謝小波 李斌 江挺 李昊 朱晨輝
摘? ? 要:醉貴妃是從收集的槜李種質(zhì)資源中選育出的晚熟槜李新品種。該品種在嘉興地區(qū)一般7月上中旬成熟,有些年份在6月下旬成熟。醉貴妃結(jié)果性狀好,產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定,成年樹(shù)產(chǎn)量控制在9.0 t?hm-2左右即可;成熟時(shí)口感極佳,汁水豐富,符合槜李易化漿、可吸食特征;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)16.0%左右,高達(dá)20%;果形大,平均單果質(zhì)量69.5 g,呈扁圓形、較對(duì)稱;成熟果實(shí)外皮深紫紅色并密布灰白色果點(diǎn),果肉黃色,黏核;少有細(xì)菌性穿孔病和流膠?。蛔越唤Y(jié)果性較好,可單一品種種植;樹(shù)姿稍顯直立,需要拉枝并結(jié)合其他修剪措施塑造開(kāi)心樹(shù)形;進(jìn)入結(jié)果期后以有機(jī)肥為主,需嚴(yán)格控制氮肥使用。該品種經(jīng)多地試種,適宜在浙、贛、黔、川、渝、滬、蘇等長(zhǎng)江以南區(qū)域多省份種植。
關(guān)鍵詞:中國(guó)李;槜李;新品種;醉貴妃;晚熟;桐鄉(xiāng)槜李
中圖分類號(hào):S662.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)04-0786-05
Breeding of late-ripening Zuili variety Zuiguifei (Japanese plum)
XIE Xiaobo1, LI Bin2, JIANG Ting3, LI Hao4, ZHU Chenhui5
(1Horticulture Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China; 2Agriculture and Fisheries Technology Promotion Station of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing 314050, Zhejiang, China; 3Agriculture Management and Service Centre of Jiaxing Nanhu District, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China; 4Forestry Technology Promotion Centre of Xinchang County, Xinchang 312500, Zhejiang, China; 5Fruit Trees and Silkworm Technology Promotion Station of Jiaxing Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing 314011, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: Zuiguifei (Prunus salicina L.) was bred by systematic breeding method from Zuili germplasm collections. Zuili is one of Japanese plums, and has a high prestige in Chinese plum industry as one of the very delicious plums with the longest cultivation history of more than 2500 years at Jiaxing city, Zhejiang province, China. Zuiguifei was firstly found from a farmer yard in July, 1997 at Nanhu District, Jiaxing City. When the fruit was ripening, Mr. Lu found it. And it was late-ripening and 20 years old, with a good fruiting trait and a nice quality, comparing with other Zuili cultivars. Its branches were collected and were grafted on rootstocks, coded as J-31 in the winter of 1997. J-31 has an elite taste for its rich juice, high soluble solids content and aromatic smell. Its pulp is easy melting and could be sucked for eating when it matures. This is coincident with one of the typical characteristics of Zuili after maturity. There is a deep purple red peel covering with dense grey-white dots when J-31 fruits ripen with yellow flesh and clinging stone. Its fruit is oblate, more symmetrical and slightly big. J-31 was named as Guifei, which was borrowed from one title of ancient Chinese emperor wives, in 2018. We conducted the first-round variety test with Tongxiangzuili as the control from 2016 to 2018. Tongxiangzuili is a more popular cultivar of Zuili and generally matures around mid-June. As Tongxiangzuili often has a low yield with unstable fruit set, the new varieties are required to be bred. Experiments have showed Guifei fruits generally ripen in early July or mid-July at Jiaxing City, sometimes in late June also. Guifei has a higher yield than Tongxiangzuili. Guifei could be regarded as a late-ripening Zuili variety. Guifei was approved for a five-year field releasing by the Zhejiang Provincial Forestry Variety Committee with license No. ZHE-R-SV-PS-006-2019, and formally named as Zuiguifei in 2019. For getting a permanently field releasing approval for Zuiguifei, we carried out a new round variety test from 2021 to 2022 with Tongxiangzuili still serving as the control variety. Results showed that the whole fruit growth period of Zuiguifei was about 113 d from blooming to ripening. The variety test showed that the average yield of adult Zuiguifei trees was about 8.1 t·hm-2 with 37.3% increasing than that of the control Tongxiangzuili. Its average soluble solids content was about 16.0% with up to more than 20.0%. Its peel was slightly sour and the titratable acid content in flesh with skin was 1.03% while the pulp was only about 0.72%. The Vc content of Zuiguif was 8.01 mg·100 g-1 flesh. Its mean fruit weight was 69.5 g. There was no significant difference in the content of total soluble solids between Zuiguifei and Tongxiangzuili. Based on experience, it is recommended that its yield may be controlled to about 9.0 t·hm-2 by thinning flowers and young fruits as higher yield probably decreases fruit quality. Zuiguifei is resistant to bacterial perforation and gummosis. As it is self-compatible, Zuiguifei could be grown solely. Its tree is slightly upright and requires pulling branches or other pruning measures to shape an opening tree. Organic manures should be considered as main fertilizer resource and N needs to be limited for fruiting trees. Zuiguifei has been introduced and tested in many places and showed good adaptation in southern provinces of Yangtze River, e.g. Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu etc.
Key words: Prunus salicina; Plum Zuili; New variety; Zuiguifei; Late maturation; Tongxiangzuili
槜李,也有寫作醉李,是中國(guó)李(Prunus salicina L.)中的優(yōu)質(zhì)地方名李,口感極佳,原產(chǎn)于浙江嘉興一帶,距今有2500多年栽培歷史??鬃又摹洞呵铩酚涊d,公元前496年,“五月,於越敗吳于槜李”,首次提到“槜李”兩字,為地名。宋代詩(shī)人張堯同認(rèn)為這一地名是由當(dāng)?shù)爻霎a(chǎn)名李而來(lái),是將果名用作了地名。清代王蓬辰專門撰寫過(guò)《檇李譜》一書(1856—1857年),較詳細(xì)地描述了槜李的特征特性,這是我國(guó)古籍中唯一對(duì)一種果樹(shù)作譜的著作。1937年6月上海中央印刷公司出版了桐鄉(xiāng)人朱夢(mèng)仙先生著的新版《檇李譜》,他根據(jù)自己長(zhǎng)期對(duì)槜李的觀察提出了一些新見(jiàn)解,尤其對(duì)桐鄉(xiāng)桃園槜李作了介紹。
槜李在長(zhǎng)期的栽培過(guò)程中也積累了深厚的人文底蘊(yùn),最為突出的就是“西施爪痕”的民間傳說(shuō),即槜李果頂部位常有一指甲寬裂痕,民間相傳為西施在槜李園中品嘗時(shí)留下的指甲印記。因此,從古至今當(dāng)?shù)厝藗円暣颂卣鞯臉椑罟麑?shí)為上佳果品。
槜李歷來(lái)產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)不佳,有大小年現(xiàn)象,因此,被認(rèn)為自花結(jié)實(shí)存在問(wèn)題,需要搭配親和性好的授粉品種[1]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)槜李花粉的畸形率超過(guò)50%,有活力花粉比例為40%左右[2]。槜李在長(zhǎng)期的栽培中出現(xiàn)了很多基因型,生產(chǎn)中往往混雜種植,因此需要通過(guò)育種手段篩選優(yōu)良品種。以往也曾開(kāi)展槜李品種的選育工作[3],同時(shí)對(duì)部分授粉品種及其S基因型做了鑒定[4],還對(duì)槜李在遺傳上的特征也做了一些探索[5-6]。但是直到今天對(duì)槜李研究的投入仍然不足,生產(chǎn)中對(duì)槜李品種優(yōu)質(zhì)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、耐貯運(yùn)等性狀的需求依然沒(méi)有完全解決,醉貴妃的選育就是已有育種研究的一個(gè)延續(xù)。
醉貴妃是一個(gè)具有優(yōu)良口感品質(zhì)、可單一種植、產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的晚熟槜李新品種,從最初發(fā)現(xiàn)到獲得認(rèn)定歷時(shí)超過(guò)20 a(年),是一個(gè)有較大潛力的優(yōu)質(zhì)李品種(圖1)。
1 選育過(guò)程
1997年7月中旬,在嘉興市南湖區(qū)南湖鄉(xiāng)八字橋村徐金根家槜李園中發(fā)現(xiàn)1株7月份成熟槜李。樹(shù)上果實(shí)分布均勻,結(jié)果性能良好,果形較大,果面紫紅色,果粉較厚,味香甜、汁多,口感佳,果肉黃色,黏核,具有槜李易化漿特性。第二年春采集枝條用毛桃作砧木嫁接,同時(shí)在其他李樹(shù)上高接。2000—2006年,通過(guò)連續(xù)多年進(jìn)行栽培試驗(yàn)和觀察并與其他近20個(gè)槜李種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行比較,確認(rèn)該株系具有突出的優(yōu)良性狀。
2009—2011年,在秀洲區(qū)王店鎮(zhèn)建立新的示范基地。種植密度為:株距×行距為1.5 m×4.0 m,同時(shí)種植桐鄉(xiāng)槜李和其他多個(gè)槜李品系,并以青桿毛桃為砧木進(jìn)行嫁接繁殖。2016—2018年,以桐鄉(xiāng)槜李為對(duì)照,在嘉興市秀洲區(qū)、紹興市新昌縣和嘉興市嘉善縣三個(gè)基地開(kāi)展對(duì)比試驗(yàn)。對(duì)比試驗(yàn)表明醉貴妃產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異,穩(wěn)產(chǎn),較桐鄉(xiāng)槜李晚熟約半個(gè)多月。2019年,獲浙江省林木良種認(rèn)定,認(rèn)定編號(hào):浙R-SV-PS-006-2019。2021—2022年,仍以桐鄉(xiāng)槜李為對(duì)照,繼續(xù)開(kāi)展品種比較試驗(yàn)。多年比較試驗(yàn)表明,醉貴妃表現(xiàn)品質(zhì)優(yōu),產(chǎn)量顯著高于桐鄉(xiāng)槜李,穩(wěn)產(chǎn)(表1)。
包括醉貴妃在內(nèi),從表型上觀察,苗期和生長(zhǎng)期的槜李各類型間往往難以辨別。因此,筆者采用分子標(biāo)記和毛細(xì)管電泳技術(shù)進(jìn)行鑒定,并篩選出了若干個(gè)能區(qū)分醉貴妃、桐鄉(xiāng)槜李和其他一些槜李種質(zhì)資源的SSR分子標(biāo)記(圖2)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
醉貴妃口感佳,經(jīng)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及加工品質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)測(cè)試中心(杭州)檢測(cè)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為16.0%,可溶性糖含量為11.3%,帶皮測(cè)定可滴定酸含量為1.03%,固酸比為15.5,與對(duì)照桐鄉(xiāng)槜李相當(dāng);維生素C含量為8.01 mg?100 g-1。平均單果質(zhì)量69.4 g,視疏果情況單果質(zhì)量會(huì)有差異,部分果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量80~90 g,最高可超過(guò)100 g;成年樹(shù)(6 a以上)平均單位面積產(chǎn)量8.1 t·hm-2(6.1~12.2 t·hm-2),比對(duì)照桐鄉(xiāng)槜李平均產(chǎn)量5.9 t·hm-2(3.6~9.8 t·hm-2)增產(chǎn)37.3%;嘉興地區(qū)一般在7月上旬或中旬成熟,比對(duì)照桐鄉(xiāng)槜李遲約15 d左右,采摘時(shí)間可持續(xù)15~20 d,隨著后期氣溫升高,糖分積累也更高,果肉會(huì)有凝固現(xiàn)象,口感也會(huì)有所下降。
2.2 植物學(xué)特征
1年生樹(shù)枝紫褐色或綠褐色,成年樹(shù)樹(shù)枝青灰色,樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸,樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張,以短結(jié)果枝和花簇狀枝條結(jié)果為主。
葉倒卵圓形或橢圓形,葉尖漸尖,葉緣粗鋸齒狀。
花瓣5瓣,花白色,雙子房花比例較高,有時(shí)高達(dá)20%,年度間有變化,花量大,成簇或成球、成串。通常3月中旬或下旬開(kāi)花,花期一般7~10 d。
成年樹(shù)在合理疏花疏果后,平均單果質(zhì)量70 g,最高可達(dá)100 g。成熟果實(shí)底色黃綠,外皮不均勻分布深紫紅色,并密布大小不等的灰白色果點(diǎn),果粉中多;呈扁圓形,縫合線淺,兩半部較為對(duì)稱;果頂微凹陷,少部分有指甲狀裂痕(即民間流傳的西施指甲?。?,梗洼中大;果肉橙黃色,成熟果實(shí)易化漿、可吸食,黏核,核仁常退化。
2.3 物候期
醉貴妃在嘉興地區(qū)一般3月中旬開(kāi)花,花期通常7 d左右,展葉期在4月上中旬,7月上旬或中旬成熟,有些年份會(huì)提早到6月下旬,落葉期在11月底。從始花到成熟的果實(shí)全發(fā)育期約113 d。
2.4 抗逆性
醉貴妃少有細(xì)菌性穿孔病和流膠病發(fā)生,同時(shí)有較強(qiáng)的耐澇和耐寒性。
3 繁殖方法及栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 建園
選擇地勢(shì)高、光照好、避風(fēng)、無(wú)澇害的地塊建園,一般以南北向挖定植溝或定植穴,溝深40 cm以上、寬50 cm,定植穴可挖深度和直徑60~80 cm,施好底肥,每666.7 m2施腐熟的有機(jī)肥2000~2500 kg、鈣鎂磷肥50 kg,肥料和種植土混勻后施入種植溝或種植穴,再覆厚度約20 cm的表土,一般要高出畦面15 cm左右,然后放苗,培土,澆透定根水,并將苗木扶正,露出嫁接口。果園需挖排水溝,盡量做到深溝高畦。
3.2 定植
可按行株距(5~6) m×(3~4) m定植,每666.7 m2栽28~44株。定干高度50~70 cm,視立地條件和機(jī)械使用要求而定,平地可比坡地高,考慮農(nóng)機(jī)使用的情況可高定干。同時(shí),可間種一些親和性好、花期相近的其他李子品種,以提高坐果率。
3.3 肥水管理
幼樹(shù)以施氮、磷、鉀元素兼顧或氮肥含量高的肥料,促進(jìn)快速生長(zhǎng)。結(jié)果樹(shù)必須以有機(jī)肥為主,增施鉀肥,兼施中微量元素肥料。生長(zhǎng)期特別是幼樹(shù)期,可葉面噴施0.3%磷酸二氫鉀。成齡果園可進(jìn)行生草栽培,以抑制雜草生長(zhǎng),夏秋干旱時(shí)節(jié)可適當(dāng)噴灌或滴灌,補(bǔ)充土壤水分。
3.4 整形修剪
一般以開(kāi)心形為基本樹(shù)形,可以為3~4主枝,也可以為2主枝Y形。槜李樹(shù)新梢一般分為春梢、夏梢和秋梢,可在每次抽梢至50 cm時(shí),進(jìn)行摘心處理,經(jīng)過(guò)第一年的三次摘心,至年底就可以形成較為豐滿的樹(shù)冠。冬季落葉后,采用自然開(kāi)心形進(jìn)行修剪,或培育Y形樹(shù)形。要確保樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸,對(duì)弱樹(shù)進(jìn)行重短截,促進(jìn)其生長(zhǎng);對(duì)旺樹(shù)要輕剪疏枝,以緩和樹(shù)勢(shì)。夏季修剪以拉枝為主,調(diào)整枝條角度。
3.5 疏果管理
要做好疏花疏果管理,尤其是疏果,需2~3次,保證疏果到位、結(jié)果均勻,可按10~15 cm掛1個(gè)果,或30~40枚葉片結(jié)1個(gè)果進(jìn)行衡量。
3.6 防霜凍
確保到初冬時(shí)完全落葉,一般要求95%葉片在秋末冬初時(shí)正常掉落(北方11月中旬,南方11月底)。晚霜危害是槜李落花落果的主要原因之一,如有寒流或霜凍,可于凌晨最低溫時(shí)熏煙防霜,減少花和幼果霜害。
3.7 病蟲害防治
冬剪后和萌芽前噴3~5 °Bé石硫合劑進(jìn)行綜合防治。春季開(kāi)花前,可噴布吡蟲啉或啶蟲脒防治蚜蟲;7—8月要防治紅蜘蛛危害;6月下旬至7月下旬,防治刺蛾;開(kāi)花前后可用含性誘激素的迷向絲,預(yù)防或減輕后期梨小食心蟲危害。對(duì)李紅點(diǎn)病,當(dāng)病葉率為5%時(shí),可噴布甲基托布津防治;對(duì)李軟腐病,發(fā)現(xiàn)有0.5%以上病果時(shí),可噴布代森鋅可濕性粉劑防治。
3.8 果實(shí)采收
7月上中旬,在果實(shí)有1/3~3/4著色、七八成熟、口感較佳時(shí),即可采收。傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)區(qū)較重視槜李的完美口感,可在8—9月成熟、果實(shí)略軟時(shí)采,新產(chǎn)區(qū)建議在果實(shí)尚硬時(shí)采,以便于存放與運(yùn)輸。要分批采摘,并置于陰涼通風(fēng)處,然后進(jìn)行分級(jí)出售,快遞寄運(yùn)時(shí)建議用較軟的材料進(jìn)行單果包裝。
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