翟堃 劉絮影 李錦存 胡晨 于麗麗 樊美榮 黃永清 馬堅(jiān)
摘要:目的? 利用轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序技術(shù)對口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(OSCC)組織進(jìn)行測序,篩選OSCC中差異表達(dá)的環(huán)狀RNA(circRNA),并探討可能與OSCC相關(guān)的信號通路。方法? 收集3對OSCC患者的癌及癌旁正常組織,提取總RNA,構(gòu)建circRNA文庫,對其進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序,獲得circRNA表達(dá)譜,篩選差異表達(dá)circRNA并進(jìn)行GO和KEGG分析;構(gòu)建ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò),分析預(yù)測circRNA在OSCC中的作用,并利用cytoscape軟件對網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行可視化。結(jié)果? 本研究鑒定出了差異表達(dá)的circRNA281個,上調(diào)的有33個,下調(diào)的有248個。GO富集分析中主要參與細(xì)胞器組織的調(diào)節(jié)、GTP酶活性的調(diào)節(jié);細(xì)胞組分主要在錨定連接、P小體;分子功能在核苷三磷酸酶調(diào)節(jié)活性、GTPase激活劑活性等生物學(xué)過程;KEGG主要富集在肌動蛋白細(xì)胞骨架的調(diào)節(jié)、調(diào)節(jié)干細(xì)胞多能性的信號通路、ErbB信號通路、細(xì)胞粘附連接等通路。最終篩選出7個差異表達(dá)的circRNA、2個差異表達(dá)的miRNA和3個差異表達(dá)的mRNA。結(jié)論? 通過轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序鑒定出口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌circRNA幾乎全部為的外顯子circRNA,主要富集在肌動蛋白細(xì)胞骨架的調(diào)節(jié)、GTP酶活性的調(diào)節(jié)等通路。
關(guān)鍵詞:口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌;環(huán)狀RNA;轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序
中圖分類號:R739.8? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.001
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)12-0001-06
Transcriptome Sequencing in Screening Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs
in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Abstract:Objective? To screen the differentially expressed circular RNA (circRNA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by transcriptome sequencing, and to explore the possible signaling pathways related to OSCC.Methods? Three pairs of cancer and paracancerous normal tissues of OSCC patients were collected. CircRNA library was constructed after extracting total RNA, then transcriptomic sequencing was carried out. The profile of circRNA was identified and annotated to obtain differentially expressed circRNAs, which were analyzed by GO and KEGG. Meanwhile, the ceRNA network was constructed to analyze and predict the role of circRNA in OSCC, and the network was visualized by cytoscape software.Results? In this study, 281 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified, of which 33 were up-regulated and 248 were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis was mainly involved in the regulation of organelle tissue and GTPase activity. The cell components were mainly anchored junctions and P bodies. Molecular function in nucleoside triphosphatase regulatory activity, GTPase activator activity and other biological processes; KEGG was mainly enriched in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton, signaling pathways regulating stem cell pluripotency, ErbB signaling pathway, cell adhesion and connection. Finally, 7 differentially expressed circRNAs, 2 differentially expressed miRNAs and 3 differentially expressed mRNAs were screened.Conclusion? Transcriptome sequencing identified that almost all of the oral squamous cell carcinoma circRNA are exon circRNA, which are mainly enriched in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and the regulation of GTPase activity.
Key words:Oral squamous cell carcinoma;Circular RNA;Transcriptome sequencing
口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinomas, OSCC)是口腔頜面部最常見的惡性腫瘤[1]。全球唇癌、口腔癌和咽喉癌的發(fā)病人數(shù)約為52.95萬例,死亡人數(shù)約為29.23萬人,分別占所有癌癥病例的3.8%和癌癥死亡人數(shù)的3.6%[2]。OSCC早期癥狀與良性病變不易區(qū)分,發(fā)現(xiàn)時已進(jìn)入中晚期,其平均5年生存率為50%[3]。因此,尋找與疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展相關(guān)的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,實(shí)現(xiàn)早診、早治及預(yù)后判斷至關(guān)重要。CircRNA是一種特殊的內(nèi)源性非編碼RNA,1976首次在仙臺病毒中被發(fā)現(xiàn),隨后在真核生物中也出現(xiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)道[4,5]。近年來,已經(jīng)在不同的細(xì)胞系和物種中發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量circRNA。作為一類非編碼RNA家族的成員,其在真核生物轉(zhuǎn)錄組中廣泛表達(dá),其與線性RNA的不同之處在于其3′端與5′端相連,形成閉合的共價(jià)環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)使circRNA耐酶消化,較線性RNA更加保守和穩(wěn)定[6]。目前,circRNA被認(rèn)為與mRNA相似,是mRNA前體修飾的重要產(chǎn)物[7]。同時,circRNA可作為競爭性的內(nèi)源性RNA(ceRNAs),多個circRNA具有miRNA反應(yīng)元件(MREs),使其能夠與miRNA相互作用,并阻止miRNA與靶mRNA的相互作用,進(jìn)而來調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá)[8-10]。越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[11,12],circRNA的異常表達(dá)可引起正常組織中基因表達(dá)紊亂,從而導(dǎo)致克隆增殖異常和病理病變,是多種致癌因素共同作用的結(jié)果。大量研究表明[13,14],circRNA已被證實(shí)參與了多種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,包括乳腺癌、泌尿系統(tǒng)癌。另外,Li L等[15]研究表明,Circ_LPAR3在OSCC中表達(dá)上調(diào),并通過miR-513b-5p激活VEGFC和AKT1來促進(jìn)了OSCC的進(jìn)展。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),部分circRNA具有較為明顯的抑癌效應(yīng)[16]和促癌作用[17]。CircRNA在OSCC細(xì)胞系和組織中顯著的差異表達(dá),可作為惡性腫瘤的新型分子標(biāo)志物。所有這些特征使得circRNA具有潛在分子診斷標(biāo)志物價(jià)值,但其表達(dá)特性在OSCC中報(bào)道較少。本研究應(yīng)用3對口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者組織進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序,篩選出與OSCC發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)的差異表達(dá)circRNA并探索其相關(guān)通路,構(gòu)建相關(guān)的競爭性內(nèi)源RNA網(wǎng)絡(luò),期望尋找出OSCC的相關(guān)生物標(biāo)記物。
1材料與方法
1.1研究對象? 研究對象來源于2019年2月-10月寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科病房住院行OSCC手術(shù)患者3例,樣本采集均征得患者同意,且簽署知情同意書。本研究經(jīng)寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批通過后開展。研究對象疾病診斷均由??漆t(yī)師及病理診斷明確后納入。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①病理學(xué)診斷為OSCC(舌/頰/牙齦部位)的癌及癌旁正常組織;②患者術(shù)前均未接受過放化療;③原發(fā)性腫瘤;④首次行OSCC病損切除術(shù);⑤無其他腫瘤及相關(guān)系統(tǒng)性病史。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①繼發(fā)性腫瘤;②術(shù)前接受過放化療;③有其他腫瘤及相關(guān)系統(tǒng)性病史。
1.2提取總RNA? 使用Trizol Reagent提取組織樣本中的總RNA,其質(zhì)量要求通過Agilent 2100 BioAnalyzer檢測結(jié)果RIN≥7,28S和18S的RNA的比值≥1.5∶1,起始量的要求范圍是2~3 μg。
1.3文庫構(gòu)建及測序構(gòu)建? circRNA的鏈特異性文庫,去除總RNA中的rRNA并進(jìn)行RNA片段化處理,然后進(jìn)行第一鏈和第二鏈cDNA合成,繼而修復(fù)cDNA尾端、加dA尾、連接接頭,再進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,質(zhì)檢合格后混合文庫并測序。
1.4 CircRNA差異表達(dá)分析? 使用limma軟件根據(jù)circRNA的ID,提取表達(dá)量結(jié)果進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得到circRNA的差異分析結(jié)果。差異circRNA篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:|log2FC|>=1且P值≤0.05,其中實(shí)驗(yàn)或?qū)φ战M中至少一組表達(dá)量平均值≥0.5,表達(dá)的樣本數(shù)占總的樣本數(shù)的2/3或?qū)嶒?yàn)組或?qū)φ战M中至少一組中有2/3以上的樣本表達(dá)此基因,且要求該組的平均表達(dá)量≥1。
1.5 CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建? 為了進(jìn)一步研究circRNA在OSCC中的可能機(jī)制,首先基于差異circRNA-mRNA和circRNA-miRNA的共表達(dá)分析。共表達(dá)分析的基本方法是對差異circRNA、mRNA和mircoRNA的全部樣本表達(dá)值進(jìn)行相關(guān)性計(jì)算,篩選出顯著相關(guān)的circRNA-miRNA-mRNA的ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
1.6 GO和KEGG功能注釋富集分析? 利用KOBAS數(shù)據(jù)庫將得到的ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)中circRNA進(jìn)行GO(Gene Onotology)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genesand Genomes)分析,進(jìn)一步了解circRNA可能參與的生物學(xué)功能。
2結(jié)果
2.1 CircRNA在OSCC中的表達(dá)譜? 通過轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序技術(shù)共鑒定出5156個circRNA,其中4655個已知,501個未報(bào)道。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析顯示281個顯著差異表達(dá)circRNA中,上調(diào)的有33個(11.74%),下調(diào)的有248個(88.26%),見圖1A、1B。其中,上調(diào)和下調(diào)的差異表達(dá)最為明顯的前5個circRNA,見表1。OSCC組織標(biāo)本中circRNA表達(dá)水平有明顯的差異,并呈聚類關(guān)系見圖2。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)外顯子circRNA數(shù)量幾乎占差異表達(dá)CircRNA的100%,見圖3A、3B。
2.2 差異表達(dá)circRNA富集分析? GO富集分析包括分子功能(molecular function)、細(xì)胞組分(cellular component)、生物過程(biological process)3部分。其中在分子功能部分中差異表達(dá)circRNA主要富集在GTP酶激活劑活性、核苷-三磷酸酶調(diào)節(jié)活性、GTP酶調(diào)節(jié)活性催化活性,小GTP酶結(jié)合、GTP酶結(jié)合等;在細(xì)胞組分中主要參與了細(xì)胞質(zhì)、粘著連接、細(xì)胞核、細(xì)胞連接等;生物學(xué)過程含有細(xì)胞骨架組織、GTP酶活性的調(diào)節(jié)、細(xì)胞器組織、大分子修飾、調(diào)節(jié)小GTP酶介導(dǎo)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等生物學(xué)過程,見圖4A。KEGG富集分析結(jié)果顯示:差異表達(dá)circRNA主要參與了,肌動蛋白細(xì)胞骨架的調(diào)節(jié)、細(xì)胞連接,調(diào)節(jié)干細(xì)胞多能性調(diào)節(jié)信號通路,縫隙連接、TGF-β信號等通路,見圖4B。
2.3 CeRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建? 基于測序結(jié)果分析的circRNA-miRNA相互作用、miRNA-mRNA相互作用的預(yù)測,最終篩選出7個差異表達(dá)的circRNA、2個差異表達(dá)的miRNA和3個差異表達(dá)的mRNA構(gòu)建circRNA-microRNA-mRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò),見圖5。7個差異表達(dá)的circRNA和2個miRNA形成8對相互作用,2個差異表達(dá)的miRNA和3個差異表達(dá)的mRNA形成3對相互作用,7個差異表達(dá)的circRNA和3個差異表達(dá)的mRNA形成12對相互作用,最終構(gòu)成包含12個節(jié)點(diǎn)和23條線的circRNA-microRNA-mRNA調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
3討論
口腔癌是一種常見的頭頸惡性腫瘤,占所有惡性腫瘤的2%~4%,其中90%以上的口腔癌為OSCC[18]。其發(fā)病原因仍不清楚,尋找腫瘤的生物標(biāo)志物成為提高該類疾病治療水平及預(yù)后的一個研究熱點(diǎn)。隨著生物信息學(xué)的發(fā)展,研究顯示circRNA與OSCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展有相關(guān)性。在OSCC研究中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)異常表達(dá)circRNA有作為潛在生物標(biāo)志物的可能,比如Li B等[19]通過高通量測序及逆轉(zhuǎn)錄-定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RT-qPCR)驗(yàn)證了hsa_circ_0008309口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織中表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)且與病理分化有顯著相關(guān)性。
本研究通過轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序獲得3對OSCC癌及癌旁正常組織標(biāo)本中circRNA的表達(dá)譜。共鑒定出5156個circRNA;其中大部分circRNA存在于circRNA數(shù)據(jù)庫為已知(n=4655,96.44%),少部分為未報(bào)道的circRNA(n=501,3.56%)。281個差異表達(dá)circRNA中,上調(diào)的有33個(11.74%),下調(diào)的有248個(88.26%)。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)外顯子circRNA數(shù)量幾乎占差異表達(dá)circRNA的100%;但既往研究報(bào)道與OSCC相關(guān)的circRNA,本次轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序結(jié)果中并未篩查出?;鹕綀D和分層聚類熱圖顯示,與相鄰組織標(biāo)本相比,OSCC組織標(biāo)本中circRNA表達(dá)水平有明顯的差異,并呈聚類關(guān)系。
GO富集分析不管在分子功能部分中還是生物學(xué)過程中差異表達(dá)circRNA都參與了GTP酶的相關(guān)的信號通路。有研究表明[20],GTP酶與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。在KEGG和GO分析的細(xì)胞組分部分結(jié)果顯示,差異表達(dá)circRNA都參與了細(xì)胞連接等信號通路。細(xì)胞連接在腫瘤的擴(kuò)散能力中可能具有重要作用。有研究表明[21],部分基因的表達(dá)可以破壞細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞連接結(jié)構(gòu),從而影響細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。KEGG富集分析顯示,差異表達(dá)circRNA與TGF-β信號通路及調(diào)節(jié)干細(xì)胞多性能信號通路等也有顯著相關(guān)性。其中TGF-β信號通路也是circRNA對OSCC作用最顯著的信號通路。Zhang X等[22]研究表明,circLDLRAD3在OSCC中下調(diào),并通過海綿miR-558調(diào)控TGF-β信號通路,抑OSCC的發(fā)展并影響EMT過程。TGF-β信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)異還有可能導(dǎo)致多種疾病的發(fā)生,比如胚胎發(fā)育異常、腫瘤、組織纖維化、心血管疾病和免疫性疾病等。調(diào)節(jié)干細(xì)胞多功能性的信號通路也是circRNA對OSCC作用最顯著的信號通路之一。
研究共構(gòu)建出41個ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò),其中上調(diào)的有7個,下調(diào)有34個。有的circRNA可與多個microRNA相結(jié)合,與每個microRNA也可有多個結(jié)合位點(diǎn);有的circRNA只可與一個microRNA相結(jié)合,且與microRNA結(jié)合位點(diǎn)較少,只有數(shù)個;其中CBT15_circR_3482可與79個microRNA進(jìn)行結(jié)合,數(shù)量為最多;hsa-miR-1273h-5p與CBT15_circR_3482結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目為85個,hsa-miR-6780a-5p與CBT15_circR_3482結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目為70個,hsa-miR-3192-5p與CBT15_circR_3482結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目為69個,遠(yuǎn)高于其他microRNA與circRNA的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目。在ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,CBT15_circR_3482的表達(dá)量為上調(diào),CBT15_circR_2486、CBT15_circR_2485、CBT15_circR_227、CBT15_circR_4852、CBT15_circR_1731的表達(dá)量均為下調(diào)。CBT15_circR_3482的表達(dá)量上調(diào),且可與79個microRNA進(jìn)行結(jié)合,結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目遠(yuǎn)高于其他circRNA與這些microRNA的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目,可推測出CBT15_circR_3482可能作為競爭性的內(nèi)源性RNA(ceRNAs),通過與microRNA(hsa-miR-1273h-5p、hsa-miR-6780a-5p、hsa-miR-3192-5p等)相結(jié)合,作為microRNA海綿來隔離microRNA,并阻止microRNA與靶mRNA的相互作用,來調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá)。CircRNA-microRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)顯示每個差異表達(dá)circRNA與多個腫瘤相關(guān)microRNA相關(guān),證實(shí)circRNA通過microRNA海綿效應(yīng)促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展。到目前為止,關(guān)于circRNA在OSCC中的作用的研究報(bào)道依舊較少,篩選OSCC中潛在的circRNA標(biāo)志物并探究其潛在的機(jī)制尤為重要。circRNA的主要功能是通過miRNA反應(yīng)元件(MRE)結(jié)合并吸收rna結(jié)合蛋白。與此同時,許多研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)一些circRNA可以被翻譯[23,24]。CircRNAs在OSCC中起microRNA海綿的作用,其潛在的生物學(xué)功能有待進(jìn)一步研究驗(yàn)證。本次研究通過全轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序,獲得circRNA及microRNA表達(dá)譜,進(jìn)行了相關(guān)通路分析及ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)測,但是后續(xù)仍需要通過實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
本研究通過轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序技術(shù)獲得3對OSCC癌及癌旁正常組織標(biāo)本中circRNA的表達(dá)譜。篩選出差異表達(dá)circRNA共281個,并探索了其相關(guān)的信號通路,其可能通過GTP酶的相關(guān)的信號通路、TGF-β信號通路及細(xì)胞連接等通路影響OCC的發(fā)生發(fā)展。同時,構(gòu)建出41個ceRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò),其中上調(diào)的circRNA有7個,下調(diào)circRNA有34個。
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