耿璐 王麗娟 魯靜朝
【摘要】心房顫動(dòng)是最常見的快速性心律失常,炎癥反應(yīng)可通過影響心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)和電重構(gòu)參與心房顫動(dòng)的誘發(fā)與維持。銀屑病是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,可通過免疫介導(dǎo)全身炎癥反應(yīng)增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。部分臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病和心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有相關(guān)性,與各類免疫細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)增加有關(guān),引起心房電-機(jī)械活動(dòng)異常、內(nèi)分泌代謝失調(diào)、機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂,從而誘發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生。
【關(guān)鍵詞】心房顫動(dòng);銀屑??;炎癥反應(yīng)
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.02.000
Psoriasis Affects the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation?and Possible Mechanisms
GENG?Lu1,WANG?Lijuan2,LU?Jingchao1
(1.Second Division,Department of Cardiology,the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang?050000,Hebei,China;2.Department of Dermatology,the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050000,Hebei,China)
【Abstract】Atrial fibrillation is the most common tachyarrhythmia,and the inflammatory response can participate in the induction and maintenance of atrial fibrillation by affecting atrial structural remodeling and electrical remodeling. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease development through an immune-mediated systemic inflammatory response. Some clinical studies have found that the risk of psoriasis and atrial fibrillation is related,which is related to the infiltration of various immune cells and increased expression of cytokines,causing abnormal atrial electrical-mechanical activity,endocrine dyscrasia and environmental disorder in the body,thus inducing the occurrence of atrial fibrillation.
【Keywords】Atrial fibrillation; Psoriasis; Inflammatory response
心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)作為臨床最常見的快速性心律失常,可造成腦卒中、心力衰竭等不良事件,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量。除藥物與導(dǎo)管消融治療外,生活方式及危險(xiǎn)因素的控制已成為房顫綜合管理的基本環(huán)節(jié)。傳統(tǒng)的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素,如吸煙、飲酒、肥胖、糖尿病等影響房顫的發(fā)生。銀屑病是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,其發(fā)病與代謝異常、自身免疫紊亂、慢性炎癥狀態(tài)等有關(guān)[1]。既往發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病可與多種疾病伴發(fā),如冠心病、腦卒中、心力衰竭、高血壓、血脂異常、糖尿病等,被統(tǒng)稱為銀屑病共病[2-5]。然而,銀屑病與房顫的潛在關(guān)系目前尚未得到重視?,F(xiàn)歸納分析現(xiàn)有的研究,對(duì)銀屑病與房顫的相關(guān)性、可能的發(fā)病機(jī)制進(jìn)行總結(jié),以期為銀屑病與房顫的綜合管理提供理論依據(jù)。
1 ?銀屑病與房顫發(fā)生的相關(guān)研究
基于全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)[6]顯示,中國(guó)銀屑病患病人數(shù)與發(fā)病率在1990—2017年均呈持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),2017年中國(guó)銀屑病發(fā)病率為69.2/10萬,發(fā)病總?cè)藬?shù)較1990年上升了82.36%。目前關(guān)于銀屑病和房顫相關(guān)性的研究不多,2012年的丹麥全國(guó)性隊(duì)列研究[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),銀屑病會(huì)增加新發(fā)房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并可能間接影響房顫相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。房顫校正風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比在年齡<50歲和年齡≥50歲的輕癥銀屑病患者中分別為1.55(95%?CI?1.21~1.86)和1.16(95%?CI?1.08~1.24),在重癥銀屑病患者中分別為2.98(95%?CI?1.80~4.96)和1.29(95%?CI?1.01~1.65),提示年輕銀屑病患者的房顫發(fā)病率更高,且房顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與銀屑病的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。對(duì)缺血性卒中前有房顫發(fā)作的患者進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),在年齡<50歲的患者中輕癥和重癥銀屑病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別為1.98(95%?CI?1.67~2.36)和2.90(95%?CI?1.87~4.50),即在年輕的重癥銀屑病患者中,房顫和缺血性卒中的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。分析原因考慮為年輕的銀屑病患者可引發(fā)更明顯的機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng),從而引發(fā)房顫及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。之后一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究[8]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥銀屑病可增加血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=1.27,95%?CI?1.02~1.57),但輕癥銀屑病群體中未表現(xiàn)該效應(yīng)(RR=0.99,95%?CI?0.87~1.11)。
Rhee等[9]報(bào)道重癥銀屑病患者房顫及血栓栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高,在進(jìn)行多變量調(diào)整分析后,發(fā)現(xiàn)只有重癥銀屑病是房顫發(fā)病的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子(HR=1.77,95%?CI?1.39~2.24,P<0.000?1)。Bang等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病與新發(fā)房顫相關(guān)(OR=3.49,95%?CI?1.24~9.81,P=0.018),尤其是年輕的銀屑病患者,經(jīng)多元回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病是房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。近期Yang等[11]的薈萃分析納入6項(xiàng)觀察性研究(共11?187例房顫患者),銀屑病患者的房顫總體相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度為1.39(95%?CI?1.26~1.52,P<0.000?1),在亞組分析中,輕癥和重癥銀屑病發(fā)生房顫的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度分別為1.229(95%?CI?1.139~1.327,P<0.000?1)和1.634(95%?CI?1.490~1.791,P<0.000?1),認(rèn)為房顫的發(fā)生受銀屑病的嚴(yán)重程度影響。2022年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)孟德爾隨機(jī)化研究[12]在克服傳統(tǒng)混雜因素的干擾后,為銀屑病與房顫的潛在因果關(guān)系提供證據(jù),從基因?qū)用孀C實(shí)銀屑病為新發(fā)房顫的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素(OR=1.04,95%?CI?1.02~1.07,P=3.27×10﹣4)。
上述研究是在不同年齡和特征的人群中進(jìn)行的橫斷面調(diào)查或回顧性分析,且大部分為西方人群。因此,還需大樣本、不同種族的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究分析不同程度的銀屑病對(duì)房顫的影響。而銀屑病對(duì)血栓栓塞、缺血性卒中等不良事件的影響是否能獨(dú)立于房顫也有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
2 ?銀屑病增加房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可能機(jī)制
銀屑病增加房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的機(jī)制依然未知,近年來一些病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制或可解釋銀屑病與新發(fā)房顫的關(guān)聯(lián)。房顫作為代謝性疾病與肥胖和糖尿病等引起的脂肪組織炎癥及全身炎癥疾病相關(guān)。銀屑病的發(fā)展涉及真皮層的一系列炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),與各類免疫細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)增加密切相關(guān)。免疫介導(dǎo)的全身炎癥反應(yīng)可能引起心房電-機(jī)械活動(dòng)異常、內(nèi)分泌代謝失調(diào)、機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂,并引起冠狀動(dòng)脈微循環(huán)障礙及心肌纖維化。同時(shí),全身炎癥和脂肪組織的炎癥還可引起局部心外膜脂肪組織形態(tài)和生理的改變,引發(fā)心房心肌病,從而增加房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13]。作為銀屑病的誘發(fā)因素,神經(jīng)精神因素對(duì)房顫的發(fā)生也會(huì)產(chǎn)生推波助瀾的作用。
2.1??銀屑病與機(jī)體炎癥狀態(tài)
銀屑病的嚴(yán)重程度,與體內(nèi)炎癥活動(dòng)度相關(guān)。薈萃分析[14]顯示,同健康個(gè)體相比,銀屑病患者多種促炎因子的血清水平明顯升高,如腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、干擾素(interferon,IFN)-γ、白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)等。為證實(shí)血清中TNF-α和IFN-γ升高同全身性炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān),Mehta等[15]對(duì)來自銀屑病患者的外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞的整體基因表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行基因富集分析,表明TNF-α和IFN-γ降低血管內(nèi)皮的完整性。確定TNF-α和IFN-γ是連接動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和銀屑病的主要促炎癥因子。眾所周知,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是房顫發(fā)生的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,Mehta等發(fā)現(xiàn)IFN-γ和TNF-α在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化組織中引起顯著的協(xié)同促炎反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致單核細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞趨化因子顯著增加。同理,慢性炎癥可影響糖尿病、高血壓、高脂血癥等房顫危險(xiǎn)因素,其相關(guān)機(jī)制在此不作贅述[16]在房顫患者心肌組織內(nèi)浸潤(rùn)的炎癥細(xì)胞提示炎癥與房顫之間存在相關(guān)性。作為心肌肥厚和纖維化的調(diào)節(jié)因子,TNF-α水平可預(yù)測(cè)房顫發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并參與房顫維持[17]。另外,來源于輔助性T細(xì)胞17(Th17細(xì)胞)分泌的IL-17也可促進(jìn)心房纖維化,參與房顫的發(fā)生[18]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)如果銀屑病引起異常的炎癥狀態(tài)持續(xù)存在,導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)率增加,且多次消融很難維持竇律[19-21],原因可能為消融產(chǎn)生的炎癥損傷可導(dǎo)致心房傳導(dǎo)、收縮及舒張功能異常[22]。
針對(duì)關(guān)鍵因子或受體的生物制劑阻斷炎癥過程是治療銀屑病的有效手段,理論上抑制機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)可降低心臟疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)用于治療銀屑病的生物制劑主要為TNF-α抑制劑和IL-12/23抑制劑等。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TNF-α抑制劑能有效減少房顫發(fā)生和心房重構(gòu)[17],但2019年研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),使用IL-12/23抑制劑烏司奴單抗與TNF-α抑制劑治療銀屑病或銀屑病關(guān)節(jié)炎后,房顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未降低。使用烏司奴單抗治療銀屑病的患者群體在調(diào)整傾向性評(píng)分后,在Optum和MarketScan數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中房顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別為1.40(95%?CI 0.81~2.41)和0.96(95%?CI?0.70~1.33)[23]。而近年,最新選擇性腺苷A3受體激動(dòng)劑Piclidenoson可通過調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB信號(hào)通路抑制人體永生化表皮細(xì)胞的增殖,并降低IL-17和IL-23的表達(dá),但能否有效降低銀屑病患者的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍未知[18]。總之,通過阻斷機(jī)體的炎癥過程治療銀屑病能否防止房顫的發(fā)生,結(jié)果并不一致,由此推測(cè)銀屑病可通過炎癥之外的機(jī)制引起房顫的發(fā)生。
2.2 ?銀屑病與心房結(jié)構(gòu)及功能異常
銀屑病是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,通過免疫介導(dǎo)全身炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致心肌炎性損傷,可能引起心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)和電重構(gòu),進(jìn)而增加房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。研究[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病可引起心房心肌病,使房顫的發(fā)生率增加約40%,尤其在年輕重癥銀屑病患者中表現(xiàn)突出。
許多研究者通過測(cè)量各類心房傳導(dǎo)變量來探討房顫發(fā)生和維持的電生理基礎(chǔ)。P波離散度(P?wave dispersion,PWD)與P波最大時(shí)限(maximum P?wave duration,Pmax)延長(zhǎng)表明心房?jī)?nèi)、心房間傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)和竇性激動(dòng)的不均勻傳導(dǎo),是陣發(fā)性房顫的典型電生理特征,也是預(yù)測(cè)陣發(fā)性房顫的有效指標(biāo)[24-26]。心房的電機(jī)械延遲時(shí)間(electromechanical delay time,EMD)是指從體表心電圖P波起始至舒張晚期A波開始的時(shí)間間隔,被證明是房顫發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[27]。心房總傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間(total atrial conduction time,TACT)通常在竇性心律不連續(xù)和/或不均勻傳導(dǎo)的情況下延長(zhǎng)[28]。左心房整體縱向應(yīng)變(left atrial global longitudinal strain,LAGLS)是目前一種預(yù)測(cè)房顫的新工具[29]。
2013年,Bacaksiz等[30]利用心電圖發(fā)現(xiàn)尋常型銀屑病患者同健康人群的Pmax[(112.6±22.7)ms vs?(93.0±12.8)ms,P<0.001]與PWD[(69.1±22.6)ms vs?(45.6±19.4)ms,P<0.001]存在顯著差異,且銀屑病面積和嚴(yán)重程度指數(shù)(psoriasis area and severity index,PASI)評(píng)分同Pmax(P=0.002)、PWD(P=0.005)相關(guān),超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白與PWD之間也呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.229,P=0.001)。2015年,Tasal等[31]利用組織多普勒成像發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病組的心房間EMD[(31.45±14.95)ms?vs (24.82±14.45)ms,P=0.01]和左心房?jī)?nèi)EMD[(19.07±8.98)ms?vs (12.34±7.16)ms,P<0.001]較健康個(gè)體明顯延長(zhǎng),且PASI與心房間EMD呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.261,P<0.001),超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白與心房間EMD之間也呈正相關(guān)(P=0.022)。2019年,Duman等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)銀屑病組的TACT較對(duì)照組明顯延長(zhǎng)[(103.5±3.7)ms?vs?(99.1±4.4)ms,P<0.05],LAGLS較對(duì)照組明顯降低[(28.2±7.4)%?vs (42.0±3.7)%,P<0.05],且LAGLS與TACT(r=﹣0.57,P<0.05)、病程(r=﹣0.62,P<0.05)、PASI(r=﹣0.45,P<0.05)之間均存在顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)??傊?,心房電-機(jī)械活動(dòng)異常程度同銀屑病患者的機(jī)體炎癥狀態(tài)和疾病嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。
上述研究結(jié)果提示慢性炎癥導(dǎo)致心房電活動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)延遲和心房機(jī)械收縮不同步,由此引起心房電重構(gòu)與組織纖維化造成的心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)、左心房機(jī)械功能障礙,進(jìn)而引發(fā)房顫。然而上述研究均為橫斷面研究,且病例多為輕度銀屑病并接受局部治療的患者,需納入更多嚴(yán)重的銀屑病患者并進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期前瞻性研究以確定上述心房電-機(jī)械活動(dòng)變量對(duì)銀屑病患者未來房顫的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。PWD、EMD、LAGLS能分別通過經(jīng)胸12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖、組織多普勒成像、三維散斑跟蹤超聲心動(dòng)圖等,經(jīng)濟(jì)、無創(chuàng)的檢查獲得,有望成為銀屑病高危房顫患者早期識(shí)別的有效手段。
2.3??銀屑病與機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂
銀屑病患者的機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)可造成骨髓微環(huán)境紊亂,表現(xiàn)為紅細(xì)胞體積分布寬度(red?cell volume distribution width,RDW)和平均血小板體積(mean platelet volume,MPV)異常,反映紅細(xì)胞生成失調(diào)和血小板活化障礙。薈萃分析證實(shí)RDW和MPV對(duì)銀屑病存在預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。銀屑病患者皮膚和外周血中炎癥因子的上調(diào),抑制紅細(xì)胞成熟,導(dǎo)致紅細(xì)胞異質(zhì)性增加;還可增強(qiáng)多形核中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和血小板表面抗原及可溶性介質(zhì)引起的聚集,影響血小板活化。RDW和MPV的改變是房顫的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,其中MPV有助于反映血栓前狀態(tài)并和房顫的左心房血液淤滯存在相關(guān)性,而房顫時(shí)心房不規(guī)則無效收縮所致的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂甚至?xí)觿DW升高[33-35]。Conic等[36]在RDW合并MPV增高的銀屑病患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),房顫的患病率為5.26%(OR=3.97,95%?CI?3.44~4.57),這些患者應(yīng)得到密切的臨床關(guān)注,并考慮預(yù)防性干預(yù)。同時(shí)Conic RR等還發(fā)現(xiàn)在部分得到規(guī)范治療的銀屑病患者中觀察到RDW降低的趨勢(shì),因此認(rèn)為RDW可作為生物標(biāo)志物,判斷銀屑病短期治療效果。
2.4??銀屑病與機(jī)體代謝異常
目前對(duì)于銀屑病患者發(fā)生房顫的過程中,各類脂肪因子的具體作用機(jī)制仍未知。有研究[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)在銀屑病患者中脂聯(lián)素通過多種機(jī)制發(fā)揮抗炎作用:(1)抑制TNF-α的分泌和生物活性;(2)調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB信號(hào)通路和IL-10及Toll樣受體表達(dá);(3)抑制CD4+及CD8+T細(xì)胞合成和分泌IL-17。脂聯(lián)素還能增加樹突狀細(xì)胞MHCⅡ類分子表達(dá)促進(jìn)Th1細(xì)胞和Th17細(xì)胞反應(yīng),調(diào)控機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答。而針對(duì)房顫的既往研究中脂聯(lián)素水平變化與房顫發(fā)生及類型密切相關(guān),臨床結(jié)果存在爭(zhēng)議。脂聯(lián)素一方面被認(rèn)為通過抑制TNF-α發(fā)揮抗炎作用減少房顫的發(fā)生,另一方面高水平的脂聯(lián)素同持續(xù)性房顫的相關(guān)性被認(rèn)為脂聯(lián)素參與心房重構(gòu)及房顫的維持。有研究者[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)脂聯(lián)素與房顫發(fā)病近似“U”形關(guān)系,即竇律組脂聯(lián)素水平最高,持續(xù)性房顫組次之,而陣發(fā)性房顫組脂聯(lián)素水平最低。瘦素可促進(jìn)銀屑病患者的角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞增殖分泌炎癥因子,并被認(rèn)為是銀屑病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但在銀屑病患者房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的作用有待進(jìn)一步評(píng)估[39]。
最新發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)基于丹麥人口的大型隊(duì)列研究[40]確定診斷銀屑病后5年內(nèi)高度相關(guān)的共病,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者遵循從銀屑病到原發(fā)性高血壓再到房顫的發(fā)展軌跡。銀屑病及共病的代謝性疾病可以是房顫的發(fā)病基礎(chǔ),全面理解房顫和銀屑病及各類代謝性疾病的關(guān)系有助于早期干預(yù)并進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層。
2.5??銀屑病與精神心理障礙
銀屑病嚴(yán)重?fù)p害患者心理社會(huì)功能,被認(rèn)為是一種嚴(yán)重的心身疾病[41]。下丘腦功能失調(diào)在銀屑病的惡化中發(fā)揮作用,常累及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸、交感神經(jīng)-腎上腺髓質(zhì)軸、外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)。
銀屑病的惡化伴隨炎癥介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生增加,這可能導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的失衡以及抑郁和焦慮癥狀的發(fā)展[42]。精神應(yīng)激通常被認(rèn)為是銀屑病的一個(gè)主要誘因,且會(huì)使病情加重。精神應(yīng)激的生理反應(yīng)包括交感神經(jīng)激活、過度激活下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸,以及促炎細(xì)胞因子的釋放[43]。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)通過分泌幾種炎癥介質(zhì)在銀屑病發(fā)病過程中起關(guān)鍵作用。急慢性應(yīng)激、焦慮和抑郁會(huì)影響機(jī)體的免疫反應(yīng),包括循環(huán)促炎細(xì)胞因子水平的升高[44]。作為一種嚴(yán)重的心身疾病,銀屑病引起的精神心理障礙,精神應(yīng)激又會(huì)加重銀屑病,從而產(chǎn)生免疫炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)房顫的發(fā)生。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫與不良心理精神因素相關(guān),近期的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析納入13項(xiàng)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)焦慮、憤怒、抑郁和工作壓力等不良心理精神因素可增加房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。焦慮患者的房顫發(fā)生率增加10%(HR=1.10,95%?CI?1.02~1.19,I2=33.6%,P=0.013,n=235?599),憤怒患者的房顫發(fā)生率增加15%(HR=1.15,95%?CI?1.04~1.26,I2=40.2%,P=0.04,n=21?791),應(yīng)激情況下房顫發(fā)生率增加18%(HR=1.18,95%?CI?1.05~1.32,I2=119.2%,P=0.004,n=51?664)[45]。2015年來自丹麥的隊(duì)列研究[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)在銀屑病合并抑郁的患者中,房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加。因此,精神心理障礙可能為銀屑病和房顫發(fā)生的共同誘因。
2.6 ?銀屑病的治療藥物
銀屑病的藥物治療包括局部治療和系統(tǒng)治療。局部外用糖皮質(zhì)激素是銀屑病的主要治療措施,通過下調(diào)促炎基因編碼的細(xì)胞因子而發(fā)揮抗炎、抗增殖和局部血管收縮作用,直接作用于皮膚損害,全身不良反應(yīng)小。系統(tǒng)治療藥物主要包括三類:傳統(tǒng)藥物、生物制劑和小分子靶向藥物[47]。
2.6.1??傳統(tǒng)藥物
主要包括甲氨蝶呤、環(huán)孢素、維A酸類等。
甲氨蝶呤是目前治療銀屑病最有效的傳統(tǒng)藥物之一,通過抗增殖、抗炎機(jī)制發(fā)揮作用。主要的不良反應(yīng)為骨髓抑制、肝腎毒性,對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮損害可誘發(fā)心腦血管疾病[48]。有研究[49]發(fā)現(xiàn)甲氨蝶呤具有心臟毒性,可誘發(fā)心律失常,常為房顫。
環(huán)孢素通過抗炎、抑制角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞增殖發(fā)揮治療作用。主要不良反應(yīng)包括腎功能受損、高血壓、疲勞、多毛、胃腸道疾病等,但有報(bào)道環(huán)孢素可增加房顫的發(fā)生[50]。
維A酸類藥物用于銀屑病的全身性治療,通過消除角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞中的過度增殖和抑制炎癥而延緩其病理進(jìn)展。該類藥不良反應(yīng)輕微,停藥可恢復(fù),未見有心臟毒性反應(yīng)的報(bào)道。
2.6.2 ?生物制劑
包括TNF-α抑制劑、IL-12/23抑制劑及IL-17抑制劑等多種。生物制劑作為靶向細(xì)胞外炎癥因子集群的藥物,對(duì)機(jī)體免疫作用的同時(shí)會(huì)有一定的傷害,臨床應(yīng)用時(shí)間尚短,在重點(diǎn)關(guān)注感染、惡性腫瘤等疾病外,其長(zhǎng)期療效及心血管事件的安全性仍需進(jìn)一步觀察[51-52]。上文已闡述此類藥物抑制機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)降低房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的結(jié)果不一致,考慮受炎癥以外機(jī)制影響。
2.6.3??小分子靶向藥物
目前研發(fā)中的小分子靶向藥物主要靶點(diǎn)集中于磷酸二酯酶4、JAK激酶1~3及酪氨酸激酶2等細(xì)胞內(nèi)的促炎物質(zhì),部分產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)或接近上市,療效和安全性有較大的差異,仍在觀察探索中[53]。
3 ?結(jié)論與展望
銀屑病以慢性炎癥為基礎(chǔ),通過心房電-機(jī)械活動(dòng)異常、內(nèi)環(huán)境代謝紊亂及精神心理障礙等多種途徑影響房顫的發(fā)生。大多數(shù)銀屑病患者最初是因皮膚表現(xiàn)而就診,在臨床實(shí)踐中,接診醫(yī)師應(yīng)告知嚴(yán)重銀屑病患者發(fā)生房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),早期篩查并恰當(dāng)管理以減少房顫及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,同時(shí)需對(duì)心血管危險(xiǎn)因素、機(jī)體的炎癥狀態(tài)及精神心理障礙進(jìn)行綜合的管理。
目前已有研究存在一定局限性。首先,針對(duì)銀屑病與房顫的相關(guān)性研究多為歐美人群,較少在其他人群進(jìn)行外推驗(yàn)證。其次,對(duì)于銀屑病、房顫的類型和嚴(yán)重程度需依據(jù)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行更規(guī)范的劃分,并評(píng)估銀屑病治療、房顫消融及危險(xiǎn)因素和誘因控制等綜合管理方案的共同效應(yīng)。最后,銀屑病與房顫之間是否存在反向因果關(guān)系還需進(jìn)一步探討;常規(guī)銀屑病治療藥物與房顫的抗凝、抗心律失常藥物之間的矛盾效應(yīng)均可作為未來研究方向。
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收稿日期:2023-06-20