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運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練干預(yù)化療誘導(dǎo)周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的研究進(jìn)展

2024-06-06 07:55付鈺馮梓蕓丁懿馮會(huì)越王雪妍廖烜東李麗
護(hù)理研究 2024年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:周?chē)窠?jīng)病變運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練綜述

付鈺 馮梓蕓 丁懿 馮會(huì)越 王雪妍 廖烜東 李麗

Research progress of exercise training in the treatment of chemotherapy?induced peripheral neuropathy

FU Yu, FENG Ziyun, DING Yi, FENG Huiyue, WANG Xueyan, LIAO Xuandong, LI Li

College of Rehabilitation, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250000 China

Corresponding Author ?LI Li, E?mail: lily.jinan@163.com

Keywords??sports training;?peripheral neuropathy;?chemotherapy;?cancer;?review

摘要??對(duì)有氧訓(xùn)練、阻力訓(xùn)練、平衡訓(xùn)練及多模式訓(xùn)練等運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練方案對(duì)化療后周?chē)窠?jīng)損傷病人神經(jīng)損傷癥狀及生活質(zhì)量的影響進(jìn)行綜述,并探討運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀的可能機(jī)制,以期為運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練干預(yù)化療病人周?chē)窠?jīng)損傷的運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)方案提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞??運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練;周?chē)窠?jīng)病變;化療;癌癥;綜述

doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.11.018

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變(chemotherapy?induced peripheral neuropathy,CIPN)是一種由抗腫瘤藥物治療引起的神經(jīng)毒性不良反應(yīng)。紫杉烷、長(zhǎng)春花生物堿、鉑類(lèi)化合物、沙利度胺、硼替佐米等抗腫瘤藥物的使用對(duì)病人的周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)造成損傷,導(dǎo)致病人出現(xiàn)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀[1]。一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究表明,超過(guò)半數(shù)接受抗腫瘤藥物治療的病人被診斷為化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變,且存在長(zhǎng)期疼痛[2]?;熣T導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變主要表現(xiàn)為手、足的感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙,包括四肢麻木、灼熱、刺痛和肌肉無(wú)力,以及平衡功能下降,步行功能障礙等[3?4]?;熣T導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的發(fā)生嚴(yán)重影響了病人的生存質(zhì)量,增加了跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5],并可能影響化療效果,提高癌癥復(fù)發(fā)率。目前,被指南推薦的治療藥物是度洛西汀[6],但并非所有病人都能受益。

運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練是一種有益的治療方法,對(duì)人體的多個(gè)系統(tǒng)都具有積極的作用。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練旨在糾正和改善身體活動(dòng)能力,在生理?xiàng)l件下增強(qiáng)組織功能,在病理?xiàng)l件下恢復(fù)功能[7]。研究表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的疼痛、感覺(jué)異常等癥狀,并具有促進(jìn)神經(jīng)組織再生和增強(qiáng)肌肉力量等顯著效果[8?10]。因此,作為一種非藥物療法,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在改善病人化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀方面展現(xiàn)出巨大的潛力?,F(xiàn)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練治療化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的機(jī)制、臨床應(yīng)用及對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的影響進(jìn)行綜述,以期為運(yùn)動(dòng)改善病人化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀提供參考。

1 ?運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練治療化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的機(jī)制

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的發(fā)病機(jī)制極其復(fù)雜,涉及多個(gè)因素,不同類(lèi)別的化療藥物和藥物劑量產(chǎn)生不同的影響,主要包括DNA損傷、線粒體功能異常、氧化應(yīng)激、軸突運(yùn)輸中斷等[11]。盡管致病途徑尚不明確,但各系統(tǒng)之間相互影響,最終表現(xiàn)為以感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)為主的多系統(tǒng)病變。目前,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練治療化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的機(jī)制尚未完全清楚,但綜合現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面。

1.1 改善線粒體異常功能,提高抗氧化能力

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常。觀察化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的腓腸神經(jīng)活檢,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)線粒體腫脹、空泡化,阻礙線粒體有絲分裂[12],降低能量供應(yīng),導(dǎo)致肌肉萎縮。有氧訓(xùn)練可增強(qiáng)線粒體功能,有助于調(diào)節(jié)線粒體的生物發(fā)生和自噬的協(xié)調(diào),保持骨骼肌中線粒體功能的正常發(fā)揮[13],從而改善肌肉質(zhì)量并防止肌肉流失。研究表明,進(jìn)行4個(gè)月的有氧訓(xùn)練可以顯著增加線粒體轉(zhuǎn)錄因子A(TFAM)的表達(dá),促進(jìn)線粒體數(shù)量的增加[14]。Vainshtein等[15]研究表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)可誘導(dǎo)過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ輔助因子1?α(PGC?1α)的表達(dá)增加,促進(jìn)線粒體的生物發(fā)生,改善線粒體在突觸中的分布情況,從而為增加肌力提供條件。此外,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)也可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)TFEB的表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)線粒體的自噬,從而清除受損線粒體[16]。

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的線粒體產(chǎn)生過(guò)量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),干擾正常組織和細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激并對(duì)神經(jīng)元造成傷害。氧化應(yīng)激會(huì)導(dǎo)致髓鞘、線粒體蛋白、抗氧化酶等損傷[17],增加肌肉蛋白分解率,表現(xiàn)為肌肉消耗和氧化還原失衡[18]。適當(dāng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間的運(yùn)動(dòng)可調(diào)節(jié)氧化還原平衡,影響適應(yīng)性代謝,從而提高抗氧化能力[19]。研究表明,在跑輪上進(jìn)行適度的有氧訓(xùn)練可改善腫瘤小鼠肌肉氧化代謝,降低活性氧水平,逐步恢復(fù)正常的自噬和氧化還原穩(wěn)態(tài)[20]。以上研究表明,適度的有氧訓(xùn)練可改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異常,提高抗氧化能力,并通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)PGC?1α和TFEB的表達(dá),協(xié)調(diào)了骨骼肌纖維中線粒體的生物發(fā)生和自噬,改善了骨骼肌中線粒體周轉(zhuǎn)條件,從而提高骨骼肌質(zhì)量。

1.2 促進(jìn)軸突、髓鞘再生,改善神經(jīng)元傳導(dǎo)

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變可通過(guò)損傷感覺(jué)髓鞘(Aβ)纖維和背根神經(jīng)節(jié)(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)細(xì)胞而導(dǎo)致感覺(jué)神經(jīng)病變[21],病人表現(xiàn)為本體感覺(jué)和淺感覺(jué)異常。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可通過(guò)增加軸突數(shù)量,促進(jìn)髓鞘再生幫助神經(jīng)在損傷后有效地恢復(fù)。Park等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),跑步機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)可以抬高化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變小鼠的感覺(jué)神經(jīng)動(dòng)作電位波幅,維持微管蛋白的表達(dá)水平在正常范圍內(nèi),保護(hù)軸突運(yùn)輸機(jī)制,從而改善小鼠的感覺(jué)功能。Boeltz等[23]對(duì)小鼠進(jìn)行跑步機(jī)訓(xùn)練研究也表明,跑步機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)可加速小鼠腓總神經(jīng)軸突生長(zhǎng),提高大鼠適應(yīng)斜坡行走所需不同生物力學(xué)變化的能力。

Bacmeister等[24]通過(guò)小鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,髓鞘損傷后,運(yùn)動(dòng)可促進(jìn)少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的生成,并通過(guò)募集成熟的少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞參與髓鞘再生。Ghanbari等[25]研究也顯示,游泳訓(xùn)練可改善神經(jīng)病理性疼痛大鼠的髓鞘蛋白水平,進(jìn)而改善大鼠的神經(jīng)病理性疼痛。以上研究結(jié)果均表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以作為一種非藥物的干預(yù)措施,幫助改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的感覺(jué)神經(jīng)功能和癥狀。

1.3 增大肌纖維橫截面積,改善肌肉功能

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人常因骨骼肌含量減少和肌力下降而出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙。研究表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練是一種有效的康復(fù)方式,能夠增大肌纖維橫截面積,提高肌力[26?27]。Mijwel等[28]以乳腺癌病人為研究對(duì)象,經(jīng)過(guò)16周的高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練后,病人的肌纖維橫截面積增加,骨骼肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞含量增多,肌纖維毛細(xì)血管變得更加豐富,改善神經(jīng)元微循環(huán)環(huán)境,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元形成,使化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的肌肉功能得到明顯改善。

綜上所述,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練治療化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的機(jī)制主要包括3個(gè)方面:1)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠提高線粒體的抗氧化能力,修復(fù)線粒體異常功能,從而對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激進(jìn)行有效的緩解;2)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可促進(jìn)軸突與髓鞘再生,保護(hù)軸突運(yùn)輸,改善神經(jīng)元傳導(dǎo),進(jìn)而改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能;3)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能夠增加肌纖維橫截面積,加速肌纖維再生,提高肌肉力量,改善肌肉功能,從而有效地改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能異常。

2 ?運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變中的應(yīng)用

化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的方式有多種,主要包括有氧訓(xùn)練、阻力訓(xùn)練和平衡訓(xùn)練等。不同訓(xùn)練方法展現(xiàn)出不同的訓(xùn)練效果,如有氧訓(xùn)練在緩解化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的疲勞方面具有重要作用,阻力訓(xùn)練在提高化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的肌力方面療效顯著;而平衡訓(xùn)練有助于降低化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并提高步行能力。

2.1 有氧訓(xùn)練對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的作用

有氧訓(xùn)練可提高骨骼肌中線粒體和毛細(xì)血管的密度,從而增強(qiáng)骨骼肌的有氧能力,改善人體代謝,并減緩運(yùn)動(dòng)期間產(chǎn)生的肌肉疲勞[29]。一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,八段錦運(yùn)動(dòng)可改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的生活質(zhì)量、睡眠質(zhì)量和疲勞[30]。但有研究表明,連續(xù)12周的八段錦訓(xùn)練未在組間觀察到顯著差異[31],表明八段錦的益處可能需要病人長(zhǎng)時(shí)間堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練才能產(chǎn)生。Lin等[32]對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人進(jìn)行為期4周的瑜伽訓(xùn)練,結(jié)果顯示,瑜伽訓(xùn)練可顯著減輕病人的疲勞程度,并通過(guò)減輕疲勞改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的身體活動(dòng)、步行功能和生活質(zhì)量。Bao等[33]研究同樣表明,瑜伽對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人有益,在改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變疼痛和預(yù)防跌倒方面安全且有效。Galantino等[34]采用瑜伽聯(lián)合冥想干預(yù)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人,結(jié)果顯示,病人對(duì)此干預(yù)方案具有良好的耐受性,未發(fā)生不良事件,且瑜伽在提高化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人靈活性、平衡性和生活質(zhì)量方面表現(xiàn)出良好的潛力。此外,Zhi等[35]臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,瑜伽可有效緩解化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的焦慮情緒。

上述研究表明,有氧訓(xùn)練對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的益處顯而易見(jiàn),主要以瑜伽和傳統(tǒng)功法為首要選擇,動(dòng)作簡(jiǎn)易、安全,病人獨(dú)立操作安全性高,在改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人睡眠、疲勞、平衡性、靈活性等方面具有良好的潛力,并能有效提高化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的生活質(zhì)量,降低跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。不僅如此,有氧訓(xùn)練還可改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人的焦慮情緒,對(duì)其心理健康起到積極作用,但其訓(xùn)練效果并非即刻見(jiàn)效,需長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練。

2.2 阻力訓(xùn)練對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的作用

阻力訓(xùn)練在提高神經(jīng)肌肉適應(yīng)性、增加肌肉橫截面積以及結(jié)締組織硬度、增強(qiáng)肌力等方面具有顯著效果[36]?;熣T導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人因肌力下降,導(dǎo)致步行功能受限。定期進(jìn)行阻力訓(xùn)練可提高骨骼肌含量[37?38]。Chen等[39]研究表明,化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人進(jìn)行為期3個(gè)月的家庭下肢彈力帶阻力訓(xùn)練(每周3次,每次30~35 min),可隨著時(shí)間推移逐漸增加肌肉力量、耐力和生活質(zhì)量,預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)能力下降。Nilsen等[40]對(duì)前列腺癌化療后病人進(jìn)行了持續(xù)16周的阻力訓(xùn)練,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗阻訓(xùn)練可增加四肢肌肉含量,提高肌肉力量,改善身體功能,但該研究同時(shí)表明,該試驗(yàn)中一些病人會(huì)因訓(xùn)練引起的疼痛而中止試驗(yàn)。

以上研究結(jié)果表明,阻力訓(xùn)練對(duì)提高化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人肌肉含量、增強(qiáng)肌力、改善肢體功能具有積極作用,但其訓(xùn)練易導(dǎo)致病人感到疼痛或其他不適?,F(xiàn)有的研究中,有關(guān)于單純的阻力訓(xùn)練對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人影響的研究較少,其中訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度是阻力訓(xùn)練的關(guān)鍵,病人個(gè)體情況不同,神經(jīng)損傷癥狀及體能差異較大,應(yīng)對(duì)病人進(jìn)行全面的評(píng)估,制定適合病人的運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,避免因運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練引起其他不適。

2.3 平衡訓(xùn)練對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的作用

平衡訓(xùn)練對(duì)于增強(qiáng)神經(jīng)肌肉系統(tǒng)的功能適應(yīng)性,改善本體感覺(jué)、肌肉協(xié)調(diào)功能具有積極的效果[41]。Saraboon等[42]臨床試驗(yàn)分析了30例化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人,將其分為平衡訓(xùn)練組和對(duì)照組。對(duì)照組僅接受常規(guī)治療,而平衡訓(xùn)練組病人在常規(guī)治療基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行泡沫墊平衡練習(xí),包括雙腿站立、單腿站立、頸部屈伸、自由腿部擺動(dòng)、抬起腳跟和腳趾、旋轉(zhuǎn)頸部和軀干、觸地、原地踏步、側(cè)向行走、向前行走;共持續(xù)6周,在基線、干預(yù)第4周和干預(yù)第6周時(shí)比較兩組病人的平衡功能、身體活動(dòng)能力,結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組干預(yù)第4周和干預(yù)第6周時(shí)平衡功能和身體活動(dòng)能力明顯下降,而接受平衡訓(xùn)練病人的平衡功能和身體活動(dòng)能力則維持了基線水平。Schwenk等[43]采用交互式傳感器對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人進(jìn)行平衡練習(xí),包括重心轉(zhuǎn)移練習(xí)和虛擬躲避障礙物,經(jīng)過(guò)4周的干預(yù),干預(yù)組髖搖擺和腳踝搖擺發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,表現(xiàn)出更好的平衡穩(wěn)定性。

隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在平衡訓(xùn)練中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越多,通過(guò)病人穿戴傳感器、實(shí)時(shí)收集數(shù)據(jù)并進(jìn)行反饋,能夠保持視覺(jué)和本體感覺(jué)信息的一致性[44],提升平衡訓(xùn)練的效果,同時(shí)提高訓(xùn)練趣味性。未來(lái)需要將基于技術(shù)的平衡訓(xùn)練和傳統(tǒng)平衡訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行比較,以評(píng)估交互式運(yùn)動(dòng)反饋的益處。

總體而言,平衡訓(xùn)練對(duì)于化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人而言,具有延緩平衡功能和身體活動(dòng)能力下降的效果,同時(shí)對(duì)于維持姿勢(shì)穩(wěn)定也具有重要作用,其訓(xùn)練多樣性也可增強(qiáng)病人訓(xùn)練積極性。以上研究分別測(cè)評(píng)了干預(yù)4周和6周后的結(jié)果,主要以短期效應(yīng)為主,受到干預(yù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)的限制未發(fā)現(xiàn)遺留效應(yīng),化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀雖然在化療停止后有所緩解,但約30%的病人仍會(huì)持續(xù)存在化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀[45],因此,平衡訓(xùn)練的長(zhǎng)期效果值得被關(guān)注。

2.4 多模式訓(xùn)練對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的作用

研究顯示,針對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人,多模式訓(xùn)練(由有氧、阻力、平衡、感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練不同組合而成)相比于單一運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練更加有效[46]。Waibel等[47]將化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人分為平衡訓(xùn)練+有氧訓(xùn)練組和有氧訓(xùn)練組,經(jīng)過(guò)12周的干預(yù)后,兩組病人的關(guān)節(jié)振動(dòng)覺(jué)均有明顯改善,同時(shí),平衡訓(xùn)練+有氧訓(xùn)練組病人在單腿站立時(shí)長(zhǎng)和睜眼站立時(shí)的搖擺幅度上明顯改善。Streckmann等[48]的臨床試驗(yàn)中,將感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、有氧訓(xùn)練和阻力訓(xùn)練組成運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練方案,每周進(jìn)行2次,持續(xù)36周,干預(yù)后,病人的生活質(zhì)量得到顯著改善,87.5%的病人感覺(jué)異常癥狀明顯緩解,有氧能力提升,在穩(wěn)定平面和不穩(wěn)定平面上單足站立時(shí)的搖擺幅度降低,他動(dòng)態(tài)平衡中重新獲得平衡所需時(shí)間縮短,表明運(yùn)動(dòng)是一種可行的支持癌癥病人的方法,能提高生活質(zhì)量,減少化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變等副作用的限制,并改善平衡控制、感覺(jué)異常和身體活動(dòng)能力,且無(wú)不良反應(yīng)。Zimmer等[49]的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)納入30例化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人,將其分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組,對(duì)照組僅接受書(shū)面建議以維持身體健康,干預(yù)組每周進(jìn)行2次多模式訓(xùn)練,包括有氧訓(xùn)練、抗阻力訓(xùn)練、平衡訓(xùn)練,干預(yù)8周后,干預(yù)組化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀、平衡能力和肌肉力量明顯改善,生活質(zhì)量顯著提高,并在干預(yù)后4周的隨訪中仍表現(xiàn)出積極的影響。隨著時(shí)間的推移,對(duì)照組的相關(guān)癥狀明顯惡化,說(shuō)明運(yùn)動(dòng)可延緩化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變惡化。McCrary等[50]研究結(jié)果同樣表明,多模式運(yùn)動(dòng)在緩解化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人癥狀中展現(xiàn)出巨大康復(fù)潛力。多模式運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練方案可從多層面對(duì)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人進(jìn)行康復(fù),包括感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、步行能力和日常生活能力等方面。然而,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的多模式訓(xùn)練可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致疲勞,從而降低病人的依從性[51]。可以通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)家屬參與、提供經(jīng)濟(jì)及人力支持、專(zhuān)業(yè)人員的耐心指導(dǎo)與鼓勵(lì)提高依從性。

綜上所述,多模式運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練方案是一種安全、有效且不良反應(yīng)較少的治療化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的方法,可以改善病人的平衡功能、日常生活能力以及其他化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀。

3 ?小結(jié)與展望

運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練作為一種非藥物療法,在改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙方面展現(xiàn)出巨大潛力。本研究總結(jié)了運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變潛在的作用機(jī)制,以及不同類(lèi)型運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的改善作用。運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可提高線粒體抗氧化能力、恢復(fù)線粒體功能,促進(jìn)軸突與髓鞘再生,保護(hù)軸突運(yùn)輸,改善神經(jīng)元傳導(dǎo),通過(guò)肌纖維的再生效應(yīng)促進(jìn)化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人肌肉功能的恢復(fù),進(jìn)而改善病人的感覺(jué)及運(yùn)動(dòng)功能異常。不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式在改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀時(shí)也展現(xiàn)出不同效果。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)在改善病人疲勞、焦慮和抑郁情緒方面有良好潛力;阻力訓(xùn)練可以提高病人肌肉含量,增強(qiáng)肌力;平衡訓(xùn)練能有效延緩病人平衡功能和身體活動(dòng)能力的降低;多模訓(xùn)練可從感覺(jué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)功能和生活質(zhì)量等方面多角度綜合改善化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變癥狀。相較于單一運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,多模式訓(xùn)練更值得推薦。但在目前的研究中,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練方案多由研究者制定,方案存在一定差異,且最佳治療方式與最佳干預(yù)時(shí)間尚未明確。因此,未來(lái)需開(kāi)展多中心聯(lián)合研究,以提高研究結(jié)果的可信度、明確最適用于化療誘導(dǎo)的周?chē)窠?jīng)病變病人康復(fù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)處方,從而為病人提供更有效、更安全的康復(fù)方案。

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(收稿日期:2023-08-02;修回日期:2024-05-20)

(本文編輯?曹妍)

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