) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and construct a predictive model, so as to provide more references for the formulation and selection of subsequent clinical prevention and treatment programs.Methods? A total of 964 patients with AMI who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2022 were retrospectively included. According to whether CRS1 was complicated during hospitalization [non-CRS1 group (n=840), concurrent CRS1 group (n=124)], and after propensity matching, the clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the independent risk factors of AMI patients complicated with CRS1 and construct a prediction model. The ROC curve was used to analyze the independent risk factors and the prediction model to predict the efficacy of AMI complicated with CRS1.Results? Among 964 AMI patients, 124 patients were complicated with CRS1 during hospitalization, with an incidence of 12.86%. After propensity matching, there were 110 patients in the non-CRS1 group and 110 patients in the CRS1 group. After propensity matching, the peak value of cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnⅠ), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and white blood cell count in the CRS1 group were higher than those in the non-CRS1 group (P<0.05). The estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin and hemoglobin levels in the CRS1 group were lower than those in the non-CRS1 group (P<0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that the decrease of baseline eGFR, the increase of NT-proBNP, the increase of cTnⅠ peak and the increase of WBC were independent risk factors. The area under the ROC curve of the prediction model for AMI complicated with CRS1 was 0.955 (95%CI:0.926-0.984), the specificity was 0.936, and the sensitivity was 0.918.Conclusion? AMI patients with decreased baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, increased N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, increased peak cardiac troponin Ⅰ, and increased white blood cell count are more likely to develop CRS1 during hospitalization; the clinical model based on the above indicators has good efficacy in predicting the occurrence of CRS1.
Key words:Acute myocardial infarction;Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome;Prediction model
意大利學(xué)者在本世紀(jì)初首次提出心腎綜合征(cardiorenal syndrome, CRS)的概念,并將急性心功能不全繼發(fā)急性腎損傷歸入1型心腎綜合征(type 1 cardiorenal syndrome, CRS1)的范疇[1]。急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)是心內(nèi)科常見急重癥之一,盡管近年來再灌注治療手段持續(xù)獲得優(yōu)化及普及,但其院內(nèi)死亡率仍可達(dá)5%。急性腎損傷被認(rèn)為是AMI患者預(yù)后不良重要危險(xiǎn)因素[2-4]。有報(bào)道證實(shí)[5],AMI并發(fā)CRS1患者住院期間死亡率可達(dá)15%~20%。如何早期預(yù)測AMI患者并發(fā)CRS1的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以便于防治方案制定已成為醫(yī)學(xué)界關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問題??紤]到目前臨床尚無理想CRS1早期預(yù)測標(biāo)志物,本研究采用單因素和多因素評價(jià)AMI患者并發(fā)CRS1的危險(xiǎn)因素并構(gòu)建預(yù)測模型,旨在為后續(xù)臨床防治方案制定及選擇提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1 一般資料? 回顧性分析2016年1月~2022年1月在邯鄲市第一醫(yī)院就診的964例AMI患者的臨床資料。研究方案設(shè)計(jì)符合世界醫(yī)學(xué)大會《赫爾辛基宣言》要求。964例患者中,男749例,女215例。依據(jù)是否發(fā)生CRS1分為未并發(fā)CRS1組(n=840)和并發(fā)CRS1組(n=124)。
1.2納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病學(xué)分會制定AMI相關(guān)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6,7];②于我院住院治療;③年齡≥18歲;④行急診介入手術(shù)治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①慢性腎功能衰竭;②接受規(guī)律透析;③既往腎移植手術(shù)史;④孤立腎;⑤嚴(yán)重消化道出血、顱內(nèi)出血或咯血;⑥合并感染;⑦癥狀發(fā)作至入院時(shí)間在48 h以上;⑧入院時(shí)已發(fā)生CRS1。
1.3方法
1.3.1 資料收集? 登錄醫(yī)院電子病歷系統(tǒng)收集患者年齡、性別、入院時(shí)平均動脈壓、心率、AMI類型、既往史、對比劑用量、用藥情況及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo);實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查均由我院檢驗(yàn)科完成,具體指標(biāo)包括入院時(shí)白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、白蛋白、血鈉、N末端B型利鈉肽原及及血紅蛋白水平,住院期間心肌肌鈣蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)峰值等。均抽取患者的空腹外周靜脈血實(shí)施指標(biāo)測評。利用邁瑞B(yǎng)C-5000全自動血液細(xì)胞分析儀測評白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、白蛋白、血紅蛋白水平。將血液標(biāo)本實(shí)施高速離心(3000 r/min,半徑10 cm,15 min)后取得血清,利用貝克曼庫爾特AU7900全自動生化儀以及配套試劑盒完成血鈉、N末端B型利鈉肽原、cTnⅠ峰值的測定。
1.3.2評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? CRS1指引急性心功能不全所引起急性腎損傷;急性心功能不全診斷應(yīng)符合以下任一標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①Killip心功能分級≥Ⅱ級;②新出現(xiàn)心力衰竭癥狀體征并排除因非心臟疾病原因,且左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)<50%或N末端B型利鈉肽原升高[8]。急性腎損傷診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:①48 h內(nèi)血清肌酐絕對值較基線增加26.5 μmol/L;②7 d內(nèi)血肌酐較基線增加50%及以上[8]。估算腎小球?yàn)V過率計(jì)算采用腎臟病膳食改良試驗(yàn)簡化公式。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)? 比較兩組傾向性匹配前后的臨床特征資料(年齡、性別、心率、平均動脈壓、合并糖尿病情況、合并高血壓情況、AMI類型、缺血時(shí)間、ACEI/ARB使用比例、β受體阻滯劑使用比例)。比較兩組傾向性匹配后對比劑用量、cTnⅠ峰值、N末端B型利鈉肽原、估算腎小球?yàn)V過率、白蛋白、血鈉、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、血紅蛋白。AMI并發(fā)CRS1的危險(xiǎn)因素采用多因素Logistic回歸模型分析,以AMI是否并發(fā)CRS1作為因變量,將AMI并發(fā)CRS1危險(xiǎn)因素單因素分析有差異的指標(biāo)作為自變量進(jìn)行二元Logistic回歸分析。以AMI是否并發(fā)CRS1為狀態(tài)變量(并發(fā)賦值=1,未并發(fā)賦值=0),以多因素分析中的獨(dú)立影響因素作為檢驗(yàn)變量,構(gòu)建AMI并發(fā)CRS1的Logistic預(yù)測模型。預(yù)測模型的臨床效能采用ROC曲線分析,以AMI是否并發(fā)CRS1為狀態(tài)變量(并發(fā)賦值=1,未并發(fā)賦值=0),以多因素分析中的獨(dú)立影響因素作為檢驗(yàn)變量進(jìn)行ROC曲線分析。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 20.0軟件;采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)完成正態(tài)性評估,符合正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);多因素分析采用二元Logistic回歸模型,繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評價(jià)預(yù)測效能;P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 AMI并發(fā)CRS1情況? 964例AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1共124例,發(fā)生率為12.86%。
2.2傾向性匹配前兩組臨床特征資料比較? 傾向性匹配前,并發(fā)CRS1組年齡、心率、平均動脈壓、合并糖尿病比例及合并高血壓比例均高于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05);并發(fā)CRS1組心肌缺血時(shí)間少于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05);并發(fā)CRS1組ACEI/ARB和β受體阻滯劑使用比例均低于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3傾向性匹配后比較兩組臨床特征資料比較? 傾向性匹配后,并發(fā)CRS1組cTnⅠ峰值、N末端B型利鈉肽原及白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平均高于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05);并發(fā)CRS1組估算腎小球?yàn)V過率、白蛋白及血紅蛋白水平均低于未并發(fā)CRS1組(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4 AMI并發(fā)CRS1的多因素Logistic回歸分析? 以AMI是否并發(fā)CRS1作為因變量(并發(fā)賦值=1,未并發(fā)賦值=0),將單因素分析有差異的指標(biāo),包括cTnⅠ峰值、N末端B型利鈉肽原、估算腎小球?yàn)V過率、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)和血紅蛋白作為自變量進(jìn)行二元Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示基線eGFR下降、NT-proBNP升高、cTnⅠ峰值升高及WBC升高均是獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,見表3。
2.5 AMI并發(fā)CRS1預(yù)測模型構(gòu)建? 以AMI是否并發(fā)CRS1為狀態(tài)變量(并發(fā)賦值=1,未并發(fā)賦值=0),cTnⅠ峰值、N末端B型利鈉肽原、估算腎小球?yàn)V過率和白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)為自變量,構(gòu)建模型的回歸方程為Logit(P)=-4.051+0.057×cTnⅠ峰值+0.001×N末端B型利鈉肽原+(-0.039×估算腎小球?yàn)V過率)+0.516×白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。Hosmer-Lemeshowχ2檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)際AMI并發(fā)CRS1發(fā)生概率和預(yù)測概率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=10.470,df=8,P=0.234),預(yù)測模型與臨床實(shí)際觀察結(jié)果一致性較高,見表4。
2.6預(yù)測模型的臨床效能分析? 以AMI是否并發(fā)CRS1為狀態(tài)變量(并發(fā)賦值=1,未并發(fā)賦值=0),cTnⅠ峰值、N末端B型利鈉肽原、估算腎小球?yàn)V過率和白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)為檢驗(yàn)變量進(jìn)行ROC分析,結(jié)果顯示,預(yù)測模型預(yù)測AMI并發(fā)CRS1的AUC為0.955(95%CI:0.926~0.984),特異度為0.936,敏感度為0.918,約登指數(shù)為0.854,見表5、圖1。
3討論
CRS1被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致AMI患者院內(nèi)死亡的重要誘因[9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,964例AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1共124例,發(fā)生率為12.86%,與以往報(bào)道結(jié)果基本相符[10]。AMI患者并發(fā)CRS1的病理生理機(jī)制復(fù)雜,以往報(bào)道影響因素眾多[12,13],但至今仍未有明確定論且缺少有關(guān)預(yù)測模型方面構(gòu)建報(bào)道。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,基線估算腎小球?yàn)V過率對于AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有影響。估算腎小球?yàn)V過率是基于年齡、性別及血肌酐水平計(jì)算獲得腎小球?yàn)V過率,患者入院時(shí)估算腎小球?yàn)V過率低水平提示腎功能儲備及代償能力均較差[14]。有研究顯示[15],AMI患者隨估算腎小球?yàn)V過率下降,心功能及血流動力學(xué)損傷進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦顯著提高。本研究顯示,基線估算腎小球?yàn)V過率下降與AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1獨(dú)立相關(guān),進(jìn)一步支持以上觀點(diǎn)。既往研究提示[16],即使功能性腎組織損傷程度接近一半,剩余健康腎單位亦可發(fā)揮代償功能,從而維持血肌酐處于正常范圍;但如患者入院時(shí)估算腎小球?yàn)V過率較低,疊加持續(xù)心輸出量下降,則進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致腎損傷及缺血程度加重,最終影響腎臟代償能力及誘發(fā)急性腎損傷。
cTnⅠ峰值濃度對于AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1也有影響。N末端B型利鈉肽原是心臟容量負(fù)荷加重狀態(tài)下由心肌細(xì)胞分泌的多肽物質(zhì),可用于心力衰竭人群心臟功能及預(yù)后評估;而入院時(shí)AMI患者之一指標(biāo)水平升高往往預(yù)示更易出現(xiàn)急性心力衰竭,同時(shí)繼發(fā)急性腎損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦顯著增加[17]。心肌cTnⅠ是人體內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)心肌收縮主要功能蛋白,而在心肌梗死發(fā)生后可快速釋放入血,峰值一般出現(xiàn)在梗死后11~12 h[18]。已有研究提示[19],心肌cTnⅠ峰值濃度與心肌損傷程度呈正相關(guān),可用于心肌梗死范圍及左心室不良重構(gòu)評估預(yù)測。本研究結(jié)果亦顯示,心肌cTnⅠ峰值高濃度是AMI患者住院期間并發(fā)CRS1獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
炎癥免疫損傷是公認(rèn)導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化及急性冠狀動脈綜合征病情進(jìn)展的促進(jìn)因素。而CRS1患者體內(nèi)亦可觀察到到血漿炎性細(xì)胞因子及氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)物質(zhì)合成表達(dá)增加,故有學(xué)者認(rèn)為炎癥及氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)亦參與到CRS1發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中[20]。已有研究顯示[21],AMI患者因心肌壞死及異常應(yīng)激反應(yīng)誘發(fā)大量炎癥細(xì)胞因子合成,影響造血細(xì)胞形成及骨髓造血微環(huán)境,進(jìn)而引起外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)提高。另有報(bào)道證實(shí)[11],外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高還可影響介入術(shù)后心肌再灌注,不利于控制心肌梗死面積,更易發(fā)生心室重構(gòu)不良及心力衰竭。以上證據(jù)均支持外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)能夠在一定程度上反映AMI發(fā)生后炎癥及心功能損傷嚴(yán)重程度。本研究結(jié)果支持炎癥反應(yīng)水平可能參與AMI患者并發(fā)CRS1過程中這一觀點(diǎn)。
本研究通過對包括年齡、既往史、心肌缺血時(shí)間及用藥情況等進(jìn)行傾向性匹配,采用多因素Logistic回歸模型確定獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,并基于上述結(jié)果進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建臨床預(yù)測模型,結(jié)果顯示基于基線估算腎小球?yàn)V過率、N末端B型利鈉肽原、cTnⅠ峰值及白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)構(gòu)建的模型在預(yù)測AMI患者住院期間CRS1發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面具有良好的效能,區(qū)分度和校準(zhǔn)度良好,可為臨床醫(yī)生早期發(fā)現(xiàn)識別高危人群并給予及時(shí)有效干預(yù)提供一定依據(jù)。但本研究屬于單中心回顧性報(bào)道,且因外部數(shù)據(jù)獲取困難無法行外部模型驗(yàn)證,故所得結(jié)論仍有待后續(xù)多中心前瞻性研究確證。
綜上所述,AMI患者如基線估算腎小球?yàn)V過率下降、N末端B型利鈉肽原升高、cTnⅠ峰值升高及白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高則在住院期間更易發(fā)生CRS1;基于上述指標(biāo)構(gòu)建臨床模型在預(yù)測CRS1發(fā)生方面具有良好效能。
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