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平邑甜茶高位嫁接麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)枝類結(jié)構(gòu)和果實品質(zhì)、產(chǎn)量的分布

2024-06-15 08:47李宏建于年文宋哲張秀美里程輝韓麗紅劉影周家旭
果樹學(xué)報 2024年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:品質(zhì)蘋果產(chǎn)量

李宏建 于年文 宋哲 張秀美 里程輝 韓麗紅 劉影 周家旭

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20240040

摘??? 要:【目的】掌握以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)枝類結(jié)構(gòu)、果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的分布特點,為遼寧寒地蘋果園建設(shè)中應(yīng)用該種栽培模式,提升果品質(zhì)量、優(yōu)化栽培措施提供參考?!痉椒ā恳喳惛吕? GM256/平邑甜茶、麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)蘋果樹為試材,按照冠層分格的方法,將試驗樹從地面到頂部分成4個冠層,比較不同冠層高度內(nèi)枝類結(jié)構(gòu)、果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的分布差異?!窘Y(jié)果】麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹高、冠徑、覆蓋率生長速度高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)樹體外觀表現(xiàn)為“小腳”現(xiàn)象,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶表現(xiàn)為“大腳”現(xiàn)象。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹枝量、短枝比例高于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶枝量分布集中區(qū)域為冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m、>3.00 m和>1.00~2.00 m,占全樹枝量比例的43.51%、45.37%和47.96%。相同冠層高度內(nèi),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)果實單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)、硬度、可滴定酸含量、色差L和a值高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。隨著冠層高度的增加,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果實硬度、可滴定酸含量呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢,而固酸比和色差值(L、a、b)呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果實產(chǎn)量主要分布在冠層高度>2.00 m的空間區(qū)域,占全樹產(chǎn)量的69.79%和75.55%,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶為>1.00~3.00 m,占比全樹產(chǎn)量的74.59%?!窘Y(jié)論】以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用高位嫁接的麗嘎拉蘋果樹枝條數(shù)量多、短枝比例高、外觀色澤好,樹體枝量和果實產(chǎn)量分布集中區(qū)域為冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m,該冠層生產(chǎn)的蘋果單果質(zhì)量大、果形指數(shù)適中、可溶性固形物含量高。

關(guān)鍵詞:蘋果;枝類結(jié)構(gòu);品質(zhì);產(chǎn)量;樹體冠層

中圖分類號:S661.1?????????? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??????????? 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)05-0887-10

收稿日期:2024-01-16??????? 接受日期:2024-03-19

基金項目:營口市蓋州蘋果栽培管理科技特派團(2023JH1/0100007);現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項資金(CARS-27)

作者簡介:李宏建,男,副研究員,碩士,從事蘋果栽培生理研究。E-mail:5lihongjian@163.com

果 樹 學(xué) 報 2024,41(5): 887-896

Journal of Fruit Science

Distribution of branch composition, fruit quality and yield within the tree canopy of Regal Gala/Malus hupehensis Rehd. by top grafting

LI Hongjian, YU Nianwen, SONG Zhe, ZHANG Xiumei, LI Chenghui, HAN Lihong, LIU Ying, ZHOU Jiaxu

(Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, Liaoning, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 The stock-scion combination of Regal Gala with rootstock of Malus hupehensis Rehd. served as the experimental samples, which were top grafted. The spatial distribution characteristics of branch composition, fruit yield and fruit quality were investigated in different canopy layers, so as to provide a reference for the technical optimization and improvement of fruit quality with this cultivation mode in cold regions of Liaoning province. 【Methods】 Three types of samples, including Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd., Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting), and Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (low grafting), were used as experimental materials. In 2020, the basic development status of the test trees was investigated, and indicators included trunk diameter of variety and rootstock, tree height, canopy width (east-west and south-north), coverage rate, etc. The experimental tree was divided into 4 layers according to the canopy height, and the number and proportion of branch types (long shoots, medium shoots and spurs) at different canopy heights were investigated. The differences in fruit yield and quality at different canopy heights among the tested materials were compared. Surveyed indicators included fruit mass, fruit shape index, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, TSS/TA ratio, color difference value (L, a, b), etc. 【Results】 The growth rate of tree height, canopy width and coverage rate of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) was higher than that of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock on M. hupehensis Rehd.. There was difference in the growth rates between the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. and the interstock of GM256. The results showed obvious differences in the variety/rootstock ratio of the apple tree. Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) showed a ‘small foot (The scion overgrows the stock), but a ‘big foot in Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd.. The number of branches and the proportion of spurs with Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) were higher than those of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd., and Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (low grafting). The numbers of branches of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting), Regal Gala on interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd., and Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (low grafting) were 96.88 × 104 No.·hm-2, 78.11× 104 No.·hm-2 and 86.51 × 104 No.·hm-2, respectively. The branches of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting), or on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (low grafting) were mainly distributed within a canopy height of 2.00 to 3.00 m or greater than 3.0 m, accounting for 43.51% and 45.37% of the total number of branches, respectively. The height from 1.00 to 2.00 m was the main distribution area of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd., accounting for 47.96% of the total number of branches. There were differences in the spatial distribution of spurs within the tree crown between Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) and Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd.. The spurs of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) were mainly distributed in the canopy height of more than 2.00 m, accounting for 56.77% of the total number of branches. The spurs of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. were mainly distributed in the canopy height of 1.00 to 3.00 m, accounting for 59.31% of the total number of branches. Fruit mass, fruit index, firmness, titratable acidity, L and a values of color difference with Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) were higher than those of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. within the same height of the canopy. The fruit quality within different canopy heights were compared, and it was found that the fruit firmness and titratable acidity of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting), the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (low grafting), or interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. decreased with the increasing of canopy height, while TSS/TA value and L, a, b values of color difference showed an upward trend. At the canopy height from 2.00 to 3.00 m, the fruit mass, fruit index, and soluble solid content with Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) were the highest. Fruit mass and fruit index of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. were the highest at the canopy height of 1.00 to 2.00 m, soluble solid content was the highest at the canopy height of 2.00 to 3.00 m. Fruit mass of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (low grafting) was the highest when the canopy height was from 2.00 to 3.00 m, and soluble solid content was the highest at the canopy height of more than 3.00 m. There were significant differences in the distribution of fruit yield at different canopy heights. The fruit yield of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) or (low grafting) were mainly concentrated in the spatial areas of more than 2.00 m, accounting for 69.79% and 75.55% of the total yield of the tree. The fruit yield of Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. was concentrated from 1.00 to 3.00 m, accounting for 74.59% of the total production. Therefore, it can be seen that the concentrated distribution of fruit yield with Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting) or (low grafting) were in the upper and middle parts of the tree canopy, while Regal Gala on the interstock of GM256 and rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. was in the middle part of the tree canopy. 【Conclusion】 Using M. hupehensis Rehd. as the rootstock and adopting top grafting method, the Regal Gala apple tree had larger coverage rate, more total branches, higher proportion of spurs, and better exterior fruit quality. The canopy height from 2.00 to 3.00 m was the concentrated area for the distribution of branches and fruit yield in the tree of Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd. (top grafting). The characteristics of fruits produced in this canopy area were that fruit mass was higher, fruit index was better and soluble solids content was higher. The Regal Gala on the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd., in which top grafting was adopted was suitable for application and promotion in the apple orchards in cold regions of Liaoning province. They were not only easy to manage, but also conducive to increasing yield and income.

Key words: Apple; Branch composition; Quality; Fruit yield; Tree canopy

中國蘋果栽培處于喬化稀植向矮化密植栽培模式的轉(zhuǎn)變期,矮化密植是果園實現(xiàn)集約化、機械化、省力化管理作業(yè)的有效方式[1-4]。高紡錘樹形因樹冠高、光照好,果實產(chǎn)量高、品質(zhì)好,已成為矮化密植果園建設(shè)中應(yīng)用最廣泛的新樹形[5-6]。遼寧蘋果栽培受到環(huán)境條件和氣候因素的影響,矮化密植栽培發(fā)展速度較慢。遼寧冬季氣候干旱、寒冷少雪,M9、M26、MM106等M系、MM系矮化自根砧木凍害現(xiàn)象頻發(fā),因此,遼寧蘋果矮化栽培多采取中間砧栽培模式。GM256砧木因抗寒性好、早果性強,作為中間砧在遼寧蘋果矮化栽培中廣泛應(yīng)用[7]。在蘋果栽培生產(chǎn)中,盛果期GM256矮化中間砧的蘋果樹極易出現(xiàn)樹體衰弱、結(jié)果部位外移,冠層內(nèi)枝條、果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)分布不均衡等問題,嚴(yán)重影響樹體結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性和果園經(jīng)濟收益[8]。

樹體冠層是果樹生長發(fā)育過程中形成的樹體骨架結(jié)構(gòu)模式,冠層內(nèi)的溫度、光照、濕度等微氣候環(huán)境復(fù)雜而多樣,影響樹體生長和果實發(fā)育[9]。合理的冠層結(jié)構(gòu)是保持樹體營養(yǎng)與生殖生長均衡,實現(xiàn)樹體健壯與果品優(yōu)質(zhì)、果園高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的有效手段[10-12]。前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的蘋果樹可以安全越冬[13]。參照矮化栽培模式管理,樹體表現(xiàn)為干性強、樹勢中庸,早果性和豐產(chǎn)性好,該種栽培模式在遼寧寒地蘋果栽培中已廣泛應(yīng)用[14-15]。砧木影響樹體對光能、水分、肥料的利用效率,導(dǎo)致冠層內(nèi)枝葉營養(yǎng)、果實產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)分布存在差異[16-18]。關(guān)于平邑甜茶高位嫁接栽培模式下的蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)枝類結(jié)構(gòu)和果實品質(zhì)、產(chǎn)量的空間分布特點等研究未見報道。筆者在本研究中以高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹為試材,以低位嫁接方式的喬化麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和矮化中間砧麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧為對照,系統(tǒng)性評價高紡錘形麗嘎拉蘋果樹盛果期冠層內(nèi)枝類、果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的空間分布特點,為遼寧寒地矮化蘋果栽培中采用平邑甜茶高位嫁接模式,提升果品質(zhì)量和優(yōu)化技術(shù)措施的應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料和方法

試驗在遼寧省果樹科學(xué)研究所蘋果試驗區(qū)進(jìn)行,試驗區(qū)土壤為黏壤土,土壤有機質(zhì)含量(w,后同)為1.33%,全氮含量為0.64%,速效磷含量為70.3 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量為107 mg·kg-1。果園采取行間自然生草,株間園藝地布覆蓋,每666.7 m2施有機肥3500~4000 kg。

1.1 試驗材料

試驗設(shè)3個處理,供試蘋果品種為麗嘎拉,砧穗組合分別為麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)、麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2011年春季栽植,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)半成品苗木(利用3年生平邑甜茶作為基砧,將麗嘎拉接穗高位嫁接到平邑甜茶砧木距離地面60 cm處)、麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)成品苗木(平邑甜茶作為基砧,基砧長度為10 cm)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶成品苗木(平邑甜茶和GM256分別作為基砧和中間砧,基砧和中間砧長度分別為10 cm和30 cm)。栽植株行距為2.50 m×4.00 m,行向為南北方向,按照高紡錘樹形培養(yǎng),果園采取常規(guī)管理模式。

1.2 試驗方法

試驗選擇生長勢基本一致、無病蟲害的試驗樹30株,2020年9月用鋼卷尺分別測量樹高、冠徑(東西和南北方向),計算覆蓋率/%=冠徑(東西)/行距×100;利用游標(biāo)卡尺測量品種和砧木嫁接口上部和下部5 cm處的主干直徑。其中,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗組合中砧木主干直徑為測量GM256砧木的數(shù)值。按照冠層分格的方法,將試驗樹從地面到頂部分成4個冠層空間(0~1.00 m、>1.00~2.00 m、>2.00~3.00 m和>3.00 m),分別調(diào)查不同冠層內(nèi)的長枝、中枝和短枝數(shù)量,統(tǒng)計樹體總枝量和枝類比例。樹體每個冠層內(nèi)分別采摘50個果實,用于測定果實相關(guān)指標(biāo)。果實單果質(zhì)量、縱徑和橫徑分別用天平和游標(biāo)卡尺測量,計算果形指數(shù);果實硬度、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量分別用GY-1型硬度計、DR-103型電子糖量儀和酸堿滴定法測定;果皮色差值采用色差計(Konica Minolta CR-400,USA)測定;測定樹體不同冠層內(nèi)果實產(chǎn)量,計算果實產(chǎn)量的空間分布比例[16]。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計采用Excel軟件,數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 13.0數(shù)據(jù)分析軟件。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 樹體主干直徑、樹高和冠徑的差異

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹主干直徑的影響如表1所示,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)品種主干直徑、品種/砧木比值高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)砧木主干直徑低于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。在栽培生產(chǎn)中,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹主干表現(xiàn)為輕微“小腳”現(xiàn)象,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶表現(xiàn)為“大腳”現(xiàn)象。

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠徑的影響見表2,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)蘋果樹高顯著高于其他處理。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹冠徑(東西和南北方向)大于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)、麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹冠覆蓋率分別為84.05%、73.85%和64.55%。

2.2 樹體冠層內(nèi)枝類數(shù)量和比例的差異

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹枝量的影響如表3所示,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹總枝量最高,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶最低。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)短枝比例高于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而長枝、中枝比例低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹表現(xiàn)為總枝量大、短枝比例高,而麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)蘋果樹為短枝比例低,長枝和中枝比例高。

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)枝類結(jié)構(gòu)的影響如表4所示,不同冠層高度內(nèi),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)枝量在冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m內(nèi)的數(shù)量最多,為42.15×104條·hm-2,占全樹枝量的43.51%;而麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶分別為>3.00 m和>1.00~2.00 m,枝量為39.24×104條·hm-2和37.56×104條·hm-2,占比為45.37%和47.96%。

比較不同冠層內(nèi)枝類(長枝、中枝、短枝)分布比例,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)長枝在冠層高度>1.00~2.00 m和>2.00~3.00 m內(nèi)的比例高,占全樹枝量的2.66%和2.04%;麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)為>1.00~2.00 m和>3.00 m,占比為5.10%和5.56%。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)短枝在冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m和>3.00 m內(nèi)的比例高,占全樹枝量的36.03%和20.74%;麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)為>3.00 m和>2.00~3.00 m,占比為32.45%和21.07%;麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶為>1.00~2.00 m和>2.00~3.00 m,占比為39.01%和20.30%。表明麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果實產(chǎn)量分布集中區(qū)域為樹冠中、上層空間,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶為樹冠中、下層空間。

2.3 樹體冠層內(nèi)果實品質(zhì)的差異

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)果實質(zhì)量的影響如表5所示,在不同冠層高度內(nèi),果實硬度隨著冠層高度的增加呈現(xiàn)下降的變化趨勢。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)在冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m內(nèi)的數(shù)值最高,而麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶分別為>2.00~3.00 m和>1.00~2.00 m。在相同冠層高度內(nèi),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)、硬度高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)果實品質(zhì)的影響如表6所示,在不同冠層高度內(nèi),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m內(nèi)的果實可溶性固形物含量最高,而麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)為冠層高度>3.00 m。隨著冠層高度的增加,不同砧穗組合的麗嘎拉果實可滴定酸含量和固酸比分別呈現(xiàn)下降和上升的變化趨勢。在相同冠層高度內(nèi),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果實固酸比最低,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶高于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)。

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)果實色差值的影響如表7所示,隨著冠層高度的增加,麗嘎拉果實色差L值、a值和b值呈現(xiàn)上升的變化趨勢。在相同冠層高度內(nèi),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)果實色差L值、a值高于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,b值低于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。

2.4 樹體冠層內(nèi)果實產(chǎn)量差異

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹果實產(chǎn)量的影響如表8所示,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)果實產(chǎn)量高于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。為了明確平邑甜茶高位嫁接麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)果實產(chǎn)量的分布特點,調(diào)查不同冠層高度內(nèi)的果實產(chǎn)量分布和組成比例。

不同砧木對麗嘎拉蘋果樹冠層內(nèi)果實產(chǎn)量的影響如表9所示,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)果實產(chǎn)量在冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m內(nèi)數(shù)值最高,占全樹總產(chǎn)量的42.88%;麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)為>3.00 m和>2.00~3.00 m,占比為42.43%和33.12%,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶為>1.00~2.00 m和>2.00~3.00 m,占比為46.44%和28.15%。

3 討 論

遼寧冬季氣候干旱,M系、MM系等矮化自根砧木無法安全越冬,GM256砧木因抗寒性強、早果性好,作為中間砧木在遼寧蘋果矮化栽培中廣泛應(yīng)用。遼寧蘋果栽培區(qū)域主要為山地、丘陵等土壤貧瘠地帶,GM256中間砧木蘋果樹盛果期后,樹體極易出現(xiàn)樹勢衰弱、干性差,冠層空間內(nèi)枝葉和果實分布不均衡等現(xiàn)象。以平邑甜茶為砧木、采用傳統(tǒng)低位嫁接方式的喬化蘋果樹,由于幼樹期生長勢旺、早果性差、樹形培養(yǎng)周期長,因此果園管理成本居高不下。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),利用平邑甜茶高位嫁接麗嘎拉,參照矮化模式管理的蘋果樹干性強、樹勢好,早果性和豐產(chǎn)性優(yōu)于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶[14]。以平邑甜茶作砧木,采用高位嫁接方法的建園模式在遼寧寒地蘋果矮化園建設(shè)中已廣泛應(yīng)用,并取得良好的效果[13,15]。

蘋果高紡錘樹形因樹形培養(yǎng)快、光照條件好、果實產(chǎn)量高,已成為國內(nèi)外蘋果集約栽培中廣泛應(yīng)用的高光效樹形[5]。在本研究中,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)高紡錘形蘋果樹枝量為96.88×104條·hm-2,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)分別為78.11×104條·hm-2和86.51×104條·hm-2。高登濤等[19]提出高紡錘形蘋果樹總枝量為8.1×105條·hm-2時,需要增加留枝量;而董建波[20]的研究認(rèn)為枝芽量為9.0×105條·hm-2的矮砧密植蘋果園可以實現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹盛果期枝芽量已達(dá)到矮砧密植豐產(chǎn)園的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。與麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹高、冠徑、覆蓋率低,樹體間遮擋少、光照條件好,樹勢緩和,中枝、短枝的比例高。與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹表現(xiàn)為干性強、枝量多、短枝比例高的特點,高比例的短枝為盛果期果園實現(xiàn)豐產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)提供了保障。

砧木影響樹體抗性、養(yǎng)分分配和冠層結(jié)構(gòu),冠層結(jié)構(gòu)與樹體枝類、果實產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)形成密切相關(guān)[17-18]。在本研究中,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)樹體枝量分布主要區(qū)域為冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m,占全樹枝量的43.51%,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)分別為>1.00~2.00 m和>3.00 m,占比為47.96%和45.37%。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹干性好、冠徑大,平邑甜茶高位嫁接后,樹勢生長受到抑制,樹冠上部(冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m)養(yǎng)分分配均衡,成為枝條集中分布的空間區(qū)域。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)蘋果樹勢強,樹冠上部空間光照條件好、養(yǎng)分競爭和分配數(shù)量多,枝條集中分布在冠層高度>3.00 m的空間區(qū)域。麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋果樹干性弱、成枝力差、樹冠上部枝條光禿現(xiàn)象明顯,樹冠中部(冠層高度>1.00~2.00 m)為樹體枝條分布的集中區(qū)域。

樹體冠層內(nèi)枝條分布差異影響果實產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的空間分布,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果實產(chǎn)量主要分布在冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m和>3.00 m的空間區(qū)域,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶為>1.00~3.00 m,分別占全樹總產(chǎn)量的69.79%、75.54%和74.59%,樹體果實產(chǎn)量與短枝數(shù)量分布集中區(qū)域具有一致性。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)蘋果樹勢強、樹冠上部空間對養(yǎng)分的競爭更加明顯,全樹枝量和果實產(chǎn)量的45.37%和42.43%分布在冠層高度>3.00 m的空間區(qū)域。平邑甜茶高位嫁接后,緩和地上部樹勢生長,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹冠中、上部空間營養(yǎng)和生殖生長趨于均衡,枝類結(jié)構(gòu)合理、花芽質(zhì)量好,冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m成為樹體產(chǎn)量最高分布區(qū)域。由于GM256中間砧木對樹勢生長具有抑制性、矮化性作用,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹冠上部枝條成枝力差,樹體冠幅小,枝量和產(chǎn)量主要集中分布在樹冠的中、下部區(qū)域(冠層高度>1.00~2.00 m和>2.00~3.00 m)。

在栽培生產(chǎn)中,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)蘋果樹枝葉繁茂、葉片光合效率高,果實生長速度快、單果質(zhì)量和外觀品質(zhì)(L值、a值)優(yōu)于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)。冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m內(nèi)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)單果質(zhì)量、可溶性固形物含量最高,而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶單果質(zhì)量在冠層高度>1.00~2.00 m內(nèi)的數(shù)值最高,冠層高度>3.00 m內(nèi)的麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(低接)果實可溶性固形物含量最高,糖度優(yōu)于其他冠層。冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m和>1.00~2.00 m分別為麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹枝量分布主要區(qū)域,該冠層內(nèi)枝葉數(shù)量大、光合效率高、碳水化合物的合成和積累多,果實生長速度快、品質(zhì)好。

4 結(jié) 論

平邑甜茶砧木高位嫁接麗嘎拉與低位嫁接、GM256中間砧相比,具有樹體枝量多、短枝比例高,外觀品質(zhì)好、果實產(chǎn)量高,冠層高度>2.00~3.00 m空間區(qū)域內(nèi)枝量和產(chǎn)量占比大、果形指數(shù)高、單果質(zhì)量大、可溶性固形物含量高等優(yōu)點。在栽培生產(chǎn)中,可結(jié)合推廣應(yīng)用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶(高接)砧穗組合,方便管理,有利于增產(chǎn)增收。

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