黎炎夏 羅飛雄 許延帥 李雙江 陳文婷 譚君 王美軍 徐豐 楊國順 白描
摘? ? 要:湘刺3號是從懷化市中方縣桐木鎮(zhèn)通過實生選種得到的一個極晚熟刺葡萄新品種。果穗多呈圓柱形,少部分有副穗,松緊適中,成熟時果皮呈藍黑色,果粉薄,果皮厚,平均穗質量163 g,平均單粒質量3.4 g,果形指數(shù)1.1(縱徑/橫徑),每顆果實中含種子2~3粒,多為3粒,種子顏色黑褐色??扇苄怨绦挝锖浚╳,后同)15.2%,可滴定酸含量0.28 %。果實發(fā)育期130 d左右,3月下旬至4月初萌芽,4月底至5月上旬開花,9月下旬果實成熟。該品種抗旱性強,極抗多濕土壤;抗黑痘病、白粉病、炭疽病、灰霉病能力強,但不抗霜霉??;抗蟲性強,但不抗根瘤蚜。適宜在湖南、貴州、四川、江西、福建、湖北、云南、廣東、廣西、重慶等省份的葡萄產(chǎn)區(qū)春、秋兩季種植。
關鍵詞:刺葡萄;新品種;湘刺3號;抗性
中圖分類號:S663.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)04-0781-05
Breeding report of a new spine grape cultivar Xiangci No. 3
LI Yanxia, LUO Feixiong, XU Yanshuai, LI Shuangjiang, CHEN Wenting, TAN Jun, WANG Meijun, XU Feng, YANG Guoshun, BAI Miao*
(College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University/Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Grapes, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China)
Abstract: The Xiangci No. 3 (Vitis davidii) is a new extremely late-ripening spine grape cultivar selected from Tongmu Town, Zhongfang County, Huaihua City. Different from the wild V. davidii resources which are dioecious, this cultivar has perfect flowers, with high yield, and its fruits can be used as table grape or for wine making. Xiangci No. 3 was initially selected from occasional seedlings in 2012 for its hermaphrodite flower and very late ripening date. The original tree was about 20 years old, and then propagated by grafting or cutting. The field trials were carried out afterwards. It was registered as Xiangci No. 3 by The ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R.C. in June, 2020. The branches and petioles are covered with prickles, and they are erect or slightly curved at the apex with a length of 2-4 m. The young leaves are bright reddish brown and shiny. Only the veins on the back of the leaves have sparse pubescence, and there are no villi between the veins. The first inflorescence is located at 3-5 nodes. Each shoot has 1-2 inflorescences. The mature leaves are cuneate-shaped, trifid, the leaf color is green, and the leaf edge is lightly rolled downward, moderately thick. The leaf edge is serrate and projecting laterally. The petiole depressions are mostly open, and V-shaped. The clusters are mostly cylindrical, with a small number of cylindrical-winged, moderate tightness. The peel of fruit is thick and covered with thin powder, and it is easy to separate from the flesh. The flesh is pliable and difficult to separate from the seed. The average cluster weight is 163 g. The average single berry weight is 3.4 g, and the fruit shape index is 1.1 (longitudinal/transverse diameter). There are 2.8 seeds in each fruit on average, and the seeds are dark brown in color, with no transverse groove and obvious seed umbilicus. In winter, the branches are yellowish brown and oval in cross section. The annual branches bear slender prickles of medium density. The juice yield is 68%, the content of soluble solid is 15.2%, and the content of titratable acid is 0.28%. The fruit development period is about 130 days, the bud burst date is from late March to early April, and flowering date is from late April to early May, the berries ripening date is late September. The cultivar has high and stable yield, the average yield of the third year after planting is 11 250-15 000 kg·hectare-1. The genetic specificity of the cultivar was demonstrated by the detection of nine pairs of simple repeat sequence markers. The cultivar has strong resistance to drought and extreme resistance to high temperature and humid climate. It has strong resistance to anthracnose, powdery mildew, ripe rot and gray mold, but not downy mildew, it is a valuable resource for breeding grape with dampness-heat resistance and disease resistance. This cultivar has strong insect resistance, but does not have resistance to grape phylloxera. It is suitable for planting in spring and autumn in grape producing areas of Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Chongqing etc. The cultivar should be cultivated by flat trellis with a planting density of 4 m×5 m, with a single trunk “H” type tree form. It also could be cultivated by “double cross V-frame” method combined with rain shelter with a spacing of 2 m×3 m.
Key words: Spine grape; New cultivar; Xiangci No. 3; Resistance
刺葡萄(Vitis davidii Fo?x.)屬于葡萄科葡萄屬東亞種群的一個種,為未完全經(jīng)過人工馴化的野生植物資源,原產(chǎn)于湖南、云南、廣東、江西、浙江等省[1]。在中國野生葡萄中刺葡萄的果粒最大,鮮食及加工兼用,具有一定的商業(yè)價值,其對黑痘病、白腐病、炭疽病等具有很強的抗性,成為葡萄耐濕熱、抗病育種的寶貴資源[2]。湖南省選育的刺葡萄品種有紫秋[3]、湘釀1號[4]、湘刺1號[5]三個品種,成熟期均在9月上旬,但仍有許多野生或變異資源未得到充分的保存和利用。
湘刺3號是湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學葡萄團隊選育的刺葡萄新品種。果實成熟期晚(9月下旬)、糖酸比高,色素含量偏低,風味獨特,營養(yǎng)及保健成分豐富,經(jīng)試驗研究其可鮮食亦適合制汁,并可用于釀制桃紅或甜紅葡萄酒。
1 選育過程
筆者課題組自2010年開始對懷化市中方縣桐木鎮(zhèn)的實生刺葡萄類型進行調(diào)查和篩選,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個優(yōu)良單株——湘刺3號(也稱米刺葡萄)。該樹樹齡20 a(年)左右,定植行株距為6 m×6 m左右,采用棚架式栽培,棚架高2 m左右。自2012年開始對這株表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的刺葡萄進行植物學觀測。并通過嫁接和扦插擴繁,從而得到優(yōu)良株系,并在湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學及中方縣進行區(qū)試和推廣種植。2014—2015年與湘釀1號和另外幾個刺葡萄類型進行了配組試驗,該品種表現(xiàn)出成熟期晚于湘釀1號和紫秋等品種。該株系果穗整齊,品質佳,果粒小,種子少,產(chǎn)量高,適應性及抗逆性強,更適合制汁和釀酒。2020年6月19日通過農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部非主要農(nóng)作物品種登記,定名湘刺3號[編號:GPD葡萄(2020)430010](圖1)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
湘刺3號屬東亞種群刺葡萄種,兩性花。該品種當年生枝及其葉柄部位著生皮刺(圖2),幼葉鮮紅棕色,成熟葉片為楔形;葉中等厚,鋸齒多為兩側凸,數(shù)目少;葉柄洼多為開張,V形。第一花序著生節(jié)位3~5節(jié)位,花序具副穗,5月上旬開花。冬季枝條黃褐色,橫截面為橢圓形;皮刺中等密,較細(圖3)。
2.2 果實經(jīng)濟性狀
湘刺3號果穗多為圓柱形(表1),松緊適中;平均單穗質量163 g,果粒圓形,單粒質量3.4 g;果粉薄,果皮較厚;初始著色為紅紫色,成熟后為藍黑色。含種子2~3粒,多為3粒,種子黑褐色,無外表橫溝,種臍明顯;平均百粒質量3.16 g,長5.02 mm,寬3.97 mm,與紫秋相比種子短小,長寬比小。
2.3 生物學特性
2.3.1 物候期 在湖南,湘刺3號一般于3月下旬至4月初萌芽,4月下旬至5月上旬開花,9月中下旬果實成熟。從萌芽到成熟約170 d,從坐果到成熟約130 d,屬極晚熟品種。
2.3.2 結果性能 湘刺3號的豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性強。一般栽后第2年開始結果,每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量500~750 kg,第3年每666.7 m2平均產(chǎn)量750~1000 kg。果枝著生于結果母枝第2~10節(jié),每果枝平均結2穗果實,單穗質量最大可達250 g。
2.3.3 抗逆性與適應性 湘刺3號抗逆性較好,抗旱性強,極抗多濕土壤。田間種植病害較少,對葡萄黑痘病、葡萄白粉病、葡萄炭疽病、葡萄灰霉病等病害的抗性極強,對葡萄霜霉病抗性較差??瓜x性強,適宜栽培于湖南省各地。
3 遺傳特異性
利用9對SSR標記檢測了刺葡萄新品種湘刺3號的遺傳特異性。9對標記分別為VChr3a[6]、VVMD5[7]、VrZAG79[8]、VrZAG62[8]、VVMD28[9]、VVMD27[8]、VChr14b[6]、VVMD7[7]、VVMD25[9]。結合其他品種在這9個位點的基因型數(shù)據(jù),計算出個體間的遺傳距離,使用遺傳距離數(shù)據(jù)構建聚類圖,結果表明該品種在遺傳上是特異的,不同于其他供試刺葡萄和鮮食葡萄品種。刺葡萄新品種湘刺3號與其他刺葡萄品種或株系(包括湘刺1號、E8_7、E15_4等)聚為一類;鮮食葡萄品種(如金手指、玫瑰香、紅寶石無核、紅地球等)聚為一類,釀酒葡萄黑比諾單獨聚為一類。在刺葡萄品種或株系一類中,湘刺3號與湘刺1號有分離,該品種與特異單株E8_7及E15_4和E14_9的關系要近于湘刺1號(圖4)。
4 栽培技術要點
4.1 架式與整形
湘刺3號宜采用平棚架式栽培,栽植密度為4 m×5 m,采用單干“H”形或多主蔓棚架整形。也可采用“雙十字V形架”結合避雨棚栽培方式,以防霜霉病危害,株行距宜2 m×3 m。
4.2 肥水管理
為滿足葡萄各個生育期對養(yǎng)分的需求,采用有機肥和無機肥配合施用,在保障底肥使用充足有機肥的前提下,減少化肥的用量。有機肥充足可改善土壤團粒結構,減少果實的生理病害,提高果實品質。施肥量依目標產(chǎn)量和土壤而定。刺葡萄豐產(chǎn)性好,種植戶常會追求高產(chǎn),施肥時需要注重對土壤的改良和對根系的養(yǎng)護。在根系生長高峰期之前適當使用氨基酸、腐殖酸等肥料,促進根系的生長。
4.3 花果管理
該品種豐產(chǎn)性好,在栽培中應注重對產(chǎn)量進行控制。可以通過疏除過多花穗而定產(chǎn)。在露地栽培條件下,湘刺3號果穗松緊適中,但其果粒相對于鮮食葡萄較小,因此一般不必對單穗疏果。萌芽后應抹芽疏枝,花期以前需疏除過密枝梢,保證通風透光,減少灰霉病的發(fā)生概率。在果實發(fā)育期適當留副梢,以便在果實采收后仍可制造部分養(yǎng)分用于來年生長。
4.4 病蟲害防治
病蟲害以農(nóng)業(yè)防治為主,宜采用生物防治,注重冬季清園,消滅越冬病蟲源。選用國家允許的殺蟲劑與殺菌劑防治,農(nóng)業(yè)與化學綜合防治,防治效果好,確保生產(chǎn)出來的葡萄鮮果符合無公害果品的要求。在花期適當防治灰霉病,在全生長季重點防治霜霉病,在著色后期即小大暑期間注意防治炭疽病。
5 不同地區(qū)栽培條件下的果實品質
5.1 果實品質總體表現(xiàn)
湘刺3號在各試點均表現(xiàn)果實商品性好,果穗松緊適中,果實含糖量高,酸度低,品質好,平均可溶性固形物含量為15.2%,最大值可達16%,加工性能好(表2)。
5.2 栽培建議
筆者課題組自2010年開始對懷化市中方縣桐木鎮(zhèn)的刺葡萄類型進行調(diào)查和篩選,選出優(yōu)良單株。歷經(jīng)5 a的研究,已明確湘刺3號的生長結果習性及高效無公害栽培配套技術。研究結果表明,湘刺3號對土壤要求不嚴,適應性強,完全可以在湖南省及其他南方各省栽培。在生產(chǎn)實踐中,選擇地勢高、排水良好的地塊建園,采用深溝高壟棚架栽培;生長季節(jié)注意疏花疏果與疏枝,秋季嚴格控制副梢生長;重施有機肥,防止因土壤貧瘠缺鐵造成黃化。
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