魏明倩 喻思紅 楊冰香 羅丹
Research status of the influence of common dietary patterns on depression
WEI Mingqian,YU Sihong,YANG Bingxiang,LUO DanWuhan University,Hubei 430072 ChinaCorresponding Author LUO Dan,E-mail:luodan@whu.edu.cn
Keywords ?depression;dietary patterns;mechanism of action;lifestyle;review;nursing
摘要 ?探討飲食模式在抑郁發(fā)生與發(fā)展中的作用機(jī)制,為從生活方式醫(yī)學(xué)的角度開展抑郁的防治提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和指導(dǎo)。
關(guān)鍵詞 ?抑郁;飲食模式;作用機(jī)制;生活方式;綜述;護(hù)理
doi: ?10.12102/j.issn.2095-8668.2024.10.008
抑郁因其高患病率、高致殘率、高自殺率、高復(fù)發(fā)率等特點(diǎn)影響著全球3.2億多人 ?[1-3] ,預(yù)計(jì)到2030年抑郁將位列世界疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的首位 ?[4] 。 2019年流行病學(xué)調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示,我國(guó)重度抑郁的終身患病率達(dá)到3.4%, 終身致殘率達(dá)到47% ?[5-6] ,給社會(huì)醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)帶來了巨大負(fù)擔(dān) ?[7] 。目前,已有大量研究聚焦抑郁的防治,其中飲食模式作為可改變的生活方式因素逐漸受到重視。飲食模式(dietary pattern)是由個(gè)體日常膳食中各類食物的品種、數(shù)量和攝入的頻率構(gòu)成 ?[8] 。近年來,營(yíng)養(yǎng)流行病學(xué)家逐漸強(qiáng)調(diào)使用飲食模式,而不是以單個(gè)食物成分或單一食品類型來研究飲食與疾病之間的關(guān)系。這樣可以減少在評(píng)估食物和營(yíng)養(yǎng)素?cái)z入時(shí)可能導(dǎo)致的共線性混雜效應(yīng) ?[9] ,更重要的是可以從整體角度揭示飲食與健康之間的相互關(guān)系。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究表明飲食模式會(huì)對(duì)抑郁產(chǎn)生影響,但結(jié)論不一,聚焦的飲食模式也不相同。本研究基于現(xiàn)有研究所得的結(jié)論,總結(jié)常見飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響并綜合分析其作用機(jī)制,以期對(duì)抑郁防治提供思路與證據(jù)。
1 常見飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
1.1 地中海飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
地中海飲食是一種經(jīng)典的健康飲食模式,其飲食特點(diǎn)主要是攝入較多的蔬菜、水果、豆類、堅(jiān)果、谷物、魚類、橄欖油,并在用餐時(shí)適量飲用葡萄酒 ?[10-11] 。20世紀(jì)50年代,美國(guó)生理學(xué)家安塞爾·凱斯(Ancel Keys)根據(jù)希臘和意大利南部的居民常見飲食習(xí)慣率先提出了地中海飲食模式 ?[12-13] 。自20世紀(jì)60年代以來,地中海飲食已被廣泛研究,證實(shí)其在預(yù)防心血管疾病、代謝綜合征、認(rèn)知衰退和癌癥方面具有積極的作用 ?[14] 。
針對(duì)地中海飲食模式與抑郁的關(guān)系有較豐富的研究證據(jù),包括系統(tǒng)綜述、橫斷面研究、隊(duì)列研究和隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)在內(nèi)的多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果均支持地中海飲食模式對(duì)降低抑郁的發(fā)生有積極作用。一項(xiàng)納入了119個(gè)研究的綜述指出,青少年堅(jiān)持地中海飲食模式可以降低抑郁發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并且減輕抑郁的臨床癥狀 ?[15] 。另一項(xiàng)納入11 769名美國(guó)成年人的橫斷面研究顯示,與地中海飲食模式依從性最低評(píng)分的人相比,地中海飲食模式中等依從性和最高依從性的個(gè)體患中度至重度抑郁的概率分別降低了40%[OR=0.60,95%CI(0.50,0.74)]和45%[OR=0.55,95%CI(0.36, 0.84 )] ?[16] 。一項(xiàng)對(duì)瑞典中年女性追訪了20.4年的研究顯示,地中海飲食模式依從性每增加1分,患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低5% ?[17] 。葡萄牙一項(xiàng)納入700例重癥抑郁病人的為期12周的RCT結(jié)果指出,堅(jiān)持地中海飲食可改善重癥抑郁病人的臨床癥狀 ?[18] 。
1.2 得舒飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
得舒飲食模式(dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet,DASH diet) 又稱終止高血壓飲食。其特點(diǎn)主要是攝入足夠的水果、蔬菜、低脂乳制品、堅(jiān)果、豆類及全谷物,并限制鈉鹽、甜味飲料、紅肉和加工肉類的攝入量 ?[19] 。這種飲食模式最初是為治療高血壓而設(shè)計(jì),后來的研究觀察到,得舒飲食模式還有降低血糖 ?[20] 、血脂 ?[21] ,預(yù)防老年癡呆 ?[22] 的作用。
在不同人群中,研究均顯示得舒飲食模式對(duì)抑郁有預(yù)防作用。一項(xiàng)伊朗的RCT證實(shí)與常規(guī)飲食組相比,使用得舒飲食模式的注意力缺陷兒童情緒癥狀可得到明顯改善 ?[23] 。一項(xiàng)納入580名青春期女孩的橫斷面研究結(jié)果表明,得舒飲食模式依從性與抑郁的發(fā)病率呈負(fù)相關(guān) ?[24] 。針對(duì)大學(xué)生的調(diào)查結(jié)果也表明,得舒飲食模式評(píng)分較高的受試者抑郁、焦慮、壓力得分較低 ?[25] 。一項(xiàng)對(duì)2型糖尿病婦女開展飲食干預(yù)的RCT結(jié)果表明,堅(jiān)持得舒飲食模式在改善睡眠質(zhì)量、減輕抑郁和焦慮癥狀方面具有明顯效果 ?[26] 。一項(xiàng)對(duì)709名老人追蹤了6年的隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,得舒飲食模式得分較高的老年人抑郁的發(fā)生率較低 ?[27] 。
1.3 MIND飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
MIND飲食模式(Mediterranean-DASH diet)是地中海飲食模式和得舒飲食模式的組合,2015年由瑪莎·克萊斯特(Martha Clare Morris)提出,被稱為大腦保護(hù)性飲食 ?[28] 。該飲食強(qiáng)調(diào),攝入大量蔬菜、水果、全谷物、健康脂肪和適量蛋白質(zhì)以促進(jìn)身體健康和預(yù)防認(rèn)知衰退。同時(shí),它限制高脂肪、高糖和高鹽食物的攝入,以避免對(duì)身體健康產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響 ?[29] 。目前,MIND飲食模式在預(yù)防阿爾茲海默癥等認(rèn)知衰退性疾病中應(yīng)用較為廣泛 ?[30] 。
目前,關(guān)于MIND飲食模式與抑郁之間的關(guān)系研究還相對(duì)有限。一項(xiàng)納入7 165名伊朗成年人的研究結(jié)果表明,隨著對(duì)MIND飲食模式依從性的增加, 患抑郁和焦慮的概率明顯降低[OR=0.62,95%CI(0.40, ?0.96 ), P =0.02] ?[31] 。另一項(xiàng)大樣本的橫斷面研究也顯示,MIND飲食模式依從性與抑郁的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈負(fù)相關(guān) ?[32] 。然而,也有研究指出,MIND飲食模式與抑郁之間缺乏明顯的關(guān)聯(lián)。如一項(xiàng)納入400名男性醫(yī)務(wù)人員的橫斷面研究結(jié)果顯示,MIND飲食模式依從性評(píng)分與抑郁之間并沒有顯著相關(guān)性 ?[33] 。在另一項(xiàng)納入15 980名參與者的隊(duì)列研究中,研究者分析了MIND飲食模式依從性得分最高與最低四分位數(shù)參與者的抑郁發(fā)生率,結(jié)果同樣顯示MIND飲食模式與抑郁的發(fā)生率之間無相關(guān)性 ?[34] 。
1.4 日本飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
日本飲食模式以大米、蔬菜、豆類、綠茶、魚蝦等為主要攝入食物,呈現(xiàn)出一種動(dòng)植物品種較為平衡的膳食模式。該飲食模式富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)素、纖維和抗氧化物質(zhì) ?[35] 。有研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),日本飲食模式對(duì)預(yù)防和管理慢性疾病如心血管疾病 ?[36] 、神經(jīng)退行性病變 ?[37] 等具有較好的效果。
目前,對(duì)于日本飲食模式與抑郁之間關(guān)系的研究相對(duì)較少且結(jié)果不一致。一項(xiàng)納入1 337名日本女性的橫斷面研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)日本飲食模式與抑郁癥狀嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān) ?[38] 。Nanri等 ?[39] 通過對(duì)521名日本市政雇員的調(diào)查結(jié)果證實(shí),日本飲食模式與抑郁癥狀較輕有關(guān)聯(lián)。另外,一項(xiàng)針對(duì)日本妊娠期女性的隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),日本飲食模式與妊娠期抑郁發(fā)生率呈負(fù)相關(guān) ?[40] 。然而,一項(xiàng)納入1 112名日本居民的為期5年的隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,日本飲食模式與抑郁的發(fā)生之間沒有明顯關(guān)聯(lián) ?[41] 。
1.5 生酮飲食(KD)對(duì)抑郁的影響
生酮飲食模式是一種特點(diǎn)明顯的飲食模式。其主要由4∶1的脂質(zhì)與非脂質(zhì)組成,其中脂肪攝入占每日總熱量的55%~60% ?[42] 。從代謝的角度來看,生酮飲食模式可以通過產(chǎn)生高水平的酮體引發(fā)酮癥狀態(tài),從而改善腦部功能,并對(duì)抑郁產(chǎn)生積極影響 ?[43] 。這種飲食模式最早由美國(guó)醫(yī)生維爾德(Russel Wilder)提出作為治療兒童癲癇的手段 ?[44] 。目前,生酮飲食模式已應(yīng)用于癲癇 ?[45] 、肥胖 ?[46] 、糖尿病 ?[47] 、高血壓 ?[47] 和神經(jīng)退行性疾病 ?[48] 等多種疾病的輔助治療中。
在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),生酮飲食模式對(duì)改善抑郁具有積極作用。墨菲(Murphy)等使用強(qiáng)制游泳測(cè)試(FST)評(píng)估大鼠的不動(dòng)時(shí)間作為抑郁行為的評(píng)測(cè)指標(biāo),發(fā)現(xiàn)采用生酮飲食模式喂養(yǎng)的大鼠相較于普通喂養(yǎng)的對(duì)照組表現(xiàn)出更少的抑郁行為 ?[49] 。此外,還有證據(jù)表明,采用生酮飲食模式可以降低孕期小鼠對(duì)抑郁的易感性,并在FST和運(yùn)動(dòng)輪(EWT)實(shí)驗(yàn)中顯示出更高的體力活動(dòng) ?[50] 。1例患有2型糖尿病和重度抑郁癥的65歲女性病人的個(gè)案研究顯示,為期12周的生酮飲食模式干預(yù)可以使病人的抑郁癥狀(PHQ-9評(píng)分)從中度抑郁(17分)降至沒有抑郁癥狀(0分) ?[51] 。
1.6 素食飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
素食飲食模式是指以蔬菜和水果為主的一種飲食,通常情況下,素食飲食不食用所有類型的肉(如豬肉、牛肉、家禽、魚和海鮮等) ?[52] 。具體可分為純素食模式、乳蛋素食模式、魚類素食模式和半素食模式 ?[53] 。目前,素食飲食模式在心血管疾病病人 ?[54] 和體重管理 ?[55] 人群中應(yīng)用廣泛。
素食飲食模式與抑郁的關(guān)系是一個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的話題。一些研究認(rèn)為,堅(jiān)持素食飲食模式會(huì)增加抑郁的臨床癥狀和患病率。針對(duì)6 450名美國(guó)大學(xué)生的橫斷面調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),素食者相比非素食者更容易患上抑郁癥 ?[56] 。另外,一項(xiàng)納入了9 668名英國(guó)成年男性的橫斷面研究顯示,素食者患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比非素食者高出1.67倍 ?[57] 。此外,一項(xiàng)納入了1 051名中國(guó)老年人的橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以蔬菜為主的老年參與者的抑郁癥狀得分最高,同時(shí)抑郁癥的發(fā)病率也最高 ?[58] 。然而,與上述研究觀點(diǎn)相反的是,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為堅(jiān)持素食飲食模式能夠降低抑郁的發(fā)生率。一項(xiàng)納入892名美國(guó)人的橫斷面研究結(jié)果表明,與非素食者相比素食者患抑郁癥的概率降低了43% ?[59] 。一項(xiàng)納入219名澳大利亞成年人的橫斷面研究結(jié)果顯示,高質(zhì)量的植物飲食和患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低有關(guān) ?[60] 。一項(xiàng)追蹤了9年的隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果顯示,與非素食者相比,素食群體發(fā)生抑郁的患病率較低 ?[61] 。此外,也有研究認(rèn)為,素食對(duì)抑郁沒有影響。一項(xiàng)納入了9 584人的大樣本橫斷面調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,在調(diào)整混雜因素后素食飲食模式與抑郁之間沒有明顯關(guān)聯(lián) ?[62] 。
1.7 西方飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響
西方飲食模式以美國(guó)、加拿大和北歐一些國(guó)家為代表,其膳食結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括便利性較高的高度加工食品,如紅肉、甜點(diǎn)、糖、油炸食品、高脂肪乳制品和精制谷物以及相對(duì)較少的蔬菜、水果、全谷物和豆類 ?[63] 。在營(yíng)養(yǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)上,這種飲食模式以高熱量、高脂肪、高蛋白質(zhì)為顯著特征。
一系列研究表明,堅(jiān)持西方飲食模式可能會(huì)增加抑郁的發(fā)病率和臨床癥狀。一項(xiàng)病例對(duì)照研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)西方飲食模式使成年女性發(fā)生抑郁的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了29% ?[64] 。而一項(xiàng)歸納了33個(gè)相關(guān)研究的薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,西方飲食模式與抑郁高發(fā)病率相關(guān) ?[65] 。此外,一項(xiàng)納入了1 743名年澳大利亞成年人的橫斷面研究也證實(shí)了西方飲食與抑郁呈正相關(guān) ?[66] 。Cherian等 ?[67] 在追蹤了6.6年的隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腦卒中幸存者中,西方飲食模式與抑郁呈正相關(guān)。然而,Silva等 ?[68] 的一項(xiàng)大樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),西方飲食模式與圍產(chǎn)期抑郁并沒有明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。而在另一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),高糖、高飽和脂肪酸為主的西方飲食模式與中年人的抑郁無關(guān) ?[69] 。
2 飲食模式影響抑郁的作用機(jī)制
2.1 食物成分參與炎癥水平的調(diào)節(jié)
研究表明,約25%的神經(jīng)精神疾病病人表現(xiàn)出炎癥水平升高 ?[70-71] 。這種現(xiàn)象可能是由于壓力及其引發(fā)的炎癥反應(yīng)使免疫系統(tǒng)過度活化 ?[72] 。由此產(chǎn)生的大量炎癥分子能影響包括神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)代謝、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能和腦功能活動(dòng)在內(nèi)的與情緒調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)的生理功能,從而導(dǎo)致抑郁癥產(chǎn)生 ?[73] 。有研究顯示,健康的飲食模式(如地中海飲食模式)富含蔬菜水果和海產(chǎn)品,其中所含的多酚和N-3多不飽和脂肪酸具有強(qiáng)大的抗炎作用從而延緩了上述由炎癥細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的抑郁 ?[74-76] 。另外一項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)了重度精神疾病病人在飲食中攝入的促炎食物明顯高于普通人群。而這類食物在西方飲食模式中占比較大,如精制碳水化合物和反式脂肪 ?[77] ,可能是西方飲食模式與抑郁發(fā)生密切相關(guān)的原因。
2.2 營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素參與氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)
氧化應(yīng)激是指由于體內(nèi)氧化和抗氧化過程失衡導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和DNA的細(xì)胞損傷。持續(xù)的氧化應(yīng)激被認(rèn)為是抑郁癥和其他心理健康障礙的潛在機(jī)制之一 ?[78] 。研究表明,西方飲食模式中富含高脂肪食物可以增加大腦和周圍組織中氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物的水平,由此可見這是西方飲食模式促使抑郁的發(fā)生可能的原因之一 ?[79-80] 。相比之下,以得舒飲食模式為代表的飲食模式富含蔬菜、水果。這些食物種類包含了多種抗氧化劑,如維生素C和維生素E,有助于減輕氧化應(yīng)激并保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受損傷,從而減少抑郁的發(fā)生 ?[81] 。
2.3 食物成分激活下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA軸)的調(diào)節(jié)
HPA軸包括大腦(下丘腦)、垂體和腎上腺,調(diào)節(jié)著糖皮質(zhì)激素的產(chǎn)生,并與神經(jīng)精神障礙的發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān) ?[82] 。研究表明,超過60%的抑郁癥病人表現(xiàn)出過度的皮質(zhì)醇水平和HPA軸 系統(tǒng)的紊亂 ?[83] 。與MIND飲食模式相似的飲食模式因其富含維生素C、多酚、N-3 多不飽和脂肪酸通過調(diào)節(jié)心理應(yīng)激后下丘腦活化引起的炎癥反應(yīng)來降低個(gè)體的皮質(zhì)醇水平,從而降低抑郁的發(fā)生 ?[84-86] 。相反,以西方飲食模式為主的高升糖指數(shù)飲食會(huì)使皮質(zhì)醇分泌增加從而導(dǎo)致抑郁的產(chǎn)生 ?[87] 。
2.4 飲食模式影響腸道微生物群多樣性
腸道微生物可以通過神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌途徑、免疫途徑、微生物代謝途徑等多種途徑和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系,形成一條微生物和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相互作用的“微生物-腸道-大腦軸” ?[88] 。動(dòng)物研究報(bào)告顯示,西方飲食模式的飲食導(dǎo)致厚壁菌門、擬桿菌門的比例增加,小鼠會(huì)出現(xiàn)探索行為減少、焦慮樣行為增加和記憶力下降等類似抑郁和焦慮癥狀的行為變化 ?[89] 。而另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年參與者進(jìn)行1年地中海飲食干預(yù)后,受試者通過腸道內(nèi)增加的短鏈/支鏈脂肪酸可以改善其認(rèn)知功能,從而減少抑郁的發(fā)生 ?[90] 。
2.5 營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素刺激神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)的表達(dá)
腦源性BDNF能促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元的生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育,并增強(qiáng)成年神經(jīng)元的存活和功能 ?[91] 。抑郁癥病人的海馬結(jié)構(gòu)萎縮可能與BDNF水平降低有關(guān) ?[92] 。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,采取高脂肪和高蔗糖的西方飲食模式可能損害神經(jīng),降低海馬中的BDNF水平,并對(duì)認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生不利影響 ?[93-94] 。研究表明,包括Omega-3脂肪酸、益生菌和維生素在內(nèi)的飲食成分可以提高BDNF水平,從而減少焦慮抑郁癥狀 ?[95] 。這些營(yíng)養(yǎng)素在地中海飲食模式中富含。一項(xiàng)RCT也表明,堅(jiān)持3年地中海飲食模式的參與者其血漿中BDNF水平較高,抑郁癥狀得到了改善 ?[96] 。
3 展望
3.1 以地中海飲食為代表的健康飲食模式在臨床有推廣價(jià)值
地中海飲食、得舒飲食、MIND飲食以及日本飲食等特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為大量攝入水果、蔬菜、谷類、豆類和魚,適量攝入新鮮肉類和乳制品。這些飲食模式通常被認(rèn)為是健康的飲食 ?[97] 。我國(guó)于2022年首次提出了符合中國(guó)人飲食習(xí)慣的東方膳食模式 ?[98] 與以上飲食模式非常相似??梢钥紤]在臨床尤其是精神心理相關(guān)科室的飲食指導(dǎo)中倡導(dǎo)健康的飲食模式、低油、低鹽的飲食方式以及均衡營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飲食組合。同時(shí),還可以以健康飲食模式的原則為基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)地區(qū)和個(gè)體差異,制定個(gè)性化的飲食計(jì)劃,從而提高病人對(duì)飲食干預(yù)的接受度。
3.2 部分飲食模式對(duì)身心健康的影響有爭(zhēng)議,臨床應(yīng)用需謹(jǐn)慎
目前,針對(duì)生酮飲食等較小眾的飲食模式的研究主要集中在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和小樣本人群上,缺乏大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)沒有匯報(bào)其他身心健康結(jié)局指標(biāo)的情況。尤其是生酮飲食可能帶來一系列例如營(yíng)養(yǎng)不均衡和胃腸道不適等副作用 ?[99] 。因此,未來的研究應(yīng)關(guān)注生酮飲食的長(zhǎng)期安全性,并提供相應(yīng)的指導(dǎo)和建議,限定適用范圍和人群。
同樣,素食飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響研究結(jié)果不一致,造成這種結(jié)果的原因可能是素食時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短影響研究結(jié)論 ?[57] ,且人群采取素食的動(dòng)機(jī)不同,如宗教信仰或健康信念。而這些因素也會(huì)同時(shí)影響其身心健康 ?[58,100] 。在研究中,如果沒有考慮到這些混雜因素,很容易導(dǎo)致素食與抑郁風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間關(guān)聯(lián)的矛盾性。因此,未來的研究應(yīng)該需要高質(zhì)量的研究設(shè)計(jì)以比較不同人群對(duì)素食飲食的反應(yīng),以確定其在不同人群中的有效性和適用性。
3.3 飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響有待更多本土高質(zhì)量研究結(jié)果提供證據(jù)
本研究所綜述的不同飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響結(jié)果存在差異,甚至相同的飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響也不盡相同。這種差異可能源于以下幾個(gè)方面的原因。首先是飲食和抑郁評(píng)估方法學(xué)上的不同導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的差異。如一些研究使用食物頻率問卷(FFQ)調(diào)查飲食模式,而其他研究則采用168項(xiàng)半定量食物頻率問卷或飲食篩查工具(DST)等。此外,用于測(cè)定抑郁的量表也存在差異,有些研究使用包括21項(xiàng)抑郁、焦慮和壓力量表(DASS-21),而其他研究則采用健康問卷(PHQ-9)等。其次,混雜因素的影響也可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的差異。抑郁是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的心理狀態(tài),受多種因素影響。除了飲食模式外,人口學(xué)特征、生活方式、遺傳因素以及心理社會(huì)因素等都可能對(duì)抑郁產(chǎn)生影響。目前,有關(guān)飲食對(duì)抑郁影響的研究在不同國(guó)家和不同人群中進(jìn)行,而不同的研究中存在著這些混雜因素的差異,從而導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的不一致性。飲食質(zhì)量也是一個(gè)重要考慮因素。飲食模式并不僅僅指攝入食物,還包括食物的質(zhì)量和均衡性。在研究中未充分考慮食物選擇、飲食平衡等因素,可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果的差異。最后,反應(yīng)偏差也可能影響研究結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。由于有的研究是基于參與者的自我報(bào)告或問卷調(diào)查,存在一定程度的主觀性和記憶偏差。這些偏差可能在不同研究中出現(xiàn),從而影響結(jié)果的一致性。未來對(duì)于飲食和抑郁的研究可以采取長(zhǎng)期追蹤設(shè)計(jì)、對(duì)照試驗(yàn),充分控制混雜因素、關(guān)注特定人群采用客觀的測(cè)量工具如24 h膳食回顧法確定膳食模式、生物標(biāo)志物檢測(cè)和臨床診斷工具確診抑郁,減少自我報(bào)告的偏差,更好地揭示飲食模式對(duì)抑郁的影響。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)飲食模式與抑郁的關(guān)系研究比較少,而且多是橫斷面研究,相對(duì)于前瞻性隊(duì)列研究以及干預(yù)研究,橫斷面研究的論證強(qiáng)度較低,未來可以擴(kuò)大前瞻性研究范圍,并且通過多種研究方法相結(jié)合的手段,來減少研究結(jié)果出現(xiàn)的誤差,為實(shí)踐提供高質(zhì)量的證據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2023-12-25;修回日期:2024-04-26)
(本文編輯 賈小越)