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七選五題型解題方法新探索

2024-04-26 03:09陳運江翟歡
教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2024年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:主位延續(xù)性選項

陳運江 翟歡

(河北省石家莊市第二中學(xué))

七選五閱讀理解題型,其命題方式是在一篇300 詞左右的短文中留出五個空白,要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后所給的七個選項中選出能填入短文空白處的五個最佳選項,使補全后的短文意思通順,前后連貫,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,選項中有兩項為多余選項。文章體裁以說明文和夾敘夾議的文體為主;設(shè)空形式覆蓋段首句和小標(biāo)題、段間句和段尾句??疾橹攸c:“考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容與結(jié)構(gòu),以及語篇上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解和掌握”。

從目前來看,雖然我們對這種題型解題策略的研究比較豐富,但隨著該題型難度系數(shù)的不斷增加,七選五題型仍然是制約考生取得高分的一大障礙。其背后原因是新高考命題強調(diào)情境化,因情境而設(shè)題,以避免命題的固態(tài)化。這也意味著大家熟知的傳統(tǒng)解題策略,已經(jīng)不能完全滿足學(xué)生的解題需要了,面對新的命題特點,教師應(yīng)該如何指導(dǎo)考生進行精準(zhǔn)備考?

本文擬通過對近幾年高考真題的研究和分析,結(jié)合命題的新趨勢,從三個維度提出解決問題的新思路。

一、利用話題詞匯解決問題

文章都是圍繞一個話題即文章的主題為中心展開的,而該話題詞匯是貫穿于文章始終。故對話題詞匯的考查歷來是重點,但傳統(tǒng)的解題策略是通過尋找話題詞匯,迅速解決主題句或小標(biāo)題等主旨問題的選項,而現(xiàn)在七選五題型問題的設(shè)置,不僅在主題句中,還在非主題句中加入了對話題詞匯的考查。這就要求考生在解題時,善于利用主題詞匯,高效確定非主題句,如發(fā)展句或過渡句。通過拓寬話題詞匯的考查渠道,凸顯話題詞匯在語篇中的重要作用,因此在解題過程中,考生善于發(fā)現(xiàn)確定話題詞匯,并利用它們快速確定最佳選項。請看2023 年全國甲卷第三段:

● Practice gratitude(感激)

Thankfulness has a lot of benefits: Research shows it makes us happier,less stressed and even more optimistic. 37 .“Showing thankfulness can foster self-control,”said Ye Li,researcher at the University of California.

E.It can also help us practice more patience

本段的小標(biāo)題為 Practice gratitude(踐行感激),而本篇的題目Tricks To Becoming A Patient Person,即目的是告訴人們?nèi)绾巫兊糜心托模掝}的核心詞匯是patience,所以文中每個trick 的目的是教人們?nèi)绾勿B(yǎng)成耐心的習(xí)慣,設(shè)想沒有這個話題詞匯就很難讓考生明白本段與本篇文章的關(guān)聯(lián),而最有效的、明顯的關(guān)聯(lián)則是話題詞匯的存在。所以E 為正確選項,使踐行感恩和培養(yǎng)耐心兩者清晰地聯(lián)系在一起。再看2023 年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷第一段:

Personal Forgiveness

Taking responsibility for mistakes is a positive step,but don’t beat yourself up about them.To err(犯錯)is human. 36 You can use the following writing exercise to help you do this.

D.It’s just as important to show yourself some forgiveness.

通過本篇文章的題目可知它是關(guān)于自我寬恕的,話題詞匯則是Personal Forgiveness,根據(jù)空前句內(nèi)容交代了原因,空后句引領(lǐng)的是下文,顯然設(shè)空處會包含話題詞匯的選項,所以可容易地得出D 為正確答案。

啟示:善于利用話題詞匯解決問題。在某一段落中,話題詞匯的存在是一種必然的語言現(xiàn)象,因為它的存在才能使該段和全篇形成清晰的聯(lián)系。因此當(dāng)段落中沒有出現(xiàn)話題詞匯時,空白處的句子極有可能包含著話題詞匯。

二、利用句際之間的關(guān)系解決問題

句際之間的關(guān)系是靠銜接實現(xiàn)的,句子之間的銜接通常分為結(jié)構(gòu)銜接和非結(jié)構(gòu)銜接。非結(jié)構(gòu)銜接,包括邏輯銜接(并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等),語法銜接(照應(yīng)、替代和省略等),詞匯銜接(復(fù)現(xiàn)、同現(xiàn)等);而結(jié)構(gòu)銜接包括句式上的平行結(jié)構(gòu)(排比句、對比句以及搭配句(問句和答句)),和主位和述位。對以上提到的絕大多數(shù)的銜接方式,考生都了解且會有意識地運用,如利用邏輯關(guān)系,詞匯的復(fù)現(xiàn)和代替等,準(zhǔn)確得到七選五的最佳選項,在這里就不再累述了,本文主要通過介紹比較陌生的主位和述位的銜接方式,以及它們在高考題中的具體體現(xiàn),使考生理解該理論,并逐步應(yīng)用,從而豐富七選五的解題方法。

主位與述位理論是由布拉格派的馬泰休斯最早提出,英國語言學(xué)家韓禮德接受并發(fā)展這一理論。一個句子除了可以按照句法結(jié)構(gòu)劃分為語法上的主語、謂語等以外,還可以從語言交際功能的角度,對話語進行語義上的劃分,這就是主位和述位。主位:交際雙方已知的信息,是信息中前面的部分,屬于小句的第一個成分,是小句表達信息的起點。述位:是發(fā)話人要傳遞的信息,為對方未知的信息,是后面的部分。

一個自然段內(nèi)部的句子中,各句的主位、述位之間彼此聯(lián)系、照應(yīng)、銜接和過渡,進而形成連貫,推動內(nèi)容的發(fā)展。高考設(shè)題中常見的三種發(fā)展情況為:平行性的發(fā)展,延續(xù)性的發(fā)展,集中性的發(fā)展。

1.平行性的發(fā)展

平行性發(fā)展指的是以第一句的主位為出發(fā)點,以后各句均以此句的主位或主位的一部分為主位,分別從不同的角度闡明這個主位。請看2023 全國乙卷第一段:

Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much,but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home. 16 ,but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood,reducing stress and helping their memory.What’s more,indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.

B.Not only do they look beautiful

第一句的主位是Indoor plants,而其余各句均以此句的主位Indoor plants 為主位,從不同的角度闡明了室內(nèi)植物的好處。須注意的是為了避免重復(fù)還是使用了相應(yīng)的代詞they。

再看2013 年高考全國卷第一段:

Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want.The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services.Most businesses seek to make a profit(利 潤)— that is,they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. 71

D.However,some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.

第一句的主位是Business,第二句的主位與第一句相同,第三句和第四句的主位分別為Most business,some business,他們是前面句子主位的一部分,也可把幾個句子主位一致,形成平行性的發(fā)展。

啟示:在平行性的發(fā)展的句子之間,我們可以根據(jù)主位一致,快速壓縮選項范圍,再結(jié)合其他方法,選出最佳選項。

2.延續(xù)性的發(fā)展

延續(xù)性發(fā)展指的是前一句的述位或述位的一部分,作為后一句的主位,用一個新的信息作述位,闡明這個主位,如此延續(xù)下去,帶出新信息,推動思想內(nèi)容的表達。請看2023 年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷第四段:

You could ask a friend or family member to help add to your list. 39 That way,you could exchange thoughts on what makes each of you special and the aspects of your personality that shine through.In fact,don’t wait until you’ve made a mistake to try this—it’s a great way to boost self-confidence at any time.

C.They might even like to have a go at doing the exercise.

在第一句話中,它的主位是You,述位為could ask a friend or family member to help add to your list,而在作為第二句的C 選項中,把第一句中的述位中的重要詞匯a friend or family member,以代詞they 的形式,作為了該句的主位,引出了新的信息作為述位,形成了延續(xù)性發(fā)展。再看下面一個例子。2022 年全國乙卷第三段:

Practise empathy(共情)

38 .The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved.The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.

G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind

這里作為38 題選項G 的述位為may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind,而在其后的兩句中把這個述位分成兩部分,分別作為下面兩個句子的主位,也屬于延續(xù)性發(fā)展。而選項后面兩個句子“The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved.The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.”則屬于平行性的發(fā)展,這說明在一個段落內(nèi)部會根據(jù)需要按一種方法發(fā)展,但在不少情況下,一種方式不能擔(dān)負起全部的表達任務(wù),這時則可能運用不止一種方式的發(fā)展方式。

啟示:在延續(xù)性的發(fā)展的句子之間,我們可以根據(jù)主位述位轉(zhuǎn)化過程中形成的話題的延續(xù)性,快速壓縮選項范圍,再結(jié)合其他方法,選到最佳選項。

3.集中性的發(fā)展

集中性發(fā)展指的是第一句的主位、述位作了基本敘述以后,第二、第三句等分別以新的主位開始,但都用第一句的述位,亦即各句不同的出發(fā)點都集中歸結(jié)為同一種情況或狀態(tài)。

請看2022 年全國甲卷第三段:

Hands or Utensils(餐具)

In India and the Middle East,it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand. 18 ,instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile,you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.

B.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils

本段就屬于典型的集中性的發(fā)展,每一句話的主位不同,但述位相同,都落在了用餐時用手或餐具上。再看下面例子,2020年新高考卷第一段:

Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 16 Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.

G.However,the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.

本段也屬于集中性發(fā)展,第一句和選項所在的第二句的述位盡管不是原詞,但述位的核心內(nèi)容都是指向演說家。

啟示:在集中性的發(fā)展的句子之間,我們可以根據(jù)述位一致的行文特征,把述位一致的選項作為重要候選項,再結(jié)合其他方法,選出最佳選項。

通過以上例子不難發(fā)現(xiàn),段落內(nèi)部的句子之間保持某種聯(lián)系,以推動內(nèi)容的發(fā)展,而聯(lián)系的形式就是通過上述三種方式,來保持主位和述語的一致或延續(xù)。但一致和延續(xù)不單單指同一詞和詞組的重復(fù),它還包括同義詞、近義詞、同根詞、反義詞,整體與部分以及概括性復(fù)現(xiàn)甚至是提煉詞匯等,所以不要拘泥于形式,而要求語義一致,就可構(gòu)成主位述位的推進模式。

還需要特別指出的是由于人們思維的跳躍性,同時為了語言的簡練,把一些不言自明的潛臺詞跳躍過去,這也屬于銜接的手段之一,使前后句的主位和述位表面上看起來沒有連貫,沒有形成銜接,盡管使語言簡潔了,但增加了解決問題的難度。請看2022 年新高考Ⅰ卷第五段:

In France,quality of life is much more important than efficiency.You can tell this by café life.French cafés are always crowded. 40 When do these people work? The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously—so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.

A.Not all the customers are tourists.

解題過程的思維過程是這樣的“French cafés are always crowded with customers.Not all the customers are tourists.When do these people work?”文章把with customers 省略了,將其補充完整后,前后句之間的主位和述位的關(guān)聯(lián)就很清晰了,第一句的述位應(yīng)為customers,呈現(xiàn)出了清晰的延續(xù)性的發(fā)展,它成了第二句的主位,而它與第三句的發(fā)展形式為平行性的,即not all the customers還是第三句的主位,以替代詞they 出現(xiàn)。

啟示:這種省略使語篇更加緊湊,但無論如何,被省略的成分都能從上下文中找到,所以遇到此類問題時,要有意識地從前后句中找到省略的內(nèi)容,補充完整,降低解題的難度。

三、利用段際之間的關(guān)系解決問題

傳統(tǒng)試卷對段際之間的考查比較少,且比較單一,主要是對引出下文的第一段或第二段結(jié)尾句的考查。請看2018 年浙江卷第一段:

Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course,you want to make sure that you become an acceptable and valuable part of your neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should. 31

G.Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.

31 題考查的是段際之間的關(guān)系,為引出下文做好過渡。但現(xiàn)在對段際之間的考查不止于此了。請看2023 年2 月四省適應(yīng)性模擬高考第三至第五段:

The problem is emphasized by the fact that the decline in numbers happened in less than twenty years.Deep-sea fish take a long time to reproduce and normally live for many years. 38 .Unfortunately,their reproduction rate is very low.

The average size of such fish also declined,with one species showing a 57 percent decline in average size.This is of particular concern,as large fish tend to produce more offspring than small ones.

39 The deep-sea species have been caught as if they were the fast-breeding(快速繁殖)fish like sardine and herring.It is like killing elephants as if they reproduced at the same rate as rabbits.

E.None of these facts has been taken into account by the fishing industry.

把39 題設(shè)置為段首句,不僅是主題句引領(lǐng)下文,還承擔(dān)“承上”的過渡句的功能,需要考慮上文的內(nèi)容,即需要考慮段際之間的關(guān)系,才能選出最佳選項。E 項意為:這些事實都沒有被捕魚行業(yè)所關(guān)注。選項內(nèi)容,剛好是對“上段”的總結(jié),同時也構(gòu)成“下句”的原因。事實上這一趨勢早有征兆,如2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷(第三至四段):

Parisians are different from you and me.They never look lazy or untidy.As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago,they eat great food and never gain weight.38.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.French strawberries do not taste like cardboard.Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.

39 On our first morning in Paris,I went around the comer to the food market to pick up some groceries.I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten.But they cost $ 18!

E.That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.

同樣把39 題設(shè)置在段首句,不僅需要承接上一段的主要內(nèi)容:The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.“那里的食物如此美味,以至于不需太多就可令你滿意”,承接吃得少的原因,同時還要引出少吃的另一個原因。

啟示:在解決七選五問題時,不僅要注意句際之間的關(guān)系,同時也要重視段際之間的關(guān)系,不僅要注意空白處為第一或第二段的段尾句引領(lǐng)下文的功能,還要注意如空白處為段首句,除了能充當(dāng)主題句引出下文,有時還要兼顧承接上文的作用。

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