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不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌對(duì)棉花土壤鹽分分布及生長(zhǎng)的影響

2024-04-27 12:33:59雷杰張碩劉承岳孔春賢楊廣李小龍李鵬飛何新林李毅
關(guān)鍵詞:膜下滴灌礦化度

雷杰 張碩 劉承岳 孔春賢 楊廣 李小龍 李鵬飛 何新林 李毅

摘 要 利用微咸水膜下灌溉是緩解干旱區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉資源短缺的有效途徑之一,分析不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌對(duì)土壤鹽分分布及作物生長(zhǎng)的影響對(duì)于確定灌溉水源礦化度閾值具有重要意義。開(kāi)展4 a不同梯度礦化度水源膜下滴灌棉花測(cè)坑試驗(yàn),設(shè)置 6個(gè)處理礦化度分別為1 g/L(CK)、2 g/L(A)、3 g/L(B)、4 g/L(C)、? 5 g/L(D)和6 g/L(E),分析不同梯度礦化度水源膜下滴灌土壤鹽分累積及棉花生長(zhǎng)特征,確定微咸水膜下滴灌棉花灌溉礦化度閾值。結(jié)果表明:2019-2022年,0~100 cm平均土壤電導(dǎo)率以每年0.920?? dS/m、0.995 dS/m、1.196 dS/m和1.188 dS/m的速率呈線性增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。隨著灌溉年限增加,不同梯度微咸水膜下滴灌下土壤電導(dǎo)率呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢(shì)。5 g/L和6 g/L處理土壤鹽分累積最大,分別為38.70%和? 39.19%;灌水12 h后,寬行表層20~40 cm土壤鹽分累積最為明顯,土壤電導(dǎo)率為0.30~2.1 dS/m;窄行土壤鹽分在40~60 cm土層處出現(xiàn)累積,土壤電導(dǎo)率為1.26~1.93 dS/m。礦化度為3 g/L水源膜下滴灌棉花土壤鹽分累積量較小,對(duì)棉花葉片光合作用指數(shù)影響最小,生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大,微咸水膜下滴灌棉花適宜的灌溉水源閾值為3 g/L。

關(guān)鍵詞 礦化度;膜下滴灌;鹽分累積;棉花生長(zhǎng)

新疆屬于溫帶大陸性氣候,干旱少雨,蒸發(fā)量大,是中國(guó)主要的棉花種植區(qū)[1]。由于特殊的氣候和地理特征,區(qū)域淡水資源短缺,膜下滴灌技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生并在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用廣泛。據(jù)調(diào)查,新疆每年可利用的地下微咸水為17.24×108 m3,微咸水膜下滴灌技術(shù)的發(fā)展為緩解區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)用水短缺提供了新的途徑[2-3]。膜下滴灌可以將鹽分隨水分遷移到根區(qū)以下,為作物根區(qū)提供適宜養(yǎng)分吸收環(huán)境;并且覆膜可以抑制因土壤表層強(qiáng)烈蒸發(fā),達(dá)到節(jié)水、抑鹽和增產(chǎn)的效果[4]。

國(guó)內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者開(kāi)展了微咸水灌溉下土壤水鹽運(yùn)移相關(guān)研究,為微咸水科學(xué)使用提供了基礎(chǔ)依據(jù)[5-7]。研究表明,隨著灌溉水礦化度的增加,棉花出苗率降低,葉面積指數(shù)、株高、莖粗減小,葉綠素含量、光合速率和蒸騰速率降低,產(chǎn)量減少[8-10]。Wang等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)利用低于3.0 g/L微咸水膜下滴灌對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量沒(méi)有造成影響,而且不會(huì)造成鹽分在土壤中累積。Zartman等[12]在佛羅里達(dá)州開(kāi)展了4 a堿性土壤咸水灌溉作物研究,研究表明灌水濃度從0.4 dS/m增加到6.0 dS/m,顯著降低了土壤電導(dǎo)率。Symbol`@@郭太龍等[13]研究了礦化度1~5 g/L微(咸)水在土壤中入滲能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)35~45 cm土層出現(xiàn)積鹽,濕潤(rùn)鋒邊界處鹽分達(dá)到最大,土壤表層0~30 cm水分都達(dá)到飽和。劉雪艷等[8]認(rèn)為當(dāng)灌溉水的礦化度為 2.36~3.39 g/L時(shí)對(duì)棉花的生理生長(zhǎng)影響較小,產(chǎn)量減少11.85%。徐鑫等[14]利用3個(gè)梯度微咸水滴灌棉花幼苗,5 mS/cm處理下土壤在40~? 60 cm土壤含鹽量最高,且土壤電導(dǎo)率受水分影響先增加后減少?;⒛憽ね埋R爾白等[15]在新疆121團(tuán)對(duì)棉花開(kāi)展了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤鹽分在土層深度? 60~80 cm積累,灌后地表0~5 cm土壤表面容易返鹽。由于不同地區(qū)氣候條件特征、土壤條件以及種植棉花品種不同,適宜的灌溉水礦化度閾值存在明顯不同。為探究不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌棉花對(duì)土壤鹽分和作物生理生長(zhǎng)影響機(jī)制,本文通過(guò)4 a不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌棉花測(cè)坑試驗(yàn),分析不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌土壤鹽分分布以及累積規(guī)律,基于鹽脅迫下棉花產(chǎn)量和灌溉水利用效率提出合理的棉花膜下滴灌水源礦化度閾值,以期為微(咸)水膜下滴灌技術(shù)利用提供支撐。

1 材料與方法

1.1 研究區(qū)概況

本試驗(yàn)在現(xiàn)代節(jié)水灌溉兵團(tuán)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室? (85°59′47″E, 44°19′26″N)進(jìn)行,溫帶大陸性氣候。土壤為沙壤土,平均氣溫為7.9~8.7 ℃,最高氣溫為43.8 ℃,最低氣溫為-39.2 ℃。年降水量? 125~208 mm,年蒸散量為1 660~2 000 mm,地下水潛水埋深7~9 m。研究區(qū)地理位置見(jiàn)圖1。

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)在測(cè)坑種植棉花(‘農(nóng)豐No.133),測(cè)坑規(guī)格2 m×2 m×2 m,設(shè)3個(gè)重復(fù),坑底設(shè)30 cm沙礫石反濾層,四周用防滲墻隔開(kāi),滴灌帶滴頭流量為2 L/h。灌溉水設(shè)6個(gè)不同梯度:CK、A、B、C、D、E,分別為1 g /L、2 g/L、3 g/L、4 g/L、? 5 g/L、6 g/L。棉花種植密度25萬(wàn)株/hm2,株距10 cm,行距 60 cm,棉花種植方式為“一膜兩管四行”,滴灌帶鋪設(shè)與兩個(gè)窄行之間,灌溉定額為? 4 800 m3/hm2,主要依據(jù)目前研究區(qū)大田生產(chǎn)中膜下滴灌棉花灌溉定額,出苗水為淡水。棉花布置方式如圖2,土壤基本信息如表1。

1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法

1.3.1 土壤電導(dǎo)率 在每次灌水后12 h及生育期開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí),對(duì)0~100 cm土層土壤進(jìn)行取樣。利用土鉆分別在棉花寬行和窄行處采樣,將土壤裝入鋁盒封裝,進(jìn)行稱(chēng)量、烘干、研磨,土水比按1∶5混合振蕩?kù)o置過(guò)濾紙形成溶液,采用雷磁電導(dǎo)率儀(DDS-11A,上海雷磁儀器有限公司,中國(guó))測(cè)定土壤電導(dǎo)率[16]。

1.3.2 生理指標(biāo) 采用手持光合測(cè)量?jī)x(LI-6800,LI-COR,美國(guó))測(cè)定棉花上、中、下3片葉子的凈光合速率(Pn,Photosynthetic rate)、蒸騰速率(Tr,Transpiration rate)、氣孔導(dǎo)度 (Gs,Stomatal conductance)和細(xì)胞間CO2濃度(Ci,Intercellular CO2 concentration)[17]。不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度見(jiàn)表2。

1.3.3 株高、莖粗 在棉花苗期、蕾期、花鈴期和吐絮期各取樣1次,取樣時(shí)選取1株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均勻棉花。棉花株高用鋼尺測(cè)定從土壤表面到棉花的頂部距離;棉花莖粗利用游標(biāo)卡尺在莖基部測(cè)定。

1.3.4 灌溉水利用效率 灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)為產(chǎn)量和灌溉水量之間比值,計(jì)算公式[18]為:

式中IWUE為灌溉水利用效率(kg/m3);Y為籽棉產(chǎn)量(kg/hm2);I為灌溉定額? (m3/hm2)。

1.3.5 土壤積鹽率計(jì)算 土壤積鹽率為0~100 cm土壤剖面某一時(shí)期與其前一時(shí)期相比土壤含鹽量的增加率,其計(jì)算公式為:

式中t為土壤積鹽率(%);Wi為第i時(shí)期土壤含鹽量(kg/hm2);Wi-1為第i-1時(shí)期土壤含鹽量(kg/hm2)。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理

不同礦化度處理之間用SPSS軟件進(jìn)行方差分析和(Least significant difference method,LSD)差異顯著性多重比較(α=0.05)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌棉花年際土壤鹽分累積

如圖3所示,2019-2022年間0~100 cm平均土壤電導(dǎo)率以每年0.920 dS/m 、0.995 dS/m、1.196 dS/m和1.188 dS/m的速率呈線性增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。以2022年為例,隨著灌溉水礦化度升高,土壤電導(dǎo)率6 g/L處理下最高,其次為5?? g/L、? 4 g/L、3 g/L、2 g/L和1 g/L。6月份(苗期)平均土壤電導(dǎo)率為2.051 dS/m,與初始土壤含鹽量相比,增加20.15%,鹽分上升速率最快;7月份(蕾期)土壤電導(dǎo)率為2.346 dS/m,與6月份(苗期)土壤含鹽量相比,增加12.57%;8月份(花鈴期)土壤電導(dǎo)率為2.707 dS/m,與7月份(蕾期)土壤含鹽量相比,增加13.34%;9月份(吐絮期)土壤電導(dǎo)率為2.826 dS/m,與8月份(花鈴期)初始土壤含鹽量相比,增加4.40%。生育期結(jié)束后,5?? g/L和6 g/L處理與播種前相比土壤鹽分累積最多分別為38.70%和39.19%,當(dāng)灌溉水礦化度小于3 g/L時(shí),4 a微(咸)水膜下灌溉未引起明顯累積。

2.2 不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌棉花對(duì)土壤電導(dǎo)率的影響

圖4為2022年灌水12 h后窄行和寬行各處理土壤剖面鹽分分布情況。土壤電導(dǎo)率橫向上表現(xiàn)為滴頭(0~40 cm)處最低,沿著滴頭方向向兩側(cè)擴(kuò)散含鹽量逐漸增高,運(yùn)移至寬行(0~40 cm)處土壤含鹽量達(dá)到最大值,20~40 cm土層含鹽率增大幅度明顯大于40~60 cm土壤,土壤在? 40~80 cm深度出現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定積鹽層;且在土壤深度? 60 cm處土壤電導(dǎo)率都最高。因?yàn)椤胞}隨水來(lái),鹽隨水去”灌溉后鹽分隨著水分下滲到土壤40~60 cm根系形成“半橢圓”形狀,鹽分分布其濕潤(rùn)體邊沿,造成積鹽。微(咸)水灌溉會(huì)導(dǎo)致寬行土壤鹽分積累,由于水分?jǐn)U散影響寬行處在濕潤(rùn)體左右側(cè)邊緣處,因此表層20~40 cm土壤最為明顯,土壤電導(dǎo)率為0.30~2.1 dS/m。寬行處土壤電導(dǎo)率>窄行處土壤電導(dǎo)率。窄行鹽分在40~60 cm土層出現(xiàn)明顯積累,其中1? g/L、2 g/L、3 g/L、? 4 g/L、5 g/L、6 g/L處理下鹽分積累試驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)電導(dǎo)率分別為1.52 dS/m、1.26 dS/m、1.56?? dS/m、1.67 dS/m、1.78 dS/m和1.93 dS/m,積鹽率分別為62.5%、46.03%、35.26%、56.29%、? 57.87%和55.44%。

2.3 不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌對(duì)棉花生理指標(biāo)的影響

圖5顯示,2021-2022年隨著灌溉水源礦化度的升高,棉花凈光合速率(Pn)和蒸騰速率(Tr)明顯降低。氣孔導(dǎo)度(Gs)和胞間CO2濃度(Ci)對(duì)棉花葉片的光合作用影響較大。棉花Gs隨著礦化度的增加而降低。Ci隨著礦化度的增加而增加。

棉花全生育期,3 g/L處理與2 g/L處理相比,Pn升高11.26%,Tr升高8.05%,Gs升高11.2%,Ci降低25.4%;4 g/L處理、5 g/L處理、6 g/L處理與3 g/L處理相比,Pn分別降低了16.99%、31.05%和42.75%,Pn分別降低? 14.65%、22.68%和29.59%,Tr隨著生育期推移,太陽(yáng)光照越來(lái)越強(qiáng),棉花片葉氣孔關(guān)閉,Gs減小,導(dǎo)致Tr逐漸下降,最后趨于穩(wěn)定,說(shuō)明低礦化度情況下,有利于提高棉花葉片Tr,而礦化度過(guò)高Tr顯著下降;Gs降低23.03%、32.6%和32.93%,說(shuō)明礦化度較低的微咸水滴灌不僅不會(huì)降低Gs,在一定時(shí)期提高了Gs,礦化度過(guò)高則Gs顯著下降。不同處理Gs峰值均出現(xiàn)在盛鈴期;Ci升高28.59%、27.80%和44.91%。棉花Ci的變化規(guī)律剛好和Pn、Tr及Gs相反。棉花Ci隨著生育期的推進(jìn),變化趨勢(shì)為先減小后增大再較小,整體上呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢(shì)。[FL)]

2.4 不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌對(duì)棉花生長(zhǎng)的? 影響

如表3所示,2022年不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌對(duì)棉花株高、莖粗生長(zhǎng)影響差異顯著(P? 0.05)。蕾期,棉花株高和莖粗明顯升高,由苗期時(shí)的17.35~22.93 cm,增長(zhǎng)到35.02~46.25 cm,增長(zhǎng)速率為0.442~0.583 cm/d;莖粗由? 4.028~4.603 mm增長(zhǎng)到4.396~6.163 mm,增長(zhǎng)速率為0.010~0.039 mm/d;因?yàn)榍捌谥饕獮闋I(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)(根、莖、葉的生長(zhǎng))加快,生殖生長(zhǎng)(蕾、花、鈴、絮生長(zhǎng))減慢;花鈴期株高生長(zhǎng)緩慢,由蕾期時(shí)的35.02~46.25 cm,增長(zhǎng)到37.63~53 cm,增長(zhǎng)速率為0.087~0.225 cm/d,莖粗由4.396~? 6.163 mm增長(zhǎng)到5.133~7.583 mm,增長(zhǎng)速率為0.025~0.047 mm/d;此時(shí),生長(zhǎng)后期主要為生殖生長(zhǎng)(蕾、花、鈴、絮生長(zhǎng)),營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)(根、莖、葉的生長(zhǎng))減慢,打頂后基本不再生長(zhǎng);到吐絮期植株由花鈴期時(shí)37.63~53 cm,增長(zhǎng)到43.70~58.36 cm,增長(zhǎng)速率為0.179~0.202 cm/d,莖粗由5.133~7.583 mm增長(zhǎng)到5.727~8.777 mm,增長(zhǎng)速率為0.020~0.040 mm/d,此時(shí),棉花株高、莖粗達(dá)到最大值。低濃度的鹽分能夠促進(jìn)棉花地上部分的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,但是濃度過(guò)高的鹽分會(huì)顯著地抑制棉花的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,造成出葉變慢,花鈴脫落加快,莖部變細(xì)等。

2.5 不同礦化度水源膜下滴灌對(duì)棉花灌溉水利用效率的影響

如圖6所示,2020-2022年隨著灌溉水源礦化度的升高,棉花產(chǎn)量呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低趨勢(shì),產(chǎn)量降低的主要因素是咸水灌溉使得棉花根層的鹽分含量過(guò)高,造成棉花根系不能充分吸收水分,從而導(dǎo)致花鈴期縮短,單株鈴數(shù)明顯減少,而棉花的單鈴質(zhì)量對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響較小。當(dāng)灌溉水為全淡水時(shí)棉花產(chǎn)量最高為5 049.25 kg/hm2,3 g/L處理下產(chǎn)量最高為5 279.44 kg/hm2,4 g/L處理產(chǎn)量為5 296.67 kg/hm2,與對(duì)照相比沒(méi)有明顯減產(chǎn)。5 g/L、6 g/L處理下產(chǎn)量為4 478.45 kg/hm2、? 4 125.69 kg/hm2,相比淡水灌溉下棉花產(chǎn)量減小11.29%和18.27%。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子來(lái)看,單鈴質(zhì)量與棉花產(chǎn)量呈正比,隨礦化度的升高,單鈴質(zhì)量先增加后減小,3 g/L處理單鈴質(zhì)量為最大值5.73 g和6.17 g。同時(shí),隨著灌溉水源礦化度的升高,相同灌溉定額下灌溉水利用效率逐漸降低,其中4 g/L處理灌溉水分利用效率最高為1.12 kg/m3。

3 討論與結(jié)論

土壤鹽分運(yùn)動(dòng)受到地膜覆蓋、微(咸)水灌溉、降雨、蒸發(fā)蒸騰、根系吸水等因素影響,棉花生育期土壤鹽分運(yùn)移及累積是一個(gè)復(fù)雜物理變化過(guò)程[19-20]。微(咸)水膜下滴灌“驅(qū)鹽”作用有一定的局限性,只能將土壤鹽分驅(qū)于濕潤(rùn)體外,為作物在生育期內(nèi)提供相對(duì)低鹽環(huán)境,而未能將土壤鹽分淋洗出整個(gè)根層。這與郭仁松等[21]、孫三民等[22]研究結(jié)論一致。張前兵等[23]認(rèn)為苜蓿生育期土壤鹽分隨土壤深度增大而增大,垂直方向上土壤含鹽量高低關(guān)系0~30 cm<30~60 cm<60 cm,60 cm 土層含鹽量最大,水平方向土壤鹽分變化不大。與本文研究結(jié)果一致。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膜下滴灌4 a棉田,冬季融雪壓鹽后土壤鹽分隨灌溉年限的推移而減小,在土壤深層20 cm以下脫鹽率最明顯,在深度大約60~70 cm形成穩(wěn)定積鹽層。這與趙永成等[24]、楊廣等[25]、劉建軍等[26]研究結(jié)果一致。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)滴頭0~40 cm處土壤電導(dǎo)率最低,滴水后表層含鹽率逐漸減小,水的淋洗作用使得表面0~40 cm土層形成淡化區(qū);寬行處20~40 cm土層含鹽率增大幅度明顯大于40~60 cm土壤,土壤在40~80 cm深度出現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定積鹽層;窄行鹽分在40~60 cm土層出現(xiàn)明顯積累,其中膜間處累積鹽分最多,這與牟洪臣等[27]、王莉婷等[28]研究結(jié)果一致。

適宜的灌溉水礦化度對(duì)棉花的株高、莖粗和產(chǎn)量有促進(jìn)作用,因?yàn)檫m宜礦化度水源可為棉花生長(zhǎng)提供K+和Na+,促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng);灌溉水源礦化度過(guò)高會(huì)引起棉花Pn、Gs、Tr降低,這與馬君等[29]研究結(jié)果一致。土壤鹽分脅迫增大了土壤溶液的滲透勢(shì),導(dǎo)致棉花根系的細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜受損,增大棉花葉片的水勢(shì)梯度,使棉花對(duì)養(yǎng)分和水分吸收受阻,棉花葉片表面的氣孔開(kāi)度降低,CO2進(jìn)入葉肉細(xì)胞速率下降,從而導(dǎo)致光合作用減弱,與王慶惠等[30]研究一致。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)礦化度小于? 3 g/L灌溉對(duì)棉花株高、莖粗影響不明顯,但超過(guò)? 3 g/L對(duì)棉花株高、莖粗抑制作用很明顯,這與Ahmad等[31]的研究結(jié)果一致。

土壤含鹽量隨灌溉水礦化度升高而增大,2019-2022年間土壤鹽分以每年0.920 dS/m、0.995 dS/m、1.196 dS/m和1.188 dS/m的速率呈線性增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。

微(咸)水膜下滴灌棉花寬行土壤鹽分積累在20~40 cm土層明顯,窄行處土壤鹽分在40~? 60 cm土層累積。

灌溉水礦化度小于3 g/L時(shí),棉花株高、莖粗和凈光合速率、蒸騰速率、氣孔導(dǎo)度和胞間CO2濃度受到抑制程度較小,是較適宜的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉水源。

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Effect of? Drip Irrigation with Film Mulching on Soil Salinity Distribution and

Cotton Growth under Different Water Source Salinity Levels

Abstract Drip irrigation? with film mulching by using brackish water is one of the effective ways to alleviate the shortage of agricultural irrigation resources in arid areas.It is important to analyze the effect of this method on soil salinity distribution and crop growth to determine the salinity threshold of irrigation water.In this four-year study,a pit test of drip was conducted? for drip-irrigated cotton using water sources with different salinity gradients,including six treatments with salinity levels of 1 g/L (CK),2 g/L (A),3 g/L (B),4 g/L (C),5 g/L (D),and 6 g/L (E).We analyzed soil salinity accumulation and cotton growth characteristics under drip irrigation at different salinity levels,ultimately,we determined the salinity threshold for cotton when using drip irrigation with slightly salty water with film mulching.The results showed that during 2019-2022,the average soil conductivity of 0-10 cm exhibited a linear increase trend,with the annual rates of 0.920 dS/m,0.995 dS/m,1.196 dS/m and 1.188 dS/m.With the increase of irrigation years,soil conductivity under drip irrigation using water with different salinity gradients demonstrated a rising trend.Soil salt accumulation was highest in the 5 g/L and 6 g/L treatments,at 38.70% and 39.19%,respectively;after 12 h irrigation,the soil salt accumulation was the most obvious in the 20-40 cm wide surface layer,and the soil conductivity was?? 0.30-2.1 dS/m.The soil salinity accumulated in the 40-60 cm soil layer,with soil conductivity between 1.26-1.93 dS/m; the soil salt accumulation of cotton under drip irrigation of film mulcing with salinity of 3 g/L water source showed minimal effect on the photosynthetic index of cotton leaves.The optimal irrigation water source threshold for cotton under drip irrigation with brackish water was determined to be 3 g/L.

Key words Salinity;Drip irrigation with film mulching; Accumulation of salt; Cotton growth

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