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梨果實石細胞木質(zhì)素合成調(diào)控機制研究進展

2024-04-30 09:34王紅寶王永博王晉李勇李曉王迎濤王亞茹
果樹學報 2024年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:木質(zhì)素

王紅寶 王永博 王晉 李勇 李曉 王迎濤 王亞茹

摘? ? 要:石細胞是由木質(zhì)素沉積形成的厚壁組織細胞,是制約梨果實品質(zhì)提升的重要因素。梨果肉石細胞的形成與木質(zhì)素的生物合成、轉(zhuǎn)移和沉積密切相關(guān)。因此,探究梨果實發(fā)育過程中木質(zhì)素合成調(diào)控機制對調(diào)節(jié)石細胞形成及果實品質(zhì)改良具有重要意義??偨Y(jié)近年來與梨果實木質(zhì)素合成調(diào)控機制有關(guān)的研究,對轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、激素、糖、鈣、活性氧、光質(zhì)及花粉直感等調(diào)控因子在梨果實木質(zhì)素合成中的作用機制進行綜述,旨在為梨果實木質(zhì)素的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡深入研究及品質(zhì)改良提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:梨;石細胞;木質(zhì)素;調(diào)控機制

中圖分類號:S661.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)04-0750-14

Research progress in the regulation mechanism of lignin synthesis in pear stone cells

WANG Hongbao, WANG Yongbo, WANG Jin*, LI Yong, LI Xiao, WANG Yingtao, WANG Yaru*

(Shijiazhuang Institute of Fruit Trees, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei, China)

Abstract: Stone cells are sclerenchyma cells formed by deposition of lignin, which is the most significant factor limiting the quality of pears. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the mechanism of lignin synthesis regulation in pear fruit development for the genetic regulatory network of stone cell traits. In this paper, the mechanisms of transcriptional factors, hormones, sugars, calcium, reactive oxygen species, light quality and pollen sensitivity in lignin synthesis in pear fruits are reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the regulatory network of lignin in pear fruits and genetic improvement of fruit quality. Several transcription factors involved in lignin biosynthesis have been identified in pears, such as MYB, NAC, bZIP, KNOX and zinc finger protein, among which MYB and NAC transcription factors play key regulatory roles in lignin synthesis. Study has showed that PbrMYB169, an R2R3MYB transcription factor of Pyrus bretschneideri, positively regulates lignification of stone cells in pear fruits. On the one hand, PbrMYB24 activates the transcription of lignin and cellulose biosynthesis genes by binding to different cis-element. On the other hand, PbrMYB24 binds directly to the promoters of PbrMYB169 and PbrNSC, activating the gene expression. Moreover, both PbrMYB169 and PbrNSC activate the promoter of PbrMYB24, enhancing gene expression. Research has identified PbMYB61 and PbMYB308 as candidate transcriptional regulators of stone cell formation, revealing that PbMYB61 regulates stone cell lignin formation by binding to the AC element in the PbLAC1 promoter to upregulate expression. Exogenous application of 200 μmol·L-1 NAA can reduce stone cell content and also significantly decrease the expression level of PbrNSC encoding a transcriptional regulator. In addition, PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132 regulatory cascade mediates the biosynthesis of lignin and cellulose in stone cells of pear fruit in response to auxin signals. Research has found several hormone-responsive elements in the upstream regulatory sequences of PbPALs family members. ABA, SA and MeJA could regulate the expression of PbPAL1 and PbPAL3 genes, and affect the formation of fruit stone cells. A series of experiments have proved that PbUGT72AJ2 mediates glycosylation by catalyzing the glucose conjugation of monolignols and may affect the expression of downstream genes as well as the content of monolignols to affect the lignin deposition and stone cell development in pear fruit. The treatment of exogenous glucose has significantly enhanced the accumulation of lignin in pear calli. Expression of structural genes (PbPAL, PbHCT, PbCOMT and PbPRX) in lignin biosynthesis is up-regulated after glucose treatment. Transien expression of PbPFP has resulted in a significant increase of lignin content in Dangshansuli fruits on 35th day after full bloom (DAB) and in tobacco leaves, indicating that PbPFP might be associated with the enhancement of lignin biosynthesis in response to glucose treatment. Ca2+ is known to inhibit stone cells in pear fruits. In order to further explore how calcium-nitrate treatment affects lignin synthesis, the PbCML3 has been identified in pears and relevant experiments have been conducted to find that the overexpression of PbCML3 would increase the content of pear stone cell. Further analysis has identified a transcription factor, PuDof2.5, and its targets gene PuPRX42- like (lignin polymerase gene) expression has decreased in CaCl2-treated samples, which are involved in suppressing lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit. ROS is closely associated with lignin deposition and stone cell formation. Research has showed that PuRBOHF, an RBOH isoform, plays an important role in secondary wall formation in pear stone cells. Inhibitors of RBOH activity suppress ROS accumulation and stone cell lignification in pear fruit. Moreover, it has been showed that PuMYB169 regulates PuRBOHF expression, while PuRBOHF-derived ROS induces the transcription of PuPOD2 and PuLAC2. Research has showed that secondary cell wall thickening and lignin accumulation in pears may regulate by different wavelengths of light. It is reported that CRY-mediated blue-light signal plays an important role in cell wall lignification and promotes the formation of stone cells in pears by regulating downstream genes. Results have showed that blue light induces the expression of lignin structure genes and promotes lignin accumulation. Furthermore, four blue light receptors cryptochromes have been identified in white pear, named PbCRY1a, PbCRY1b, PbCRY2a and PbCRY2b. Previous studies have reported that pollination affects the expression of laccase gene microRNA in pear fruits, and the expression of peroxidase 47 (PER47), β-glucosidase (BGLU15) and laccase-4 (LAC4), thus affecting lignin synthesis. This finding demonstrates that pollination with different sources of pollens affects the synthesis of lignin in pear fruit on the levels of gene and protein expression.

Key words: Pear; Stone cell; Lignin; Regulation mechanism

梨(Pyrus)是中國乃至世界范圍內(nèi)重要的水果之一,爽脆可口,香甜多汁,深受消費者的喜歡[1]。梨果實品質(zhì)受多種因素的綜合影響,其中一類木質(zhì)化的厚壁組織細胞——石細胞便是重要的因素之一[2]。石細胞含量過高會導致果肉粗糙、口感低劣、硬度增加,同時也會影響梨果實糖分、有機酸、維生素含量等品質(zhì)指標[3]。石細胞由薄壁組織細胞在其初生壁上沉積木質(zhì)素等而形成。木質(zhì)素在細胞壁外層開始發(fā)生,逐步向質(zhì)膜發(fā)展,以分散顆粒狀沿纖維素微纖絲的方向分層沉積,交替排列,直到充滿整個細胞腔,形成石細胞[4]。木質(zhì)素由多個木質(zhì)素單體聚合而成,其生物合成過程由苯丙氨酸起始,經(jīng)過一系列羥基化、甲基化、連接和還原反應生成木質(zhì)素單體,木質(zhì)素單體被運送到外質(zhì)體氧化聚合形成愈創(chuàng)木基木質(zhì)素(Guaiacyl lignin,G-型木質(zhì)素)、對-羥基苯基木質(zhì)素(Hydroxy-phenyl lignin,H-木質(zhì)素)和丁香基木質(zhì)素(Syringyl lignin,S-木質(zhì)素)[5]。梨果實石細胞木質(zhì)素屬于G-S木質(zhì)素,充分發(fā)育的梨石細胞含有約40%的木質(zhì)素[6]。因此,調(diào)控木質(zhì)素的積累是降低梨果實石細胞含量的關(guān)鍵。

目前,梨果實木質(zhì)素生物合成的調(diào)控機制不斷被解析,其合成調(diào)控過程受到信號途徑、環(huán)境因素等多重因子的調(diào)控,要實現(xiàn)從分子層面抑制木質(zhì)素的合成需要更為完整的理論支撐。為此,筆者圍繞近些年梨果實木質(zhì)素生物合成調(diào)控機制研究(轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、激素、糖、鈣、活性氧、光質(zhì)、花粉直感)展開綜述,旨在為深入研究梨果實木質(zhì)素合成調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡奠定理論基礎(chǔ),為通過生物技術(shù)手段進行梨果實品質(zhì)的遺傳改良提供參考。

1 梨果實木質(zhì)素合成相關(guān)的酶基因

木質(zhì)素的生物合成由PAL、C4H、4CL、HCT、C3H、CSE、COMT、CCoAOMT、CCR等酶催化完成(表1)[7-17]。其中PAL和4CL是調(diào)控木質(zhì)素含量的關(guān)鍵酶,C3H、CCoAOMT和COMT是木質(zhì)素特異途徑中的關(guān)鍵酶,CCR、CAD和POD是木質(zhì)素單體合成及聚合的關(guān)鍵酶。PAL是木質(zhì)素代謝途徑中的關(guān)鍵酶和限速酶,位于苯丙烷代謝途徑的入口[18]。在梨果實的不同發(fā)育階段,PbPAL1和PbPAL2表現(xiàn)出與木質(zhì)素含量一致的變化趨勢,并與木質(zhì)素生物合成的關(guān)鍵基因表達模式相似,在擬南芥中過表達結(jié)果顯示隨著木質(zhì)素含量的增加,維管間纖維和木質(zhì)部細胞的細胞壁增厚[7]。作為苯丙烷代謝途徑中的第2步關(guān)鍵酶C4H,PbC4H1、PbC4H2和PbC4H3不僅可以增加維管間纖維和木質(zhì)部細胞的木質(zhì)素含量,還可以增加細胞壁厚度[8,19]。

在碭山酥梨基因組中鑒定到29個4CL基因和82個HCT基因,其中Pb4CL1和Pb4CL3可能參與了梨果實木質(zhì)素合成,PbHCT49、PbHCT50、PbHCT2、PbHCT17、PbHCT18和PbHCT85的基因表達與梨果實石細胞表達模式相符,被鑒定為參與石細胞形成的重要候選基因,4CL活性抑制和HCT基因轉(zhuǎn)錄末端序列的缺失都會導致木質(zhì)素含量降低[1,9]。Xu等[10]認為PbCSE1與木質(zhì)素沉積和石細胞形成有關(guān),過表達PbCSE1可提高梨果實木質(zhì)素含量,并且參與木質(zhì)素生物合成的相關(guān)基因的表達量也有所增加。為鑒定梨OMT基因家族,Cheng等[12]對26個OMT基因進行時空表達分析,其中PbCCOMT1和PbCCOMT3的啟動子區(qū)域都含有木質(zhì)素合成的調(diào)控基序,并且在梨果實發(fā)育過程中PbCCOMT1和PbCCOMT3的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平與石細胞和木質(zhì)素含量呈正相關(guān)。COMT主要參與S-木質(zhì)素的合成,催化G-木質(zhì)素轉(zhuǎn)化為S-木質(zhì)素,20世紀梨中COMT基因與木質(zhì)素含量呈正相關(guān),與石細胞形成有很大相關(guān)性[11]。

Cheng等[13]從梨基因組中挖掘出31個CCR基因和26個CAD基因,構(gòu)建了CCRs和CADs的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,通過實時定量聚合酶鏈式反應(qRT-PCR)明確了PbCAD2、PbCCR1、PbCCR2和PbCCR3參與了梨果實中木質(zhì)素的合成[14]。其中PbCCR1在碭山酥梨木質(zhì)素的生物合成中起著積極的作用,過表達PpCAD2具有更高的木質(zhì)素含量和CAD酶活性,CAD活性下降可以改變木質(zhì)素結(jié)構(gòu),而對木質(zhì)素總量沒有顯著影響[5]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PbrCAD1、PbrCAD20、PbrCAD27和PbrCAD31的表達模式與梨果實發(fā)育過程中石細胞含量的變化相似[15]。在Wangkumbae梨發(fā)育過程中PpPOD1與木質(zhì)素變化趨勢一致,PpPOD2、PpPOD3、PpPOD4等基因可能是梨果實中石細胞合成的關(guān)鍵基因[17]。將Pyr-miR1890的兩個靶基因PbLAC1和PbLAC14進行遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化,過表達PbLAC1可以顯著增加木質(zhì)素含量和木質(zhì)部細胞的細胞壁厚度,參與了木質(zhì)素的生物合成[16]。

2 調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素合成的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

在石細胞形成過程中,木質(zhì)素生物合成基因形成了一個復雜的網(wǎng)絡,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)節(jié)作用在其中發(fā)揮著重要作用,如MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)、NAC(NAM、ATAF和CUC)、bZIP(basic region-leucine zipper)、KNOX(Knotted1-like homebox)和鋅指蛋白(zinc-finger)等。其中MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在木質(zhì)素生物合成共表達網(wǎng)絡中數(shù)量更多,并且與木質(zhì)素通路結(jié)構(gòu)基因的連接更顯著(表2)[20-32]。

2.1 MYB

在梨中已鑒定出多個與木質(zhì)素生物合成相關(guān)的MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。通過qRT-PCR分析PbMYB的表達,鑒定出PbMYB25和PbMYB52參與梨果實發(fā)育過程中木質(zhì)素生物合成的調(diào)控[33]。R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子作為MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中最大的一類,在梨基因組中已鑒定出104個,其中有28個被認為是參與木質(zhì)素生物合成途徑的調(diào)控因子[34]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在梨果肉愈傷組織和擬南芥花序莖中過表達PbrMYB24,可顯著提高木質(zhì)素、纖維素含量,增厚次生細胞細胞壁。雙熒光素酶試驗、酵母單雜交試驗和EMSA表明,PbrMYB24通過結(jié)合不同的順式作用元件(AC-Ⅰ,AC-Ⅱ和MBS)直接激活木質(zhì)素和纖維素合成基因的表達。此外,PbrMYB24可以調(diào)控PbrNSC和PbrMYB169的表達,同時也能被PbrNSC和PbrMYB169所激活,形成的層級調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡協(xié)同調(diào)控石細胞中木質(zhì)素和纖維素合成[20]。

PbrMYB169是木質(zhì)素生物合成激活型轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可通過選擇性識別啟動子中的AC-原件(ACCTAACC)結(jié)合,顯著激活木質(zhì)素代謝相關(guān)8個結(jié)構(gòu)基因(C3H1、CCR1、CCOMT2、CAD、4CL1、4CL2、HCT2和LAC18)啟動子活性,引起木質(zhì)素沉積。在轉(zhuǎn)基因擬南芥中,過表達PbrMYB169可有效增強木質(zhì)素基因的表達,促進木質(zhì)素沉積和增加細胞壁厚度,但未改變丁香基和愈創(chuàng)木酰基木質(zhì)素單體的比例[21]。這與PbBZR1相反,PbBZR1抑制木質(zhì)素生物合成基因PbCOMT3和phbhct6啟動子的活性,并且在梨果實中短暫沉默PbBZR1增加木質(zhì)素含量,誘導15個木質(zhì)素生物合成基因的表達[24]。宋林艷[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)PbMYB140受上游調(diào)控因子PbMYB46和PbMYB83的激活調(diào)控,PbMYB83也可間接促進木質(zhì)素生物合成。

參與次生細胞壁合成和木質(zhì)素生物合成調(diào)節(jié)的MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是高度保守的。通過瞬時過表達和基因沉默以及穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)化蘋果愈傷組織,發(fā)現(xiàn)PbMYB61可以促進木質(zhì)素的生物合成,PbMYB308具有相反的作用。進一步的試驗結(jié)果表明,PbMYB61通過與PbLAC1啟動子中的AC元件結(jié)合上調(diào)表達來調(diào)節(jié)石細胞中木質(zhì)素的形成。然而,PbMYB308通過與PbMYB61結(jié)合形成不能激活PbLAC1表達的二聚體來負調(diào)節(jié)石細胞木質(zhì)素合成。由此闡明了PbMYB308-PbMYB61-PbLAC1模塊參與梨石細胞中木質(zhì)素的生物合成的分子機制[23]。

2.2 NAC、bZIP、KNOX

Wang等[25]通過整合木質(zhì)素纖維素共表達網(wǎng)絡和梨果實石細胞eQTL圖譜,在206個梨品種中發(fā)現(xiàn)了與AtNST1/2/3相關(guān)的NAC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,鑒定出一個NAC候選轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PbrNSC(NAC stone cell promoting factor)。研究證實PbrNSC可以通過激活PbrMYB169、Pbr4CL4和PbrLAC4啟動子發(fā)揮調(diào)控功能,促進梨果實石細胞形成和木質(zhì)素沉積。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)PbrNSC蛋白C端存在兩個保守的LP和WQ結(jié)構(gòu)域,突變?nèi)魏我粋€保守結(jié)構(gòu)域都會影響PbrNSC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子對下游基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控作用,從而影響PbrNSC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子正向調(diào)控次生細胞壁合成的生物學功能。Gong等[26]采用轉(zhuǎn)錄組學、蛋白質(zhì)組學和代謝組學等手段,構(gòu)建了梨果實內(nèi)石細胞與維管束的分布規(guī)律模型。通過共表達網(wǎng)絡和基因表達模式分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子PbbZIP48,該轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因在果核附近高度表達,通過激活PbC3H1和PbCCOMT2的轉(zhuǎn)錄,促進了果核附近薄壁細胞的木質(zhì)化,導致石細胞的大量形成。同時研究顯示,PbbZIP48通過與PbC3H1和PbCCOMT2啟動子區(qū)域的G-box(ACGTG)基序結(jié)合促進兩者表達量上調(diào)。KNOX基因家族中的BP(brevipedicellus,BP)在木質(zhì)素代謝和細胞壁發(fā)育中起負調(diào)控作用。Cheng等[27]在梨基因組中鑒定出18個非重復的KNOX基因,主要分布在STM-like、BP-like、KNAT2/6-like、KNAT7-like和KNAT3-5-like亞家族中。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹聚類和序列比對表明,PbKNOX1與擬南芥BP基因是梨同源基因。同時研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PbKNOX1作為木質(zhì)素代謝的負調(diào)節(jié)因子,其過表達不僅使導管細胞次生細胞壁厚度降低了約19%,木質(zhì)素含量降低約13%,還可以下調(diào)木質(zhì)素代謝途徑中多個關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)基因(C4H、C3H、HCT、CCOMT、CCR、F5H、COMT和CAD)的表達,抑制石細胞木質(zhì)化。

2.3 其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子

植物同源結(jié)構(gòu)域(plant homeodomain,PHD)是鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域家族的一類轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,廣泛參與植物的生長發(fā)育過程。Cao等[28]利用qRT-PCR技術(shù)鑒定了梨果實中10個表達的PHD-finger基因,其中PbPHD10被鑒定為調(diào)控木質(zhì)素合成的重要候選基因。IDD(indeterminate domain)家族蛋白編碼作為鋅指蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之一,也參與梨果實木質(zhì)素合成。如PbIDD3和PbIDD5被推斷參與了梨果實木質(zhì)素代謝和次生細胞壁的形成[29]。TCP(teosinte branched1,cycloidea,and proliferating cell factor family)蛋白是植物特有的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,參與調(diào)節(jié)次生細胞壁的形成和程序性細胞死亡[35]。根據(jù)碭山酥梨不同發(fā)育階段表達模式分析,表明PbTCP14和PbTCP15與果實木質(zhì)素的積累模式和石細胞含量趨勢一致,這兩個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可能參與了梨果實石細胞形成過程中次生細胞壁的增厚[30]。

除轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控外,許多小分子RNA(microRNA,miRNA)能夠參與調(diào)節(jié)次生細胞壁合成過程中的木質(zhì)化。PbrmiR397a已被證明通過轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控PbrLAC抑制漆酶基因表達,從而調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素沉積,最終降低果實石細胞含量;研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)了PbrmiR397a啟動子區(qū)域與石細胞含量相關(guān)的重要SNP位點,為開發(fā)分子檢測標記和輔助育種奠定了基礎(chǔ)[31]。Zhang等[32]通過全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究,鑒定出一個與梨石細胞發(fā)育相關(guān)的新基因PbrSTONE,通過梨果實的瞬時轉(zhuǎn)化和擬南芥的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)化驗證,發(fā)現(xiàn)PbrSTONE可以調(diào)控梨果實石細胞和木質(zhì)素的形成,并明確了其與木質(zhì)素合成通路中關(guān)鍵基因PbrC3H存在互作關(guān)系,從而協(xié)同調(diào)控石細胞組分木質(zhì)素的合成機制。

3 調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素合成的信號途徑

梨果實木質(zhì)素的合成調(diào)控是一個復雜的生物學過程,不僅直接受酶基因的影響,調(diào)節(jié)基因所編碼的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也可通過激活或抑制結(jié)構(gòu)基因的表達,間接調(diào)控木質(zhì)素的積累水平。同時與激素、糖、鈣、光質(zhì)等信號途徑和環(huán)境因素密切相關(guān)(表3)[36-48]。

3.1 激素

3.1.1 生長素 生長素上調(diào)小RNA(small auxin-up RNA,SAUR)是生長素快速響應的基因,促進形成層活性,導致富含木質(zhì)素的維管組織發(fā)育,進而調(diào)控木質(zhì)素的積累[49]。碭山酥梨中共鑒定出116個SAUR基因,篩選出PbrSAUR13和PbrSAUR52兩個關(guān)鍵基因。通過對39 d碭山酥梨果實的瞬時轉(zhuǎn)化和草莓的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)化體系,發(fā)現(xiàn)PbrSAUR52主要促進石細胞和木質(zhì)素的合成積累,而PbrSAUR13抑制石細胞和木質(zhì)素的合成積累[36]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外施200 μmol·L-1萘乙酸(NAA)可降低梨果實石細胞的含量,同時降低轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子PbrNSC的表達量。PbrNSC能夠直接結(jié)合生長素響應因子PbrARF13,過表達PbrARF13可顯著降低梨果實中的石細胞含量;而利用病毒誘導的基因沉默(VIGS)抑制PbrARF13的表達,表型則相反。從而明確了PbrARF13可直接與PbrNSC的啟動子結(jié)合并抑制其表達,降低石細胞含量。此外,通過石細胞形成相關(guān)基因的共表達網(wǎng)絡分析,PbrNSC被確定為PbrMYB132的上游調(diào)控因子,PbrMYB132能夠與纖維素合成酶基因(PbrCESA4b/7a/8a)和木質(zhì)素合成基因(PbrLAC5)的啟動子結(jié)合,激活其表達,促進纖維素和木質(zhì)素的合成。由此,PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132調(diào)控級聯(lián)能夠響應生長素信號,調(diào)控梨果實石細胞中纖維素和木質(zhì)素的生物合成[37]。

3.1.2 其他激素 脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)和水楊酸(salicylic acid,SA)等外源激素可通過影響木質(zhì)素生物合成途徑關(guān)鍵基因表達和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,顯著抑制梨果肉石細胞的木質(zhì)化。Li等[7]在PbPALs家族成員的上游調(diào)控序列中發(fā)現(xiàn)了多個響應激素的元件,其中PbPAL1只含有ABA反應元件(ABA response element,ABRE),PbPAL3含有ABA響應元件ABRE、MeJA響應元件(MeJA response element,JARE)和SA響應元件(SA response,TCA),并且在PbPAL1和PbPAL3上游2000 bp啟動子序列中發(fā)現(xiàn)了AC元件,故推測ABA、SA和MeJA可以通過調(diào)節(jié)PbPAL1和PbPAL3基因表達,進而影響梨果實石細胞的形成。

PbKNOX啟動子含有TCA、CGTCA基序和ABRE等激素響應元件,SA通過誘導microRNA的表達可以調(diào)節(jié)梨果實木質(zhì)素合成和石細胞發(fā)育[31]。由此推斷,SA、ABA和MeJA可能直接或間接調(diào)節(jié)PbKNOXs的表達,從而影響石細胞的形成。大多數(shù)PbRBOH啟動子含有大量與激素相關(guān)的元件,研究表明3種激素(SA、ABA和MeJA)處理梨果實后,大多數(shù)PbRBOHs在短時間內(nèi)被轉(zhuǎn)錄誘導,對PbRBOHs的表達有顯著影響。值得注意的是,10種PbRBOH啟動子中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)SA應答元件。然而,在SA處理的果實中,PbRBOHI的表達水平仍然發(fā)生了變化。這可能是各種植物激素之間相互作用、相互誘導的結(jié)果[50]。

此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ABA處理后梨果實中PbC4Hs的表達量先升高后降低,而MeJA處理后PbC4Hs的表達水平顯著升高。經(jīng)SA處理后,梨果實中PbC4H1和PbC4H2表達水平升高,PbC4H3表達水平下降[8]。因此,適當?shù)纳L素和細胞分裂素配比可以抑制木質(zhì)素的合成。這些結(jié)果為梨果生產(chǎn)提供了重要的指導,可以通過噴施外源激素來調(diào)節(jié)梨果實木質(zhì)素代謝的強度,從而不同程度地抑制石細胞的形成,改善果實品質(zhì)。

3.2 糖

木質(zhì)素的代謝過程主要包括木質(zhì)素單體的生物合成、運輸和聚合。木質(zhì)素單體合成過程中通常會發(fā)生糖基化修飾,糖基化可以提升木質(zhì)素單體的溶解度和穩(wěn)定性,有利于木質(zhì)素單體的運輸和儲存[51]。從木質(zhì)素單體到木質(zhì)素單體糖苷的轉(zhuǎn)化需要尿苷二磷酸糖基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase,UGT)的參與。PbUGT72AJ2基因參與木質(zhì)素單體糖基化[38],重組蛋白PbUGT72AJ2-pGEX4T-1能夠催化梨果實中木質(zhì)素單體轉(zhuǎn)化為木質(zhì)素單體糖苷。Wang等[39]研究了PbUGT72A2轉(zhuǎn)錄在梨果實中的定位,并分析了PbUGT72AJ2的酶促反應動力。通過梨果實瞬時轉(zhuǎn)化驗證,在梨果實中過表達PbUGT72AJ2,木質(zhì)素和石細胞含量幾乎沒有變化,而沉默該基因則顯著增加木質(zhì)素和石細胞含量。由此,PbUGT72AJ2通過催化木質(zhì)素單體的葡萄糖偶聯(lián)介導糖基化,影響下游基因的表達以及木質(zhì)素單體的含量,從而影響梨果實木質(zhì)素沉積和石細胞發(fā)育。

木質(zhì)素單體糖苷被運送到細胞壁的特定部位,之后木質(zhì)素開始去糖基化,在β-葡萄糖苷酶的作用下水解為木質(zhì)素單木質(zhì)素醇,最終形成木質(zhì)素[51]。β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidases,BGLU)去糖基化功能在木質(zhì)素單體轉(zhuǎn)運中起著重要作用。Wang等[40]篩選到3個可能參與木質(zhì)素合成的候選基因PbBGLU1、PbBGLU15和PbBGLU16,其中PbBGLU1和PbBGLU16轉(zhuǎn)錄主要位于梨果實木質(zhì)素沉積區(qū)和石細胞區(qū),過表達PbBGLU1和PbBGLU16后,梨果實中木質(zhì)素和石細胞含量顯著增加,而沉默PbBGLU1和PbBGLU16后,與對照組之間木質(zhì)素和石細胞的含量沒有顯著差異。

葡萄糖作為木質(zhì)素生物合成的重要碳源,其代謝與苯丙烷代謝途徑密切相關(guān)。外源葡萄糖可以激活葡萄糖信號通路并調(diào)節(jié)其下游代謝活動,通過上調(diào)苯丙烷通路相關(guān)基因(PbPAL、PbHCT、PbCOMT、PbPRX)的表達誘導苯丙烷化合物的產(chǎn)生[52]。Jiao等[41]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),碭山酥梨果實發(fā)育早期果糖-6-磷酸-1-磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶(fructose-6-phosphate-1-phosphoric acid,PFP)基因的表達模式與木質(zhì)素含量的變化趨勢一致,通過驗證,PbPFP正調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素生物合成。此外還觀察到葡萄糖信號與激素信號之間的廣泛串擾,特別是與ABA、GA和SA信號的串接。Pbr016851.1、Pbr002006.1和Pbr035515.1作為AtMYB52的同源基因,在葡萄糖處理的愈傷組織中表達上調(diào),說明葡萄糖反應性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控在葡萄糖介導木質(zhì)素生物合成中發(fā)揮著重要作用。因此,研究葡萄糖反應轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如何感知葡萄糖信號并調(diào)控下游苯丙烷通路基因是非常有前景和意義的。

3.3 鈣

鈣離子(Ca2+)作為細胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導的第二信使,在調(diào)節(jié)細胞壁形成、木質(zhì)素合成和活性氧代謝等方面發(fā)揮著重要的生理作用[53],這暗示木質(zhì)素代謝和石細胞的形成與鈣有關(guān)。

外源鈣通過促進鈣信號轉(zhuǎn)導和上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控木質(zhì)素生物合成,從而增加梨果實中石細胞含量[54]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),0.1%的硝酸鈣能夠減少木質(zhì)素含量,0.5%的硝酸鈣處理后,梨愈傷組織中木質(zhì)素含量和次生代謝物的積累顯著增加,愈傷組織呈現(xiàn)褐色和暗沉。同時研究證明,大量差異表達基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)的次級代謝途徑基因(CML、CAM、CDPK、CBL和CIPK)和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可提供外源鈣調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡,引起代謝途徑的改變,導致梨愈傷組織中木質(zhì)素的積累。其中類鈣調(diào)蛋白(calmodulin-like protein,CML)作為Ca2+的主要感受器,可通過調(diào)節(jié)下游靶蛋白的活性來調(diào)節(jié)多種細胞功能[55]。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合qRT-PCR分析發(fā)現(xiàn),PbrCML表達狀況與鈣處理后的愈傷組織變化趨勢一致,過表達PbCML3可以促進梨果實中木質(zhì)素代謝,顯著增加其石細胞含量,驗證發(fā)現(xiàn)PbCML3基因極可能作為轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白參與調(diào)控某些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子從而間接調(diào)控木質(zhì)素的生物合成[42],但CML對木質(zhì)素含量的具體調(diào)控機制有待進一步研究。果面噴施5% CaCl2可以降低新高梨果實中PRX的活性,從而抑制果實木質(zhì)素的合成[56]。外施CaCl2可顯著抑制黃金梨中PAL、CAD和PRX的活性,且PpCAD1和PpCAD2基因的表達下調(diào),影響石細胞形成[57]。

Dof(DNA Binding With One Zinc Finger)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在木質(zhì)素沉積中是一個正向調(diào)節(jié)因子[58]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CaCl2處理南果梨果實后,其內(nèi)源Ca2+水平升高,PuDof2.5表達量下降。PuDof2.5作為轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子,與木質(zhì)素生物合成基因PuPRX42-like啟動子結(jié)合并抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄;因此,PRX活性降低,木質(zhì)素的生物合成受到抑制,石細胞含量和密度降低。而過表達PuDof2.5可上調(diào)PuPRX42-like表達水平,增強PRX酶活性,顯著加速木質(zhì)素積累和石細胞形成[43]。梨果實發(fā)育早期葉面噴施2%的CaCl2,不僅可以提高果實貯藏期間Ca/N和Ca/K的比值,而且可以降低梨果實的硬度和木質(zhì)素含量,抑制“鐵頭病”的發(fā)生[59]。

3.4 活性氧

活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)作為信號分子在植物細胞木質(zhì)化過程中發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用。ROS迸發(fā)主要由呼吸爆發(fā)氧化酶(respiratory burst oxidase homologue,RBOH,又稱NADPH氧化酶)產(chǎn)生,參與梨果實石細胞的木質(zhì)化過程[60]。前人研究表明,PbRBOHA、PbRBOHB和PbRBOHD在梨果實中轉(zhuǎn)錄本豐度較高,其中PbRBOHA和PbRBOHD的表達趨勢與梨果實石細胞含量一致,且亞細胞定位顯示PbRBOHA和PbRBOHD分布在質(zhì)膜上,結(jié)合超氧化物含量的變化和時空表達分析,推定PbRBOHA和PbRBOHD參與了石細胞形成過程中ROS代謝活動[46]。梨果實中的木質(zhì)素單體由PbUGT72AJ1、PbUGT72AJ2和PbUGT72AK1催化形成木質(zhì)素糖苷,然后通過膜轉(zhuǎn)運到細胞壁沉積,在PbDIR4的催化下形成木質(zhì)素低聚物。最后,POD和LAC利用RBOH(PbRBOHA和PbRBOHD)和SOD產(chǎn)生的ROS和O2催化木質(zhì)素聚合物鏈的伸長[16]。

隨著研究的深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)RBOH亞型PuRBOHF在梨果實石細胞次生壁形成中起重要作用。Wang等[47]利用共聚焦顯微鏡和透射電鏡觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)ROS與細胞壁木質(zhì)化之間的空間一致性。此外,石細胞木質(zhì)化可被RBOH抑制劑二苯基氯化碘鹽(diphenyleneiodonium chloride,DPI)所抑制,在生理水平上證明了RBOH介導的ROS對梨果木質(zhì)素生物合成的關(guān)鍵作用。PuRBOHF過表達的梨果實和愈傷組織的木質(zhì)素含量顯著高于對照,而PuRBOHF沉默則抑制了木質(zhì)素的積累。在此基礎(chǔ)上,PuRBOHF可被PuMYB169激活,并通過產(chǎn)生ROS調(diào)控木質(zhì)素合成相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)基因(PuPOD2、PuLAC2)的轉(zhuǎn)錄。這是首次揭示PuRBOHF基因參與梨果實木質(zhì)素代謝的分子機制。

Li等[48]研究了11種PbSODs在梨不同發(fā)育時期、不同品種和不同激素處理下的表達模式,發(fā)現(xiàn)PbCSD3的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平與木質(zhì)素含量變化一致,其表達量在成熟期先升高后降低,結(jié)合時空表達結(jié)果表明,PbCSD3是梨果實石細胞木質(zhì)化過程中活性氧代謝的候選基因。研究證明,石細胞形成是一個活性氧誘導的程序性細胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)的過程,石細胞分化時期、ROS的積累與PCD重疊[61]。高表達的細胞死亡相關(guān)基因和蛋白(AED3-like、MC1-like、ACD11-like)表達模式與ROS相關(guān)基因一致,其早期表達更豐富,后期下調(diào)[62]。

3.5 光質(zhì)

光質(zhì)對木質(zhì)素沉積具有重要影響,作為木質(zhì)素生物合成途徑中的第一個限速酶,PAL受藍光、紫外線和遠紅光調(diào)控[63]。藍光對梨果實木質(zhì)化具有正向調(diào)控作用,有研究表明其主要通過調(diào)控MYB、NAC等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子發(fā)揮作用。在藍光處理下PbMYB103在不同梨果實發(fā)育時期、不同梨品種呈現(xiàn)高表達,PbMYB103可能是響應藍光的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[44]。

隱花色素(cryptochromes,CRYs)介導的藍光信號已被證明參與了次生細胞壁增厚與光周期調(diào)控開花[64-65]。Wang等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)藍光增強了梨愈傷組織中4CL1、4CL2、COMT、CES、LAC7等木質(zhì)素合成相關(guān)基因的表達,促進了木質(zhì)素的積累。此外,在白梨中鑒定出4種藍光受體CRY,分別為PbCRY1a、PbCRY1b、PbCRY2a和PbCRY2b,其中PbCRY1a、PbCRY1b與AtCRY1密切相關(guān)。同時證實了PbCRY1a作為木質(zhì)素沉積的上游信號,通過激活基于NAC-MYB的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)節(jié)下游基因的表達促進石細胞木質(zhì)化。由此,CRY介導的藍光信號在梨果實細胞壁木質(zhì)化過程中起重要作用,并通過調(diào)控下游基因促進梨果實石細胞的形成。

迄今為止,關(guān)于光調(diào)控梨果實中木質(zhì)素生物合成作用的研究主要集中在生理方面,如不同顏色果袋對果實品質(zhì)的影響。研究表明光質(zhì)可以通過影響PAL、C4H、4CL等光誘導酶調(diào)控木質(zhì)素的生物合成,綠色透光果袋抑制PbNAC83a的表達,促進PbNAC83f和PbNAC91a的表達。橙色透光果袋促進PbNAC83a、PbNAC83f和PbNAC91a的表達。PbNAC83a表達量受光質(zhì)影響與木質(zhì)素含量的變化趨勢一致,其基因表達可能是受紅光促進、藍光抑制[66]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TCP基因和COBRA基因參與了次生細胞壁的形成,其中PbTCP10,PbCOBL1、3、12、13、14在果實中高表達,其啟動子的順式作用元件含有光響應元件,參與了光周期調(diào)控,進而調(diào)節(jié)石細胞的形成[30,45]。此外,光響應元件如Box4、GATA-motif、GT1-motif也存在于RBOH啟動子中,說明套袋處理改變梨果實木質(zhì)素和石細胞含量可能與RBOH的轉(zhuǎn)錄有關(guān)[50]。Wang等[67]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)無紡布套袋梨果實,通過下調(diào)苯丙烷生物合成相關(guān)DEGs抑制茌梨梨果皮木質(zhì)素合成,進而減小果實皮孔直徑,并推斷果皮木質(zhì)素含量可能與套袋透光性、光合速率及波長有關(guān),而造成這些影響的具體機制需要進一步探索。

4 花粉直感

不同品種授粉后,梨樹花粉能直接影響當年內(nèi)母本果實品質(zhì),果實硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和石細胞數(shù)量等與木質(zhì)素含量相關(guān)的性狀,也表現(xiàn)出明顯的花粉直感現(xiàn)象[68]。Yan等[69]以鴨梨和圓黃對碭山酥梨授粉,果實石細胞含量表現(xiàn)出顯著的花粉直感現(xiàn)象,以鴨梨授粉的果實石細胞團的數(shù)量和聚合度較高,細胞壁的致密性更強,但兩者授粉的梨果實石細胞團形成過程是一致的,說明梨果實的父本花粉直感現(xiàn)象表現(xiàn)具有階段性。此外,一些初級代謝物和木質(zhì)素合成中間代謝物也參與了花粉調(diào)控木質(zhì)素代謝和石細胞形成,使用OPIS-DA模型分析授粉后47 d和64 d的碭山酥梨果實的初級代謝物和木質(zhì)素合成中間代謝物,發(fā)現(xiàn)授粉通過影響糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸和香豆酸含量調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素合成[70]。由此可推斷,花粉影響了梨果實中苯丙氨酸的合成,進而調(diào)控了木質(zhì)素的合成。不同授粉品種對梨果實發(fā)育過程中果肉、種子內(nèi)源激素含量及相關(guān)酶活性都具有重要影響[71]。

microRNA通過糖酸代謝和激素信號傳導等途徑廣泛參與梨果實發(fā)育和果實品質(zhì)的調(diào)控,其中microRNA受花粉直感現(xiàn)象的影響,參與調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素代謝和石細胞形成[72]。已有研究報道,不同授粉品種顯著影響梨果實木質(zhì)素代謝相關(guān)基因和蛋白質(zhì)的表達,例如授粉影響果實漆酶基因microRNA的表達[73],過氧化物酶47(PER47)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGLU15)以及漆酶4(LAC4)的表達[74],間接調(diào)控木質(zhì)素沉積,最終影響梨果實石細胞的形成,但花粉直感以何種方式調(diào)節(jié)microRNA表達進而影響果實石細胞形成需進一步探索。

5 總結(jié)與展望

梨果實木質(zhì)素生物合成的調(diào)控過程復雜,涉及多層面、多因子的協(xié)同作用。目前,MYB、bZIP、NAC及KNOX類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子都參與了梨果實木質(zhì)素生物合成的調(diào)控,Trihelix[75]、LIM[76]和LTF1[77]類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子同樣在木質(zhì)素合成調(diào)控中起到了關(guān)鍵作用。單獨研究某個或少數(shù)幾個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子不足以揭示木質(zhì)素生物合成的巨大調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡,基于NAC-MYB的基因調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(NAC-MYB-GRN)模型被廣泛認為是支撐木質(zhì)素生物合成的基礎(chǔ)[78],并且已被證明參與梨石細胞的木質(zhì)化過程。另外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PbMYB308-PbMYB61-PbLAC1模塊參與梨石細胞中木質(zhì)素的生物合成[23];PbrARF13-PbrNSC-PbrMYB132級聯(lián)能夠響應生長素信號,調(diào)控梨果實石細胞中的纖維素和木質(zhì)素生物合成[37],其他復合調(diào)控家族參與木質(zhì)素合成的報道較少。

當前對梨果實木質(zhì)素合成的單一信號途徑的調(diào)控研究較多,多信號調(diào)控的交叉調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡的研究較少。激素、糖、鈣和活性氧等是影響木質(zhì)素合成的重要信號調(diào)控因子。此外,可能存在其他信號因子參與調(diào)控梨果實木質(zhì)素的生物合成,譬如短肽信號[79]、受體激酶[80]、泛素化和其他響應對木質(zhì)素的沉積等。這些信號因子是否存在時空特異性與相互影響,對梨果實木質(zhì)素生物合成的調(diào)控作用及分子機制,仍有待進一步闡明。據(jù)報道,區(qū)域生態(tài)、樹形等外部因素及梨樹的脫萼生物學功能與木質(zhì)素沉積也具有相關(guān)性[81]。隨著DNA/RNA甲基化測序、MicroRNA測序和CHIP-Seq等前沿技術(shù)的引入,以及多組學聯(lián)合應用和CRISPR-Cas9技術(shù)的不斷優(yōu)化[82],得以構(gòu)建完整的木質(zhì)素合成調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡來闡明調(diào)控梨果實中木質(zhì)素生物合成的分子機制,實現(xiàn)梨果實木質(zhì)素合成和石細胞形成的精準調(diào)控,提高梨果實品質(zhì)。

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