張若彤 李蒙 齊一鳴 王曉萍 孫志超
摘? ? 要:【目的】探究桑葚發(fā)育過程中可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸代謝及轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)水平,揭示桑葚品質(zhì)形成的分子機(jī)制。【方法】以青果期(W1)、轉(zhuǎn)色期(W2)、成熟期(W3)白色桑葚為試驗(yàn)材料,分別測定3個(gè)階段可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸含量及轉(zhuǎn)錄組變化,并基于轉(zhuǎn)錄組與代謝組聯(lián)合分析揭示調(diào)控可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸代謝的分子機(jī)制?!窘Y(jié)果】共檢測到64種代謝物,其中有機(jī)酸52種、可溶性糖12種。分析發(fā)現(xiàn),蔗糖、葡萄糖和D-果糖為桑葚中主要可溶性糖類物質(zhì),蘋果酸、檸檬酸和琥珀酸為桑葚中主要有機(jī)酸類物質(zhì)。轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序共獲得58.65 Gb Clean Data,差異基因分析發(fā)現(xiàn)W3 vs W1組獲得的差異基因數(shù)量最多為9098個(gè)。而KEGG富集分析表明,W2 vs W1和W3 vs W2組中差異基因富集到與糖酸代謝相關(guān)的通路,主要為淀粉和蔗糖代謝及三羧酸循環(huán)通路,在W2 vs W1組中有52個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到淀粉和蔗糖代謝,27個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到檸檬酸循環(huán),在W3 vs W2組中有27個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到淀粉和蔗糖代謝。代謝組和轉(zhuǎn)錄組關(guān)聯(lián)分析表明,NINV、HK、CS、ACO、MDH和ICDH是桑葚糖酸積累的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因。熒光定量分析(qRT-PCR)表明,關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期表達(dá)上調(diào),與轉(zhuǎn)錄組中表達(dá)趨勢一致?!窘Y(jié)論】基因NINV、HK、CS、ACO、MDH和ICDH在桑葚成熟中可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸的合成與代謝中具有重要調(diào)控作用,初步揭示了桑葚口感變化的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。
關(guān)鍵詞:桑葚;代謝組;轉(zhuǎn)錄組;可溶性糖;有機(jī)酸
中圖分類號(hào):S663.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)04-0690-13
Transcriptome and metabolome combined analysis metabolism change of soluble sugars and organic acids in mulberry fruit during development stages
ZHANG Ruotong, LI Meng, QI Yiming, WANG Xiaoping, SUN Zhichao*
(Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Through the systematic study of the metabolism and molecular mechanism of sugar and organic acids, the mechanism of fruit taste formation was well revealed. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of soluble sugar and organic acid and transcriptome expression levels during the development of mulberry (Morus alba) in order to reveal the molecular mechanism of fruit quality formation of mulberry. 【Methods】 White mulberry fruits were used as experimental materials at greening stage (W1), transforming stage (W2) and ripening stage (W3) . The content and transcriptome of the soluble sugar and organic acid at three stages were determined separately, and the molecular mechanism of regulation of the soluble sugar and organic acid metabolism were analyzed based on the combination of transcriptome and metabolome. By exploring the key differential genes regulating the synthesis and metabolism of the soluble sugar and organic acid during mulberry ripening, the metabolic network was proposed to elucidate the influence of fruit development on the metabolism of the soluble sugar and organic acid. The UPLC-MS/ MS targeted metabolomics method was used to detect the changes of metabolites at 3 developmental stages, and the Cluster analysis was performed on the obtained different substances. The expression of the differential genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR and the obtained differential genes were further analyzed through KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathway enrichment analysis. 【Results】 A total of 64 metabolites were detected, including 52 organic acids and 12 soluble sugars. According to the cluster analysis of different substances, the results showed that there were obvious changes in sugar and acid metabolism during the mulberry fruit development. Through the data analysis, it was found that the sucrose, glucose and D-fructose were the main soluble sugars in mulberry fruits, and their contents continued to increase during the development of mulberry fruits, and reached a peak at W3. The malic acid, citric acid and succinic acid were the main organic acids in mulberry fruits. According to the assembly analysis of the transcriptome sequencing data of the mulberry samples at different developmental stages, a total of 58.65 Gb was obtained. The differential gene analysis of gene expression at different developmental stages showed that W3 vs W1 group had the largest number of differential genes, reaching 9098. The Venn map was drawn for the 3 different genes in comparison combinations, among them 762 genes were expressed in common. The W3 vs W1 group contained the largest number of the unique differential genes, with 2836 differential genes. The second group was W2 vs W1 with 499 unique differential genes, and the least group was W3 vs W2 with 195 unique differential genes. The results showed that transcription and translation of a large number of genes were activated at the beginning of fruit development, while transcription and translation of some genes were inhibited at maturity. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differential genes in W2 vs W1 and W3 vs W2 groups were enriched into carbohydrate-related metabolic pathways, which were mainly starch and sucrose metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways. In the W2 vs W1 group, 52 upregulated differential genes were enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism, and 27 upregulated differential genes were enriched in the citric acid cycle. In the W3 vs W2 group, 27 upregulated differential genes were enriched for the starch and sucrose metabolism. Combined with the differential gene identification, correlation analysis and common KEGG pathway analysis of the differential genes and differential metabolites related to soluble sugar and organic acid metabolism were carried out, there were significant differences in the expression of some candidate genes related to the soluble sugar and organic acid metabolism in mulberry. In this study, four differentially expressed SUSY genes were detected, and their expression levels were high in the early stage of fruit development, but significantly decreased with fruit development; three differentially expressed NINV genes were detected, and their expression increased with the development of fruit. Two differentially expressed FRK genes were identified, which were highly expressed at the early stage of fruit development; one differentially expressed HK gene was identified, and its expression gradually increased with the fruit development. In addition, this study also found that the expression of the two MDH genes increased during fruit ripening, and the expression of the MDH was significantly correlated with malic acid content. These results indicated that these genes play a significant role in the regulation of mulberry maturation. The metabolome and transcriptome association analysis showed that the NINV, HK, CS, ACO, MDH and ICDH were the key regulatory genes of saccharic acid accumulation in mulberry. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of key regulatory genes was up-regulated at different developmental stages, which was consistent with the expression trend in the transcriptome. The TCA cycle was promoted in the ripening process of mulberry fruits, and then affected the change of the organic acid content, and the change of the organic acid content ultimately affected the taste difference of the fruits. 【Conclusion】 The NINV, HK, CS, ACO, MDH and ICDH would play important regulatory roles in the synthesis and metabolism of the soluble sugars and organic acids during mulberry maturation, which initially revealed the biological basis of mulberry taste change. The rich metabolites and differential genes identified will not only provide a lot of information for high-quality genetic improvement of mulberry, but also provide valuable reference for other mulberry crops.
Key words: Mulberry; Metabolome; Transcriptome; Soluble sugars; Organic acids
桑樹是??疲∕oraceae)桑屬(Morus)多年生木本植物,廣泛分布在亞洲亞熱帶區(qū)域(包括韓國、日本、中國和印度)、北美和非洲,中國是世界桑樹種類最多的國家[1-2]。桑葚為桑樹的果實(shí),其具有較高的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值,部分桑葚品種被用作傳統(tǒng)的中草藥。桑葚中富含黃酮、有機(jī)酸、酚酸、糖醇、氨基酸和多羥基生物堿等多種生物活性化合物,與沙棘、懸鉤子一起被譽(yù)為“第三代水果”[3-4]。近年來國內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注基于桑葚代謝組學(xué)的相關(guān)研究,桑葚中含有大量的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),包括可溶性糖、氨基酸、有機(jī)酸含量等理化指標(biāo),且這些理化指標(biāo)對(duì)桑葚的代謝途徑產(chǎn)生重要影響,進(jìn)而影響桑葚的生長發(fā)育全過程[5]。而目前關(guān)于桑葚可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸代謝分子機(jī)制的研究卻少有報(bào)道。
甜度是水果感官質(zhì)量評(píng)估中的一個(gè)重要特征,由果實(shí)的代謝物組成決定,例如糖和有機(jī)酸[6]。在大多數(shù)水果中,蔗糖是決定果實(shí)品質(zhì)的主要成分[7-8]。在甜瓜果實(shí)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),蔗糖積累是甜瓜果實(shí)中一個(gè)受發(fā)育調(diào)控的過程,經(jīng)歷了果實(shí)生長早期到蔗糖積累階段的代謝轉(zhuǎn)變,其中涉及十幾種酶促反應(yīng)[9]。此外,糖與有機(jī)酸的比例對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)有顯著影響[10]。一般來說,果實(shí)中有機(jī)酸的代謝是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的生理過程,有機(jī)酸的含量是由酸合成與降解的平衡決定的[11]。迄今為止,利用轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序、基因組和功能分析對(duì)水果中蔗糖和有機(jī)酸積累進(jìn)行了大量研究,其中大多數(shù)研究只關(guān)注少數(shù)酶的活性[12-14]。因此,對(duì)糖和有機(jī)酸的代謝和分子機(jī)制的系統(tǒng)研究將很好地揭示果實(shí)口感形成的機(jī)制。
近年來,基于功能“組學(xué)”方法的綜合分析為識(shí)別生命系統(tǒng)中的基因網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其調(diào)控機(jī)制提供了一種有效手段[15-16]。特別是轉(zhuǎn)錄組和代謝組的結(jié)合分析已被廣泛用于確定植物果實(shí)中糖和有機(jī)酸積累的信號(hào)通路和機(jī)制。如利用轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析結(jié)合靶向代謝組學(xué)研究了兩個(gè)杧果品種的差異糖積累機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)蔗糖和D-葡萄糖的合成伴隨著淀粉的降解,直接導(dǎo)致了果實(shí)的高糖積累[17]。然而,對(duì)桑葚果實(shí)中糖和有機(jī)酸調(diào)控的關(guān)鍵基因網(wǎng)絡(luò)的全面研究還很缺乏。因此,為深入研究桑葚果實(shí)中糖和有機(jī)酸關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因網(wǎng)絡(luò),筆者在本研究中以白色桑葚為研究對(duì)象,通過整合轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)和代謝組學(xué)分析,挖掘桑葚成熟過程中調(diào)控可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸合成與代謝的關(guān)鍵差異基因,進(jìn)而探明代謝網(wǎng)絡(luò),闡明果實(shí)發(fā)育對(duì)可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸代謝的影響。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
選擇河北省承德市承德醫(yī)學(xué)院蠶業(yè)研究所桑園為試驗(yàn)區(qū),選取大小、生長勢基本一致,氣候條件和栽培管理基本相同的7年生穩(wěn)定結(jié)果的白色果實(shí)的珍珠白品種為試驗(yàn)材料,依據(jù)果實(shí)發(fā)育的顏色進(jìn)行取樣,對(duì)不同果實(shí)分別在授粉后(DAP)10 d(青果期)、30 d(轉(zhuǎn)色期)、50 d(成熟期)3個(gè)時(shí)期進(jìn)行取樣,取樣均在桑樹外圍進(jìn)行,選5株樹進(jìn)行取樣,每株樹每時(shí)期各取10個(gè)整果,3次重復(fù),樣品名分別為W1(W11,W12,W13);W2(W21,W22,W23);W3(W31,W32,W33),用液氮冷凍后放入?80 ℃超低溫冰箱備用。
1.2 可溶性糖及有機(jī)酸含量檢測及分析
將樣品真空冷凍干燥后,利用研磨儀研磨(30 Hz,1.5 min)至粉末狀;稱取20 mg的樣品粉末,加入500 μL提取液(V甲醇∶V異丙醇∶V水=3∶3∶2),渦旋3 min,冰水中超聲30 min。4 ℃,14 000 r·min-1 離心3 min,吸取50 μL上清液,加入20 μL質(zhì)量濃度為100 μg·mL-1的核糖醇內(nèi)標(biāo)溶液,氮吹并凍干機(jī)凍干。加入100 μL甲氧銨鹽吡啶(15 mg·mL-1),37 ℃孵育2 h,隨后加入BSTFA 100 μL,37 ℃孵育30 min,得到衍生化溶液。取50 μL的衍生化溶液,用正己烷稀釋至1 mL,保存于棕色進(jìn)樣瓶中,用于氣相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(GC-MS)分析[18-19]。VIP>1且p<0.05的代謝物被認(rèn)為是差異代謝物。
1.3 RNA提取及轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序
使用TRIzol(Invitrogen,CA,USA)法對(duì)樣品的總RNA進(jìn)行分離和純化。使用Bioanalyzer 2100(Agilent,CA,USA)對(duì)RNA的完整性進(jìn)行檢測,選擇RNA完整性數(shù)(RIN)≥7的樣品進(jìn)行后續(xù)分析。使用oligo(dT)磁珠[Dynabeads Oligo(dT),貨號(hào)25-61005,Thermo Fisher,USA]通過兩輪的純化對(duì)其中帶有PolyA(多聚腺苷酸)的mRNA進(jìn)行特異性捕獲。將捕獲到的mRNA在高溫條件下利用鎂離子打斷試劑盒(NEBNext? Magnesium RNA Fragmentation Module,貨號(hào)E6150S,USA)進(jìn)行片段化,94 ℃ 5~7 min。將片段化的RNA在逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(Invitrogen SuperScript? Ⅱ Reverse Transcriptase,貨號(hào)1896649,CA,USA)的作用下合成cDNA。然后使用E. coli DNA polymeraseⅠ(NEB,貨號(hào)m0209,USA)與RNase H(NEB,貨號(hào)m0297,USA)進(jìn)行二鏈合成,將這些DNA與RNA的復(fù)合雙鏈轉(zhuǎn)化成DNA雙鏈,同時(shí)在二鏈中摻入dUTP Solution(Thermo Fisher,貨號(hào)R0133,CA,USA),將雙鏈DNA的末端補(bǔ)齊為平末端。再在其兩端各加上一個(gè)A堿基,使其能夠與末端帶有T堿基的接頭進(jìn)行連接,再利用磁珠對(duì)其片段大小進(jìn)行篩選和純化。以UDG酶(NEB,貨號(hào)m0280,MA,US)消化二鏈,再通過PCR預(yù)變性95 ℃保持3 min,98 ℃變性總計(jì)8個(gè)循環(huán)每次15 s,退火到60 ℃保持15 s,72 ℃下延伸30 s,延伸72 ℃保留5 min,使其形成片段大小為(300 ± 50) bp的文庫。最后,使用Illumina Novaseq? 6000(LC Bio Technology CO.,Ltd. Hangzhou,China),按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作對(duì)其進(jìn)行雙端測序,測序模式為PE150。原始讀取首先使用Trimmomatic進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制處理,以獲得干凈的讀取。使用HISAT2將干凈的reads比對(duì)到桑樹基因組[20]?;虮磉_(dá)水平由每千堿基每轉(zhuǎn)錄本每百萬映射讀數(shù)(FPKM)的片段數(shù)反映。使用Cufflinks計(jì)算每個(gè)基因的FPKM值,使用HTSeqcount計(jì)算每個(gè)基因的讀取計(jì)數(shù)。使用R包DESeq2[21]對(duì)樣本之間進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析,采用p<0.05、|log2FC|≥1的閾值確定差異表達(dá)基因,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行GO和KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)富集分析。
1.4 糖合成相關(guān)基因qRT-PCR分析
使用大連寶生物工程有限公司生產(chǎn)的TaKaRa MiniBEST Universal RNA Extraction Kit試劑盒提取桑樹10、30、50 DAP果實(shí)總RNA,反轉(zhuǎn)錄使用大連寶生物工程有限公司生產(chǎn)的PrimeScript? RT reagent Kit試劑盒合成cDNA,qRT-PCR使用大連寶生物工程有限公司生產(chǎn)的SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ。以桑樹Ribosomal protein L15為內(nèi)參基因(表1)。qRT-PCR反應(yīng)體系組成:SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ 5 μL,cDNA 0.5 μL,正向引物0.4 μL,反向引物0.4 μL,加水至10 μL。反應(yīng)程序:95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s;95 ℃變性5 s,60 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸40 s,共40個(gè)循環(huán)。PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)在CF×96 TM Real-Time PCR Detection System(Applied Biosystems,F(xiàn)orter City,CA,美國)儀器上進(jìn)行,每樣品3次生物學(xué)重復(fù),3次技術(shù)重復(fù),反應(yīng)結(jié)束后應(yīng)用2-△△Ct算法進(jìn)行分析。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析
使用SPSS 27.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,使用單因素方差分析計(jì)算樣品之間的差異顯著性,在0.05水平進(jìn)行Duncans檢驗(yàn)(p≤0.05),數(shù)據(jù)表示為平均值± SD(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差),每個(gè)樣本3個(gè)獨(dú)立重復(fù)。相關(guān)性分析采用皮爾遜方法,用SPSS 27.0軟件進(jìn)行。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 代謝物分析與代謝物差異積累
為了解桑葚發(fā)育過程中糖和有機(jī)酸成分含量的變化,采用GC-MS方法檢測3個(gè)發(fā)育期代謝物成分含量的變化。研究共檢測到64種代謝物,其中有機(jī)酸52種、可溶性糖12種(表2)。通過差異代謝物質(zhì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在W2 vs W1、W3 vs W2和W3 vs W1中,差異代謝物上調(diào)和下調(diào)的數(shù)量分別為9和4個(gè)、12和9個(gè)、15和13個(gè)(圖1-A)。Venn圖顯示,所有組有6種相同的差異代謝物,W2 vs W1僅有1個(gè)特有的差異代謝物,為肉桂酸(圖1-B),W3 vs W2沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)特有的差異代謝物,W3 vs W1中檢測到莽草酸、3,4-二羥基苯乙酸、5-羥基吲哚-3-乙酸。通過數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),蔗糖、葡萄糖和D-果糖為桑葚中主要可溶性糖類物質(zhì),其含量在桑葚發(fā)育過程中持續(xù)增加,并在W3達(dá)到峰值。蘋果酸、檸檬酸和琥珀酸為桑葚中主要有機(jī)酸類物質(zhì),蘋果酸和琥珀酸的含量在桑葚果實(shí)成熟過程中呈先上升后下降的趨勢,而檸檬酸的積累呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)上升趨勢,說明這3種可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸為影響桑葚口感的主要糖和酸類物質(zhì)(表2)。
2.2 轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序
不同處理發(fā)育時(shí)期桑葚樣品轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序數(shù)據(jù)的組裝分析見表3,共獲得58.65 Gb有效數(shù)據(jù)。各樣本有效讀數(shù)在39 037 544~48 942 774之間,Q20均為99.99%;Q30在97.79%~98.39%之間。分別將各樣品有效度數(shù)與桑樹參考基因比對(duì),比對(duì)效率為95.95%~96.99%,表明測序獲得數(shù)據(jù)可靠,可用于后續(xù)分析。
2.3 基因差異表達(dá)分析
對(duì)不同發(fā)育階段基因表達(dá)以p<0.05、|log2FC|≥1作為篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行差異基因分析,在W2 vs W1、W3 vs W2和W3 vs W1的比較中,分別鑒定出6063個(gè)差異基因,其中2082個(gè)上調(diào),3981個(gè)下調(diào);1923個(gè)差異基因,其中793個(gè)上調(diào),1130個(gè)下調(diào);9098個(gè)差異基因,其中2915個(gè)上調(diào),6183個(gè)下調(diào)(圖2-A)。對(duì)3個(gè)比較組合差異基因繪制韋恩圖,其中共有的表達(dá)基因有762個(gè),而特有差異基因W3 vs W1組最多,為2836個(gè);其次W2 vs W1組,為499個(gè);最少的是W3 vs W2組,為195個(gè)(圖2-B)。由此可以推斷,在果實(shí)發(fā)育初期(S2)大量的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯可能被激活,而在成熟期基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯可能被抑制。
2.4 差異基因KEGG富集分析
為進(jìn)一步分析差異表達(dá)基因在桑葚發(fā)育過程中的作用,分別對(duì)3個(gè)比較組中的差異基因進(jìn)行KEGG通路富集分析,在W2 vs W1和W3 vs W2組中差異基因富集到與糖酸代謝相關(guān)的通路,主要為淀粉和蔗糖代謝(starch and sucrose metabolism)和檸檬酸循環(huán)(TCA cycle)(圖3)。其中,在W2 vs W1組中有52個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到淀粉和蔗糖代謝,27個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到檸檬酸循環(huán),在W3 vs W2組中有27個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到淀粉和蔗糖代謝。此外,在W2 vs W1組和W3 vs W1中,差異基因數(shù)量富集較多的代謝通路還包括核糖體(ribosome)、激素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)(plant hormone signal transduction)、MAPK信號(hào)通路-植物(MAPK signaling pathway-plant)(圖3-A、B)。在W3 vs W2組中,差異基因富集數(shù)量較多的代謝通路主要有黃酮類生物化合物的合成(flavonoid biosynthesis)31個(gè),半乳糖代謝(galactose metabolism)28個(gè)、植物晝夜節(jié)律(circadian rhythm-plant)25個(gè)(圖3-C),由此可以推斷桑葚在S2階段大量基因表達(dá)被激活,合成桑葚成熟的代謝物質(zhì)。
2.5 代謝物與差異表達(dá)基因關(guān)聯(lián)分析
采用Pearsons計(jì)算淀粉和蔗糖代謝及檸檬酸循環(huán)中差異表達(dá)基因與糖酸主要代謝物之間的相關(guān)性。在糖代謝物與差異基因相關(guān)性分析中共確定43個(gè)與蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖成正相關(guān)的差異表達(dá)基因,基因與代謝物均隨果實(shí)發(fā)育表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)不斷積累的模式(圖4-A)。在有機(jī)酸代謝與合成中共鑒定到24個(gè)與蘋果酸、檸檬酸、琥珀酸顯著相關(guān)的差異表達(dá)基因,其中負(fù)相關(guān)基因有8個(gè),正相關(guān)的有16個(gè)基因(圖4-B)。上述關(guān)鍵代謝物和差異表達(dá)基因可能是桑葚成熟過程中主要的物質(zhì)和基因。
2.6 桑葚中可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸合成途徑分析
結(jié)合差異基因鑒定、相關(guān)性分析,表明與可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸代謝相關(guān)的一些候選基因在桑葚中表達(dá)存在顯著差異(圖5)。NINV和SUSY可將蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)化為果糖和葡萄糖,檢測到4個(gè)差異表達(dá)的SUSY基因(LOC21391172,LOC21407811,
LOC21386815,LOC21402491),其中2個(gè)(LOC21386815,LOC21402491)在果實(shí)發(fā)育初期表達(dá)水平很高,而隨著果實(shí)發(fā)育表達(dá)水平呈現(xiàn)大幅度下降的趨勢;檢測到3個(gè)差異表達(dá)的NINV基因(LOC21386769,LOC21401851,LOC21401285),其中2個(gè)(LOC21401851,LOC21401285)隨著果實(shí)的發(fā)育表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢。葡萄糖和果糖可被HK和FRK磷酸化為葡萄糖-6磷酸(G6P)和果糖-6-磷酸(F6P)。鑒定到2個(gè)差異表達(dá)的FRK(LOC21409854,LOC21406385)在果實(shí)發(fā)育初期高表達(dá);鑒定到1個(gè)差異表達(dá)的HK(LOC21408947)基因,其表達(dá)隨著果實(shí)發(fā)育表達(dá)逐漸升高(圖5)。三羧酸(TCA)循環(huán)中草酰乙酸經(jīng)CS催化直接合成檸檬酸,檸檬酸被ACO降解為異檸檬酸,異檸檬酸被ICDH轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)生成2-戊羥二酸。CS(LOC21399865)和ICDH(LOC21407110,LOC21391200,LOC21390016)基因在果實(shí)發(fā)育過程中表達(dá)量大幅升高,說明桑葚中檸檬酸代謝增強(qiáng)并受這些基因調(diào)控。MDH與果實(shí)中蘋果酸的生物合成和降解有關(guān)。2個(gè)MDH基因(LOC21399030,LOC21401654)在果實(shí)成熟過程中表達(dá)量增加,而且MDH的表達(dá)與蘋果酸含量顯著相關(guān)。以上結(jié)果表明,這些基因在桑葚成熟過程中發(fā)揮著顯著的調(diào)控作用。
2.7 差異基因qRT-PCR表達(dá)分析
對(duì)篩選獲得的可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸代謝中關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因NINV(LOC21401851)、HK(LOC21408947)、CS(LOC21399865)、ACO(LOC21409265)、MDH(LOC21399030)和ICDH(LOC21391200)進(jìn)行qRT-PCR表達(dá),并與各基因在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期的轉(zhuǎn)錄本表達(dá)比較。6個(gè)基因的表達(dá)水平與轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)一致(圖6),表明6個(gè)基因在桑葚成熟過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵調(diào)控作用。
3 討 論
可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸含量是衡量果實(shí)品質(zhì)和口感的重要指標(biāo)。因此,揭示桑葚果實(shí)可溶性糖積累和有機(jī)酸代謝的分子機(jī)制具有重要意義。不同組學(xué)技術(shù)的結(jié)合深入地解析了枇杷、西瓜、杧果等成熟果實(shí)中糖積累和有機(jī)酸代謝的機(jī)制[11,17,22]。蔗糖幾乎是低糖和高糖積累植物中總糖含量變化的全部因子[23]。筆者在本研究中共測定12種可溶性糖,通過分析僅發(fā)現(xiàn)蔗糖、葡萄糖和D-果糖含量差異顯著,在桑葚發(fā)育過程中含量明顯增加,并在W3達(dá)到峰值。在果實(shí)成熟的中后期,這3種糖的快速積累可能決定了桑葚的甜度。同樣,在其他果實(shí)的研究中也觀察到了類似的糖積累模式[24,14]。有機(jī)酸在水果營養(yǎng)中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,其含量取決于酸合成和降解之間的平衡[14]。中等濃度的有機(jī)酸可以增強(qiáng)水果的味道,但高酸含量往往會(huì)降低水果的品質(zhì)。檸檬酸和蘋果酸是甜瓜果實(shí)中的主要有機(jī)酸[25]。在桑葚中檢測到豐富的蘋果酸、檸檬酸和琥珀酸,蘋果酸和琥珀酸的含量在桑葚果實(shí)成熟過程中呈先上升后下降的趨勢,而檸檬酸的積累呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)上升趨勢。這說明蘋果酸、檸檬酸和琥珀酸為桑葚的主要酸,蘋果酸和琥珀酸合成和降解之間的平衡影響著果實(shí)的口感。在筆者課題組的研究中4-氨基丁酸和莽草酸等有機(jī)酸隨著果實(shí)的發(fā)育積累量呈現(xiàn)降低的趨勢,馬來酸在果實(shí)成熟前期未檢測到積累,而在成熟時(shí)檢測到其大量的積累。綜上所述,豐富多樣的糖和有機(jī)酸是隨著桑葚的成熟呈現(xiàn)不同程度的積累與降解,這些變化影響著果實(shí)最終的口味。
蔗糖由葉片(源組織)的光合作用產(chǎn)生,隨后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到果實(shí)(匯組織)并儲(chǔ)存在果實(shí)中[26]。蔗糖的這種遠(yuǎn)距離轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)是由蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和SWEET外排蛋白控制的,而SWEET在功能上具有底物偏好蔗糖、葡萄糖或果糖[27-28]的特點(diǎn)。蔗糖進(jìn)入到水果細(xì)胞可以通過NINV轉(zhuǎn)化為果糖和葡萄糖,SUSY也可以催化蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)化為果糖和D-葡萄糖[29]。檢測到2個(gè)SUSY(LOC21386815,LOC21402491)在果實(shí)發(fā)育初期中表達(dá)水平很高,而隨著果實(shí)發(fā)育表達(dá)水平呈現(xiàn)大幅度下降;NINV基因則隨著果實(shí)的發(fā)育表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)上升的趨勢。結(jié)果表明桑葚中蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)化為葡萄糖和果糖主要受NINV基因調(diào)控。葡萄糖和果糖被HK和FRK磷酸化為葡萄糖- 6磷酸(G6P)和果糖-6-磷酸(F6P)[30]。筆者在本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),所鑒定到差異表達(dá)的2個(gè)FRK在果實(shí)發(fā)育初期高表達(dá);而僅鑒定到1個(gè)差異表達(dá)的HK基因,且其表達(dá)隨著果實(shí)發(fā)育逐漸升高,這表明桑葚中通過促進(jìn)HK基因的表達(dá),將葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)化為糖酵解等下游過程的中間化合物(圖4)。在對(duì)甜瓜的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)高甜度和低甜度的兩個(gè)品種中,高甜度品種中抑制糖轉(zhuǎn)化為中間化合物的基因HK和FK的表達(dá)[22]。
TCA循環(huán)在能量代謝、糖異生、脂肪生成和氨基酸合成中發(fā)揮重要作用。草酰乙酸經(jīng)CS催化直接合成檸檬酸,然后檸檬酸被ACO降解為異檸檬酸,然后異檸檬酸被ICDH轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)生成2-戊羥二酸[11]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CS和ICDH基因在果實(shí)發(fā)育過程中表達(dá)量大幅升高,說明桑葚中檸檬酸代謝增強(qiáng)并受這些基因調(diào)控。MDH與果實(shí)中蘋果酸的生物合成和降解有關(guān)[30]。本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)MDH基因在果實(shí)成熟過程中表達(dá)量增加,而且MDH的表達(dá)量與蘋果酸含量顯著相關(guān),表明它們是蘋果酸代謝的關(guān)鍵參與者。綜上所述,桑葚果實(shí)在成熟過程中TCA循環(huán)得到了促進(jìn),影響了有機(jī)酸含量,最終影響了果實(shí)的口感差異。
4 結(jié) 論
研究共檢測到64種代謝物,其中有機(jī)酸52種、可溶性糖12種。數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),蔗糖、葡萄糖和D-果糖為桑葚中主要可溶性糖類物質(zhì),蘋果酸、檸檬酸和琥珀酸為桑葚中主要有機(jī)酸類物質(zhì)。轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析共獲得58.65 Gb Clean Data,W3 vs W1組獲得的差異基因數(shù)量最多,高達(dá)9098個(gè)。KEGG富集分析表明,W2 vs W1和W3 vs W2組中差異基因富集到與糖酸相關(guān)代謝通路,主要為淀粉和蔗糖代謝和三羧酸循環(huán)通路,在W2 vs W1組中有52個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到淀粉和蔗糖代謝,27個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到檸檬酸循環(huán),在W3 vs W2組中有27個(gè)上調(diào)的差異基因富集到淀粉和蔗糖代謝。代謝組和轉(zhuǎn)錄組關(guān)聯(lián)分析表明,NINV、HK、CS、ACO、MDH和ICDH是桑葚糖酸積累的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因。筆者在本研究中鑒定出的豐富代謝物和差異基因不僅為桑葚的優(yōu)質(zhì)遺傳改良提供大量信息,而且也為其他漿果類作物的有關(guān)研究提供有價(jià)值的參考。
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