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高油核桃新品種隴薄豐1號的選育

2024-06-15 20:13辛國徐麗朱建朝任志勇鄭小平張波
果樹學報 2024年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:新品種

辛國 徐麗 朱建朝 任志勇 鄭小平 張波

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240053

摘??? 要:隴薄豐1號是從隴南穗狀核桃實生群體中選育的早熟、豐產(chǎn)、高油核桃新品種。堅果圓形,單果質(zhì)量10.6~12.7 g,單個核仁質(zhì)量5.8~8.1 g,殼厚0.94~1.15 mm,出仁率55.0%~63.6%。果殼光滑,縱徑33.8~35.3 mm,橫徑30.1~33.6 mm,側(cè)徑31.0~35.2 mm??p合線平,結(jié)合緊密。核仁飽滿,淺黃色,脂肪含量68.6%,蛋白質(zhì)含量17.3%,風味油香,無澀味。在甘肅武都,9月上旬果實成熟;雌雄異花、同株,雄先型。隴薄豐1號對核桃細菌性黑斑病、炭疽病、褐色頂端壞死病表現(xiàn)為抗病,耐干旱、耐瘠薄能力較強。適宜在秦巴山區(qū)及立地條件相近地區(qū)發(fā)展,在甘肅省隴南地區(qū)可進行生產(chǎn)性栽植。栽植第2年掛果,高接大樹第4年和第5年平均666.7 m2產(chǎn)量各為188.32 kg、230.12 kg。

關(guān)鍵詞:高油核桃;新品種;隴薄豐1號

中圖分類號:S664.1?????????? 文獻標志碼:A??????????? 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)05-1023-04

收稿日期:2024-02-02??????? 接受日期:2024-02-20

基金項目:甘肅省科技計劃項目東西協(xié)作專項(23CXNK0004);甘肅省林業(yè)科技項目(2015kj028)

作者簡介:辛國,男,正高級林業(yè)工程師,主要從事核桃遺傳育種與栽培技術(shù)研究。E-mail:735234615@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:1374250593@qq.com

果 樹 學 報 2024,41(5): 1023-1026

Journal of Fruit Science

Breeding report of a new high-oil-content walnut cultivar Long Bofeng No. 1

XIN Guo, XU Li*, ZHU Jianchao, REN Zhiyong, ZHENG Xiaoping, ZHANG Bo

(1Walnut Research Institute, Longnan Academy of Non-wood Forest, Wudu 746000, Gansu, China; 2Gansu Walnut Engineering Technology Innovation Center, Wudu 746000, Gansu, China)

Abstract: Long Bofeng No. 1 is an early-ripening, high-yield and high-oil-content walnut. The seedling was selected from the ‘Longnan spike walnut population. It was initially selected in 2011 for its extremely high yield and spike-bearing-fruit trait. In 2016, it was selected as the superior line and temporarily named as Gangu Dui Spike. From 2017 to 2023, retests were carried out in Wudu, Chengxian and other places in Longnan City, and the comprehensive characteristics were excellent. In December 2023, it was granted the Plant Variety Rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration and named as Long Bofeng No. 1. This cultivar is a deciduous tree with medium size, semi-open posture and natural semi-circular crown. Mixed buds are round, and male flower buds are bare buds, cylindrical and scaly. Odd pinnate compound leaves are 47.3 cm long, compound petiole is 27.42 cm long, the number of leaflets is 7-11, and most ones are more than 9. Leaflets are long oval, 17.18 cm long, 7.85 cm wide, and 0.26 mm thick. Leaf is dark green with slightly-pointed tip and entire margin. Most of the fruits are spike-bearing status, and fruit surface is green without hair, but with yellow-white and denser fruit dots. The nut is round, the nut weight is from 10.6 g to 12.7 g, the kernel weight is from 5.8 g to 8.1 g, the shell thickness is from 0.94 mm to 1.15 mm, and the kernel ratio accounts for 55.0% to 63.6%. The nut shell is smooth, the longitudinal diameter is from 33.8 mm to 35.3 mm, the transverse diameter is from 30.1 mm to 33.6 mm, and the side diameter is from 31.0 mm to 35.2 mm. The suture is flat and tightly combined. The kernel is full, light yellow colored and oily flavored without astringency. The fat content is 68.6%, the protein content is 17.3%, and the nut quality is excellent. The bud break of the cultivar happens in middle March, the male flowers enter full bloom in late March, the female flowers enter full bloom in early April, the fruits mature in early September, and the leaves fall in late November in Wudu, Gansu province. Long Bofeng No. 1 shows resistance to Xanthomonas arboricola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Brown apical necrosis diseases. The tree has strong tolerance to drought and barren conditions. The tree of Long Bofeng No. 1 is suitable for planting in Qinba Mountainous Areas and somewhere with similar ecological conditions. It can be planted productively in Longnan, Gansu province. This variety can bear fruits next year after planting, and has high yield potential. The average yield per 666.7 m2 in the fourth and fifth year after grafting is 188.32 kg and 230.12 kg, respectively. Long Baofeng No. 1 can be planted after the grafted seedlings have dropped leaves in autumn before the soil freezes or after the soil thaws in spring before the bud break of grafted seedlings. The planting spacing in plain land is generally (7-8) m × (7-8) m, and that in hilly and mountainous areas is (5-6) m × (6-7) m. The preparation of big planting hole is often required, and the size should be 1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.0 m.

Key words: High-oil-content walnut; New variety; Long Bofeng No. 1

核桃是國內(nèi)目前栽培面積最大的木本油料樹種,也是國家重點扶持的產(chǎn)業(yè)[1]。2023年中央1號文件明確提出,要大力支持木本油料發(fā)展,而核桃油是核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略性核心產(chǎn)品。因此,發(fā)展油用核桃產(chǎn)業(yè),對保障中國食用油安全、把“油瓶子”攥在自己手上至關(guān)重要;對于實現(xiàn)核桃高質(zhì)量發(fā)展、鞏固脫貧攻堅成果與實現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村振興、提高食用油的供給保障能力具有重要意義。隴南市經(jīng)濟林研究院核桃研究所選育出核桃新品種隴薄豐1號,具有豐產(chǎn)、高油、早熟、風味佳、抗病等優(yōu)點,在核桃生產(chǎn)中有較大的推廣價值。

1 選育過程

2011年6月甘肅省隴南市經(jīng)濟林研究院核桃研究所在進行核桃種質(zhì)資源調(diào)查時,在隴南市武都區(qū)角弓鎮(zhèn)甘谷堆村的一處農(nóng)田中發(fā)現(xiàn)1株實生核桃樹,結(jié)果量大,極豐產(chǎn),呈穗狀結(jié)果特點,遂選為優(yōu)株,并通過嫁接方法建立無性系。通過4 a(年)的連續(xù)觀測,該優(yōu)株早熟、豐產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)。2014年3月初采集接穗高接到隴南市經(jīng)濟林研究院核桃種質(zhì)資源圃中,進行無性系觀察、評價,2016年被選為優(yōu)系,暫命名為甘谷堆穗狀。2017—2023年在隴南市武都、成縣等地進行復試,綜合性狀表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良,該優(yōu)系植物學特征和生物學特性均保持一致,穩(wěn)定性好,具有明顯的特異性,表現(xiàn)出豐產(chǎn)、抗病、早熟、高油、風味佳等優(yōu)點。2023年12月獲得國家林業(yè)和草原局授予的植物新品種權(quán),命名為隴薄豐1號(圖1、圖2),新品種權(quán)號:20230686。

2 主要性狀

2.1 堅果經(jīng)濟性狀

如表1所示,隴薄豐1號青果圓形,平均青果質(zhì)量55.97 g,青皮厚5.43 mm;堅果圓形,果殼光滑,縱徑33.8~35.3 mm,橫徑30.1~33.6 mm,側(cè)徑31.0~35.2 mm??p合線平,結(jié)合緊密。堅果單果質(zhì)量10.6~12.7 g,單個核仁質(zhì)量5.8~8.1 g,殼厚0.94~1.15 mm,出仁率55.0%~63.6%。核仁飽滿,淺黃色;脂肪含量68.6%,符合GB/T 26909—2011高油核桃品種要求;蛋白質(zhì)含量17.3%,風味油香,無澀味。

2.2 植物學特征

落葉喬木,樹體中等,樹姿半開張,樹冠呈自然半圓形,生長勢強。1年生枝平均長27.04 cm,平均粗1.06 cm,平均節(jié)間長4.98 cm;多年生枝呈褐色,皮孔稀少,無茸毛?;旌涎砍蕡A形,雄花芽為裸芽,圓柱形,呈鱗片狀。奇數(shù)羽狀復葉,復葉長為47.3 cm,復葉軸長為27.42 cm,小葉數(shù)7~11枚,多9枚;小葉長橢圓形,長17.18 cm,寬7.85 cm,厚0.26 mm;葉面深綠色,葉尖微尖,全緣。雌雄異花、同株,雄先型;雄花序為葇荑花序下垂,平均長12.6 cm,花藥黃色;雌花序穗狀,雌花雙生或群生,柱頭淺綠色,2裂呈羽狀反曲。多數(shù)果序呈穗狀結(jié)果,果實圓形,果面無茸毛,呈綠色,果實表面著黃白色果點,較密。

2.3 生物學特性

2.3.1 物候期 在甘肅隴南市武都區(qū),隴薄豐1號3月中旬萌芽,3月下旬為雄花盛期,4月上旬為雌花盛期,9月上旬果實成熟,11月下旬落葉。

2.3.2 生長結(jié)果習性與產(chǎn)量 樹體中等大,幼樹干性適中,萌芽力中等,成枝力強,幼樹以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主。配置溫185、強特勒(Chandler)、土萊爾(Tulare)等品種作為授粉樹,豐產(chǎn)性強,大小年結(jié)果現(xiàn)象不明顯[1]。高接大樹,第2年樹高達3.2 m,結(jié)果25個左右;第3年平均結(jié)果156個,平均株產(chǎn)1.83 kg;第4年平均結(jié)果732個,平均株產(chǎn)8.56 kg,平均666.7 m2產(chǎn)量188.32 kg;第5年平均結(jié)果894個,平均株產(chǎn)10.46 kg,平均666.7 m2產(chǎn)量230.12 kg。

2.3.3 隴薄豐1號適應(yīng)性及抗病情況 (1)適應(yīng)性。隴薄豐1號品種核桃適應(yīng)性強,在甘肅省的武都、成縣、天水等地生長結(jié)果情況均表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良。該品種極豐產(chǎn),早熟、高油、風味好,出仁率高,耐貯藏。(2)抗病性。經(jīng)過田間抗病性調(diào)查,隴薄豐1號的果實、葉片對核桃細菌性黑斑?。╔anthomonas arboricola)、炭疽?。–olletotrichum gloeosporioides)和頂端褐色壞死?。╞rown apical necrosis)等病害均表現(xiàn)為高抗病水平[2]。

3 栽培技術(shù)要點

3.1 定植時間、栽植密度與方式

隴薄豐1號在秋季嫁接苗落葉后至土壤結(jié)凍前或春季土壤解凍后至嫁接苗發(fā)芽前均可定植。冬季不太寒冷的地區(qū)適宜于秋季栽植,秋季栽植的苗木根系傷口愈合早、發(fā)芽早、緩苗快,有利于定植后的苗木生長。冬季寒冷多風的地區(qū)適宜于春季栽植,一般以3月上中旬嫁接苗發(fā)芽前定植為宜。株行距一般為平地栽植(7~8)m×(7~8)m,丘陵、山地栽植(5~6)m×(6~7)m。整地方式常采用穴狀整地,定植穴規(guī)格為1.0 m×1.0 m×1.0 m。

3.2 授粉品種的配置

隴薄豐1號核桃屬于雄先型品種,雌花盛期為4月上旬,因此可選擇紅仁核桃(Robert Livermore)、強特勒(Chandler)、霍華德(Howard)、溫185等核桃品種作授粉品種;隴薄豐1號與授粉品種配置比例為(5~8)∶1,即每5~8行主栽品種,需配置1行授粉品種[3]。

3.3 整形修剪

一般在2月下旬至3月初結(jié)合采集接穗進行修剪,隴薄豐1號干性強,樹形常采用疏散分層形,定干高度一般為1.2~1.5 m。

3.4 土肥水管理

隴薄豐1號核桃豐產(chǎn)性強,成熟早,加強土肥水管理是其實現(xiàn)豐產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)高效栽培的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)措施。核桃園地切忌草荒,可在行間覆蓋黑色地膜或園藝地布,以除草保墑。5年生以上的成齡樹年施肥管理可分3次進行,秋季每株施腐熟的農(nóng)家肥40~50 kg作基肥,春季發(fā)芽前每株施磷酸二銨等復合肥1.2~2.5 kg,5月下旬株施1.5~2.5 kg復合肥。以后隨樹齡、樹體產(chǎn)量增長施肥量應(yīng)逐年增加。施肥方法以環(huán)狀溝或條狀溝施肥為佳。為降低施肥成本,提高施肥效率,每年秋季對盛果期樹可采用開溝施肥機或地鉆打孔(直徑15 cm,深度40~60 cm)等機械施基肥。有灌溉條件的核桃園,每年結(jié)合施肥澆灌萌芽水、花后水、越冬水。

3.5 病蟲害防控

冬季清園時將核桃園的枯枝落葉集中燒毀,用涂白劑或林木長效保護劑涂抹樹干。核桃萌芽前用5 °Bé石硫合劑噴灑樹體,消滅越冬病蟲。從5月中下旬開始,每隔10 d,采用植保無人機“一噴三防”技術(shù),采用細菌性殺菌劑(3%中生菌素水劑、4%春雷霉素水劑、5%噻霉酮懸浮劑)、真菌性殺菌劑(40%苯醚甲環(huán)唑懸浮劑、45%咪鮮胺水劑、5%已唑醇懸浮劑)、殺蟲劑(3.2%甲維嗪·氯氰微乳劑、1.8%阿維菌素乳油、7.5%氯氟·吡蟲啉懸浮劑)、葉面肥(99%速溶磷酸二氫鉀)混配的方法,連噴3次,可有效防控核桃黑斑病、炭疽病、桑盾蚧、舉肢蛾、桃蛀螟、云斑天牛、刺蛾等病蟲害,并達到防落果的目的,實現(xiàn)防病、防蟲、防落果[4]。

4 綜合評價

隴薄豐1號新品種核桃,在生產(chǎn)中表現(xiàn)出抗核桃細菌性黑斑病和炭疽病、豐產(chǎn)、高油、早熟、風味佳等優(yōu)點,具有良好的推廣應(yīng)用前景,適于秦巴山區(qū)及立地條件相近地區(qū)發(fā)展。

參考文獻 References:

[1]?? 裴東,魯新政. 中國核桃種質(zhì)資源[M]. 北京:中國林業(yè)出版社,2011:29-31.

PEI Dong,LU Xinzheng. Walnut germplasm resources in China[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2011:29-31.

[2]?? 馬貫羊,苗利峰,王樹和,陳向陽,李燦,馬克義,劉瑩瑩. 優(yōu)質(zhì)高抗核桃新品種‘洛核1號的選育[J]. 果樹學報,2020,37(5):776-778.

MA Guanyang,MIAO Lifeng,WANG Shuhe,CHEN Xiangyang,LI Can,MA Keyi,LIU Yingying. Breeding report of a new walnut cultivar ‘Luohe No. 1 with high quality and disease resistance[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(5):776-778.

[3]?? 徐穎,張美勇,相昆,王貴芳. 核桃避晚霜新品種‘秋香的選育[J]. 中國果樹,2017(4):68-69.

XU Ying,ZHANG Meiyong,XIANG Kun,WANG Guifang. Breeding of new walnut cultivar ‘Qiuxiang avoiding late frost[J]. China Fruits,2017(4):68-69.

[4]?? 張志華,裴東. 核桃學[M]. 北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2018:235-238.

ZHANG Zhihua,PEI Dong. Walnut science[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2018:235-238.

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