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浙江地方特色品種溫嶺高橙無核潛力新種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制及分子鑒定

2024-04-30 04:30張成磊師小舒陳昊謝善鵬盧鑫伍小萌劉高平郭文武解凱東
果樹學(xué)報(bào) 2024年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:柑橘

張成磊 師小舒 陳昊 謝善鵬 盧鑫 伍小萌 劉高平 郭文武 解凱東

摘? ? 要:【目的】溫嶺高橙是浙江臺州地方特色品種,栽培歷史悠久,且具有一定的保健和藥用價(jià)值,但果實(shí)有核限制了其在臺州以外地區(qū)的發(fā)展,因此利用細(xì)胞工程高效育種技術(shù)對溫嶺高橙進(jìn)行無核化改良?!痉椒ā客ㄟ^2條育種途徑,一是以二倍體溫嶺高橙為母本與異源四倍體為父本倍性雜交,授粉后90 d利用幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng)和流式細(xì)胞儀倍性鑒定創(chuàng)制三倍體無核新種質(zhì);二是以雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種華柚2號為母本與溫嶺高橙有性雜交,通過成熟種子催芽播種,創(chuàng)制二倍體無核新種質(zhì)。利用SSR分子標(biāo)記對雜交后代進(jìn)行分子鑒定?!窘Y(jié)果】以溫嶺高橙為母本、異源四倍體NS和BDZNS為父本配置2個(gè)倍性雜交組合,授粉145朵花,坐果74個(gè);胚搶救幼嫩種子1520粒,離體培養(yǎng)獲得再生植株553株;用流式細(xì)胞儀對再生植株進(jìn)行倍性鑒定,獲得三倍體45株、四倍體8株;以華柚2號為母本與溫嶺高橙有性雜交,授粉69朵花,坐果20個(gè),獲得成熟種子312粒;通過催芽播種獲得實(shí)生后代203株,倍性鑒定均為二倍體;用SSR分子標(biāo)記對2個(gè)倍性雜交組合的21株三倍體和8株四倍體后代及華柚2號×溫嶺高橙隨機(jī)選取的29株二倍體后代進(jìn)行分子鑒定,顯示所鑒定的三倍體及二倍體后代均含有父本特異條帶,為其雜交雙親的有性后代,而倍性雜交獲得的四倍體后代與母本條帶完全一致,推測其為母本珠心細(xì)胞自然加倍形成的同源四倍體(雙二倍體)?!窘Y(jié)論】研究結(jié)果為溫嶺高橙無核新品種培育奠定了寶貴的材料基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞:柑橘;無核育種;倍性雜交;華柚2號

中圖分類號:S666 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)04-0590-08

Production and molecular identification of potentially seedless germplasms derived from Wenling-gaocheng, a citrus local cultivar in Zhejiang province

ZHANG Chenglei1, SHI Xiaoshu2, CHEN Hao2, XIE Shanpeng2, LU Xin2, WU Xiaomeng2, LIU Gaoping3, GUO Wenwu2, XIE Kaidong2*

(1Taizhou Vocational College of Science & Technology/Taizhou Key Laboratory of Horticultural Biotechnology, Taizhou 318020, Zhejiang, China; 2National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 3 Huangyan Fruit Tree Technology Promotion General Station, Taizhou 318020, Zhejiang, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Seedlessness is an important trait for citrus fresh fruits because consumers do not like fruits with seeds. Wenling-gaocheng, a natural hybrid of pommelo and orange, is an excellent local cultivar in Zhejiang Province because of its unique flavor and rich nutritional value. However, it failed to expand the market outside Taizhou city due to the abundance of seeds in the fruits. The fruits of the triploid plants are generally seedless. There are several ways to produce citrus triploid plants. Among them, using diploid varieties as female parents and allotetraploid as the male parents is the most efficient way. The triploid plants produced by interploidy hybridization with allotetraploid as the male parent generally possess abundant genetic variations, which is conducive to breed new cultivars with good fruit traits. Production of diploid progenies using cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) cultivar Huayou No. 2 as the female parent crossed with the seedy diploids is another useful way to breed seedless citrus germplasm because the CMS trait in citrus is female inherited, and the CMS trait can be inherited to all progenies. Therefore, the above two strategies were employed in this study to produce seedless progenies with the lineage of Wenling-gaocheng, to produce promising materials for selecting seedless cultivars with the lineage of Wenling-gaocheng. 【Methods】 Two crossing strategies were employed in this study. The first one was to produce triploid progenies using Wenling-gaocheng as female parent and two alloteraploids as male parents. The pollination of the two interploidy crosses was conducted at the full-bloom stage and the immature fruits were collected on the 90th days after pollination (DAP). The immature seeds were removed from the fruits and cultured in vitro in the germination medium. When the seedlings regenerated, their ploidy level was determined by the flow cytometry. Another strategy was to produce diploid progenies with CMS traits using Huayou No. 2 as the female parent and the Wenling-gaocheng as the male parent. The pollination of this cross was conducted at the full-bloom stage and the fruits were collected at the mature stage. After the seeds were extracted from the fruits and the episperms were peeled, they were placed in a controlled chamber to accelerate germination. The seeds were sown in pots after germination in a plant growth chamber. After the seedlings grew with three or more leaves, their ploidy level was determined by the flow cytometry. At last, the genetic origin of all seedlings from the three crosses were determined by SSR markers. 【Results】 In the two interploidy crosses, a total of 145 flowers were pollinated and 74 fruits were set, with an average fruit setting rate of 51.03%. 1520 immature seeds were in vitro cultured via embryo rescue and 553 seedlings were obtained. Among them, 239 plantlets were regenerated from the cross of Wenling-gaocheng × NS and 314 plantlets were originated from the cross of Wenling-gaocheng× BDZNS. After determining their ploidy level, a total of 45 triploids and 8 tetraploid seedlings were screened out. Three SSR markers were used to determine their genetic origin. All the analyzed triploids were the hybrids of their parents and all the tetraploids had the same bands with Wenling-gaocheng, indicating that all the tetraploids might be derived from the nucellar doubling of Wenling-gaocheng. For the cross of Huayou No. 2 × Wenling-gaocheng, a total of 69 flowers were pollinated. From the 20 fruits, 312 mature seeds were obtained. After sowing and germination, 203 seedlings were obtained, all of them were identified as diploid by flow cytometry. Four polymorphic SSR markers were selected to determine their genetic origin of 29 randomly selected progenies and it showed that all the diploid progenies were parental hybrids. 【Conclusion】 The diploid hybrids derived from the cross of Huayou No. 2 × Wenling-gaocheng and the triploid hybrids derived from the two interploidy crosses could be used for seedless breeding of new varieties with Wenling-gaocheng genetic background. The autotetraploid progenies of Wenling-gaocheng also would be valuable for crossing with diploid Wenling-gaocheng to produce autotriploids.

Key words: Citrus; Seedless breeding; Ploidy hybridization; Huayou No. 2

中國是柑橘的重要起源中心,地方特色品種多,但多數(shù)因果實(shí)有核導(dǎo)致市場競爭力弱和種植面積縮減[1]。溫嶺高橙為柚和橙的天然雜種,果實(shí)風(fēng)味獨(dú)特、營養(yǎng)豐富,富含檸檬苦素和諾米林等黃酮類物質(zhì)[2],是一種集營養(yǎng)和保健功能于一體的優(yōu)良地方特色品種;除鮮食外,溫嶺高橙還可作為加工品種進(jìn)行榨汁等。在浙江臺州溫嶺、玉環(huán)一帶已有700余年栽培歷史,但因其種子較多未能在臺州市外打開市場,制約了該品種的推廣發(fā)展。

三倍體因減數(shù)分裂異常,不能形成正常配子,果實(shí)一般無核。因此,創(chuàng)制三倍體是培育柑橘無核新種質(zhì)的重要途徑。與芽變和實(shí)生選種相比,通過倍性雜交可大規(guī)模創(chuàng)制三倍體,并能根據(jù)基因型實(shí)現(xiàn)定向育種[3-4]。柑橘三倍體創(chuàng)制的策略中當(dāng)屬以二倍體為母本和四倍體為父本的倍性雜交最經(jīng)典。以異源四倍體為父本倍性雜交創(chuàng)制的三倍體后代可能兼具三親性狀,變異豐富,有利于培育果實(shí)性狀優(yōu)良且無核的新種質(zhì)。基于該策略,華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)10余年來以異源四倍體為父本與二倍體為母本進(jìn)行倍性雜交,結(jié)合幼胚離體挽救技術(shù)已創(chuàng)制獲得3500余株具有豐富變異的三倍體有性后代,并篩選出了一批無核優(yōu)系[5],為中國柑橘無核新品種培育奠定了豐富的種質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。

柑橘普遍存在珠心胚等生殖障礙,常規(guī)雜交育種效率低,雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種的創(chuàng)制為二倍體水平的柑橘無核改良提供了新思路。華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)柑橘研究團(tuán)隊(duì)基于幾十年的細(xì)胞工程育種實(shí)踐,提出了柑橘二倍體胞質(zhì)雜種創(chuàng)制的新思路,即以溫州蜜柑為愈傷親本、有核品種為葉肉親本進(jìn)行細(xì)胞融合培育二倍體胞質(zhì)雜種,將溫州蜜柑的雄性不育胞質(zhì)定向轉(zhuǎn)移至有核品種,在不改變有核品種倍性和核基因組的情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)果實(shí)無核化[6]?;谠摬呗裕A中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)已經(jīng)創(chuàng)制具有溫州蜜柑雄性不育胞質(zhì)的雜種10余例[5]。其中華柚2號已開花結(jié)果多年,與其葉肉親本華柚1號相比,表現(xiàn)為雄性不育和果實(shí)無核(隔離種植),是國際首例利用細(xì)胞工程技術(shù)培育的無核新品種[7]。華柚2號保留了溫州蜜柑的細(xì)胞質(zhì)雄性不育胞質(zhì),除直接作為新品種推廣外,作為超級母本與其他有核品種有性雜交,在二倍體水平改良其有核性狀方面具有重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值[8],有望直接培育出果實(shí)無核且品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的柑橘新品種。因此,筆者在本研究中針對浙江臺州地方特色品種溫嶺高橙存在的果實(shí)有核等問題,擬通過創(chuàng)制三倍體和帶有雄性不育胞質(zhì)的二倍體無核種質(zhì)2條育種途徑,創(chuàng)制一批具有無核潛力的溫嶺高橙新種質(zhì),為溫嶺高橙無核新品種培育奠定種質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

溫嶺高橙三倍體無核新種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制:以溫嶺高橙(Citrus grandis Osbeck × C. sinensis Osbeck)為母本、異源四倍體NS [由Nova橘柚(C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)和無酸甜橙(C. sinensis Osbeck)細(xì)胞融合再生獲得]和BDZNS[本地早橘(C. succosa Hort. ex Tanaka)與NS倍性雜交獲得]為父本,配置2個(gè)倍性雜交組合,創(chuàng)制三倍體無核新種質(zhì)。

溫嶺高橙二倍體無核新種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制:以華柚2號(C. grandis Osbeck)為母本、溫嶺高橙為父本進(jìn)行有性雜交,創(chuàng)制既有華柚2號雄性不育胞質(zhì)又有溫嶺高橙核遺傳物質(zhì)的二倍體無核新種質(zhì)。

溫嶺高橙定植于浙江省臺州市溫嶺市四季海湖田園基地,樹齡為10 a(年);華柚2號定植于華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)柑橘種質(zhì)資源圃,樹齡為15 a,樹體健壯,無病蟲害。

1.2 人工授粉和幼胚挽救離體培養(yǎng)

父本花粉制備及人工授粉參考解凱東等[9]的方法,花粉制備好后置于離心管中4 ℃低溫避光保存?zhèn)溆谩J诜蹠r(shí)選取母本生長健壯、花量大的枝條進(jìn)行人工去雄和授粉,授粉后進(jìn)行套袋處理,避免外來花粉干擾。以溫嶺高橙為母本的倍性雜交組合授粉地點(diǎn)位于浙江臺州市溫嶺四季海湖田園基地;以華柚2號為母本的二倍體間有性雜交授粉地點(diǎn)位于華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)柑橘種質(zhì)資源圃。

采摘倍性雜交組合授粉后約90 d的幼果,于超凈工作臺內(nèi)采用乙醇浸泡后燃燒消毒,待乙醇完全燃燒后剝?nèi)∥闯墒炫咧檫M(jìn)行幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng),胚珠處理及培養(yǎng)基制備參照Xie等[10]的方法,培養(yǎng)室溫度(26 ±1) ℃,相對濕度70%,光照時(shí)長12 h·d-1。

1.3 種子催芽播種

華柚2號 × 溫嶺高橙組合成熟種子的催芽播種參照周銳等[11]的方法。用1 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液浸泡處理成熟的授粉種子15 min,以除去其表面果膠;清水洗凈后去除內(nèi)外種皮,置于鋪有濕紗布的培養(yǎng)皿,于恒溫培養(yǎng)箱(28 ℃)催芽3~4 d;待胚根長度為1~2 cm時(shí),將其集中播種于小營養(yǎng)缽;幼苗長到3~4葉齡時(shí),再將其分別移栽至黑色塑料大營養(yǎng)缽,并置于溫室集中管理。

1.4 植株倍性鑒定和移栽

植株的倍性用流式細(xì)胞儀(Cyflow space,Sysmex,Japan)進(jìn)行測定,詳細(xì)方法參照解凱東等[9]的方法。倍性鑒定獲得的多倍體植株經(jīng)過3~5 d煉苗后,先移入裝有營養(yǎng)土的小塑料杯并置于生長室培養(yǎng)1個(gè)月;待幼苗長出新葉,再移入黑色塑料營養(yǎng)缽,并置于溫室培養(yǎng)。

1.5 SSR分子鑒定

雜交后代及其親本基因組DNA提取參考Cheng等[12]的方法。從40對SSR引物中篩選5對父母本間有各自特異條帶多態(tài)性SSR引物(表1),對獲得的多倍體和二倍體后代進(jìn)行雜種鑒定,根據(jù)后代在至少一個(gè)位點(diǎn)處的條帶中是否出現(xiàn)父本特有的條帶判斷,如果出現(xiàn)則表明后代是雜種后代。引物由上海生物工程股份有限公司合成。PCR反應(yīng)體系和擴(kuò)增程序參考解凱東等[9]的方法。PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物由全自動毛細(xì)管電泳(QIAxcel Advanced,Germany)分析,成像結(jié)果由儀器自帶軟件QIAxcel ScreenGel自動生成。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 人工授粉、幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng)及催芽播種

以溫嶺高橙為母本、異源四倍體NS和BDZNS為父本進(jìn)行倍性雜交,配置了2個(gè)組合創(chuàng)制溫嶺高橙三倍體無核新種質(zhì)。溫嶺高橙 × NS組合授粉81朵花,坐果31個(gè),坐果率38.27%,獲得種子629粒,平均單果種子數(shù)20.3粒,經(jīng)幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng)(圖1-A~H),獲得再生植株239株;溫嶺高橙 × BDZNS組合授粉64朵花,坐果43個(gè),坐果率67.19%,獲得種子891粒,平均單果種子數(shù)20.7粒,經(jīng)幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng),獲得再生植株314株。

以華柚2號為母本、溫嶺高橙為父本進(jìn)行有性雜交創(chuàng)制溫嶺高橙二倍體無核新種質(zhì),授粉69朵花,坐果20個(gè),果實(shí)成熟期采果收集種子312粒,去種皮后催芽播種獲得實(shí)生苗203株(圖1-I~N)。

2.2 植株倍性鑒定

用流式細(xì)胞儀對以溫嶺高橙為母本的2個(gè)倍性雜交組合再生獲得的553株幼苗(溫嶺高橙 × NS組合239株,溫嶺高橙 × BDZNS組合314株)和華柚2號 × 溫嶺高橙組合的203株實(shí)生苗進(jìn)行倍性分析。結(jié)果(圖2)顯示,從2個(gè)倍性雜交組合的553株幼苗中鑒定獲得三倍體45株,四倍體8株;其中,溫嶺高橙 × NS組合獲得三倍體34株,四倍體3株,多倍體率為15.48%(圖1-E-H);溫嶺高橙 × BDZNS組合獲得三倍體11株和四倍體5株,多倍體率為5.10%;華柚2號 × 溫嶺高橙組合實(shí)生播種獲得的203株實(shí)生后代均為二倍體。

2.3 SSR分子標(biāo)記鑒定

用5對SSR引物對3個(gè)組合獲得的雜交后代進(jìn)行分子鑒定,其中,3對SSR引物(Ci01C07、Csin0191、Ma2-1480)適用于溫嶺高橙 × NS和溫嶺高橙 × BDZNS組合,4對SSR引物(Ci01C07、Ma2-1480、Csin0032和Csin0672)適用于華柚2號 × 溫嶺高橙組合。由于2個(gè)倍性雜交組合后代中均有部分植株較?。ㄎ茨苋∪~片提取DNA)的情況,僅對溫嶺高橙 × NS組合的16株三倍體和1株四倍體、溫嶺高橙 × BDZNS組合的5株三倍體和7株四倍體后代進(jìn)行分子鑒定。結(jié)果顯示,2個(gè)倍性雜交組合被鑒定的所有三倍體均含有父本特異條帶,表明其均為雙親有性雜交后代;而被鑒定的四倍體后代擴(kuò)增條帶與母本溫嶺高橙均完全一致,表明這些四倍體可能為母本珠心細(xì)胞自然加倍形成(圖3-A、B)。用4對SSR引物對從華柚2號 × 溫嶺高橙203株雜交后代中隨機(jī)篩選的29個(gè)單株進(jìn)行分子鑒定,結(jié)果顯示,所有子代均含有父本特異條帶(圖3-C),表明隨機(jī)挑選的29株后代均為父母本的有性雜交后代。

3 討 論

通過應(yīng)用倍性雜交和以雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種為母本有性雜交2條育種途徑開展地方特色品種溫嶺高橙無核新種質(zhì)的創(chuàng)制,獲得了一批三倍體和二倍體新種質(zhì),為溫嶺高橙無核新品種培育提供了豐富的種質(zhì)資源。

倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體是培育溫嶺高橙無核新種質(zhì)的重要途徑。二倍體與四倍體倍性雜交是創(chuàng)制三倍體的有效策略,特別是異源四倍體的應(yīng)用,相比以同源四倍體為父本,能夠產(chǎn)生更加豐富的遺傳變異[9],有利于篩選品質(zhì)優(yōu)良且果實(shí)無核的三倍體新品種。前人嘗試以溫嶺高橙為母本與2個(gè)異源四倍體柑橘雜交并獲得了一批三倍體有性后代[15],但因所用的異源四倍體體細(xì)胞雜種含有檸檬和酸橙等的遺傳物質(zhì),果實(shí)品質(zhì)均表現(xiàn)不佳,未能推廣應(yīng)用。筆者在本研究中所用異源四倍體體細(xì)胞雜種NS為Nova橘柚和無酸甜橙融合形成[4],2個(gè)融合親本均為優(yōu)良的栽培品種;異源四倍體BDZNS是在NS基礎(chǔ)上又融入了本地早橘的遺傳物質(zhì),兼具三親遺傳物質(zhì),以其為親本倍性雜交創(chuàng)制的三倍體,有望培育融合多親性狀且具有溫嶺高橙特性的無核新品種。筆者在本研究中除獲得45株三倍體植株外,還獲得了8株四倍體,分子鑒定分析其可能由珠心細(xì)胞染色體自然加倍形成,該結(jié)果與Xie等[10]報(bào)道結(jié)果一致。這些四倍體不僅可進(jìn)一步作為親本倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體,作為砧木,可能還具有矮化樹體和提升接穗抗性的潛力。

利用創(chuàng)制三倍體的策略雖可一步到位實(shí)現(xiàn)果實(shí)無核,但由于倍性增加,難免會帶入一些不利性狀,如刺變長、果皮和囊衣增厚等,往往需通過創(chuàng)制大量遺傳變異豐富的群體才有望培育出優(yōu)良且易栽培的無核新品種。柑橘二倍體間通過常規(guī)有性雜交不會改變后代的倍性,囊衣增厚和刺變長等不利性狀表現(xiàn)不明顯,較易培育出風(fēng)味好且易栽培的品種,但難以解決果實(shí)有核的問題。柑橘CMS性狀表現(xiàn)母性遺傳,以具有CMS性狀的品種為母本與其他有核品種常規(guī)有性雜交可創(chuàng)制無核種質(zhì)。如日本利用溫州蜜柑(具有CMS胞質(zhì)基因)與其他品種有性雜交,培育出許多廣泛栽培的無核或少核的新品種[16]。華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)柑橘細(xì)胞工程與遺傳改良團(tuán)隊(duì)利用溫州蜜柑的CMS特性,提出并研發(fā)了創(chuàng)制柑橘二倍體胞質(zhì)雜種無核新種質(zhì)的育種途徑[6-7,17],并創(chuàng)制出雄性不育和果實(shí)無核的新品種華柚2號[18]、華柚3號[19]。華柚2號和華柚3號除可直接作為無核鮮食品種推廣外,由于其均為單胚品種,果實(shí)成熟后播種即可得到大量雜種后代,育種效率高,因此作為超級母本與其他有核地方特色品種雜交改良其有核性狀,具有重要應(yīng)用價(jià)值。如華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)以華柚2號為母本,分別與沙田柚和雞尾葡萄柚雜交獲得1018、687株有性后代[8],其中華柚2號 × 沙田柚已有500余株后代開花結(jié)果,后代均表現(xiàn)雄性不育和果實(shí)無核(數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表),證實(shí)了該育種途徑的有效性。筆者在本研究中以華柚2號為母本、溫嶺高橙為父本有性雜交獲得203株有性后代群體,為培育溫嶺高橙無核新品種奠定了豐富的材料基礎(chǔ)。

4 結(jié) 論

筆者在本研究中以浙江柑橘地方品種溫嶺高橙為親本,通過與異源四倍體倍性雜交創(chuàng)制無核三倍體和以雄性不育胞質(zhì)雜種有性雜交創(chuàng)制帶有CMS性狀的二倍體新種質(zhì)兩條育種途徑,創(chuàng)制獲得一批溫嶺高橙新種質(zhì),為溫嶺高橙無核新品種選育和品質(zhì)改良奠定了豐富的材料基礎(chǔ)。

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