沙鵬 雷江華
【基金項目】 本文為全國教育科學(xué)“十四五”規(guī)劃2021年度教育部重點課題“基于融合性沙盤游戲的自閉癥兒童社會交往能力培養(yǎng)的研究”(DHA210379)的階段性研究成果。
【摘要】 為探究國外應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)孤獨癥兒童社交行為的研究趨勢,對43篇相關(guān)文獻進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在研究設(shè)計層面上,研究目標(biāo)趨于提高孤獨癥兒童社交行為的表現(xiàn)能力,研究對象趨于選取低齡高功能的孤獨癥兒童,研究設(shè)計趨于選用單一被試實驗設(shè)計;在干預(yù)實施層面上,干預(yù)情境趨于選取融合教育情境,干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴趨于標(biāo)準統(tǒng)一且培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容精細,干預(yù)方法趨于整合多種方法發(fā)揮協(xié)同效應(yīng),干預(yù)策略趨于選取“混合型”策略。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我國后續(xù)相關(guān)研究的開展還應(yīng)全面關(guān)注孤獨癥兒童社交行為的發(fā)展模式與軌跡并積極開展早期干預(yù),同時要持續(xù)探索同伴介入法實施的可行性路徑,充分發(fā)揮其在推動孤獨癥兒童社交行為發(fā)展中的有效性。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 孤獨癥譜系障礙兒童;社交行為干預(yù);同伴介入法
【中圖分類號】 G760
【作者簡介】 沙鵬,博士研究生,華中師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)院(武漢,430079);雷江華,教授,華中師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)院(通訊作者:huajianglei2003@163.com,武漢,430079)。
一、引言
孤獨癥譜系障礙(Autism Spectrum Disorders,以下簡稱ASD)是發(fā)病于兒童早期的精神性發(fā)育障礙,發(fā)病率超1%,名列我國兒童精神類疾病首位[1]。研究表明,社會交往障礙是ASD的核心癥狀[2],具體表現(xiàn)為ASD兒童較少出現(xiàn)社交行為,其在社交行為認知、參與等多方面存在著不同程度的缺陷,且社交行為缺陷對ASD兒童發(fā)展的負面影響是持久的[3-5]。因此,研究人員應(yīng)加強對ASD兒童社交行為的研究。
元分析研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基于行為主義取向的同伴介入法(peer-mediated intervention)在ASD兒童社交行為干預(yù)中的應(yīng)用日益廣泛,且被美國國家孤獨癥中心等權(quán)威機構(gòu)認定為是一種符合循證實踐標(biāo)準的社交能力干預(yù)方法[6]。其有效性路徑為:由研究者培訓(xùn)有社交能力的普通兒童作為干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴,使其能與ASD兒童建立恰當(dāng)?shù)纳缃荒J剑瑥娀疉SD兒童適切的社交行為,從而提升ASD兒童的社交能力[7-9]。相比之下,國外研究人員應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)ASD兒童社交行為的時間更早且成效較好。鑒于此,本文從研究設(shè)計層面與干預(yù)實施層面中的各個要素入手,梳理并分析國外相關(guān)干預(yù)研究的趨勢,以期為我國后續(xù)同類研究與實踐的開展提供啟示。
二、研究方法
首先,進行文獻檢索。以Web of Science、EBSCO ASP、ERIC以及ProQuest數(shù)據(jù)庫為文獻檢索來源,選擇主題(詞)為檢索項進行高級檢索,檢索式為(TS=autism OR autistic OR ASD)AND(TS=peer-mediated intervention OR PMI)AND(TS=social behavior OR social actions),文獻類型選擇“Article”,文獻語種選擇“English”,文章發(fā)表日期截止至2023年6月。其次,進行文獻篩選。參照PRISMA標(biāo)準[10],文獻的納入標(biāo)準為:①實證研究;②研究對象為經(jīng)確診的ASD兒童;③采取了單一被試或隨機對照實驗設(shè)計。依據(jù)上述標(biāo)準,共獲得43篇有效文獻,即本研究的樣本[11-53]。
三、研究結(jié)果
(一)研究設(shè)計層面的趨勢及其啟示
1.研究目標(biāo):趨于提高ASD兒童社交行為的表現(xiàn)能力
縱觀國外應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)ASD兒童社交行為的研究,其根本目標(biāo)在于提高ASD兒童社交行為的表現(xiàn)能力,并通過多元的形式具體展開。例如,Aldabas與Cardon等人以改善被試的社交行為技能為目標(biāo),發(fā)現(xiàn)基于同伴介入法的社交行為干預(yù)能增加ASD兒童社交語言的使用次數(shù),豐富其社交語言的呈現(xiàn)形式,完善其社交語言的表達功能[54-55];Barber與Parsons等人以降低被試的社交行為缺陷程度為目標(biāo),發(fā)現(xiàn)基于同伴介入法的社交行為干預(yù)能促進ASD兒童社交知覺、社交溝通等方面的發(fā)展,從而減輕其社交行為缺陷的程度[56-57];Bambara與Watkins等人則以減少被試的社交問題情緒行為為目標(biāo),發(fā)現(xiàn)基于同伴介入法的社交行為干預(yù)能緩解ASD兒童抑郁、焦慮等不良社交情緒,減少其出現(xiàn)攻擊行為、強迫行為等消極社交行為的頻率[58-59]。此外,還有研究以ASD兒童社交品質(zhì)、社交主動性、社交維持度等的改變?yōu)樽罱K的研究目標(biāo),均取得了不同程度的積極效果。
多元的研究目標(biāo)為ASD兒童多樣的社交行為干預(yù)需求提供了多維的參考,也驗證了基于同伴介入法的干預(yù)有益于ASD兒童社交行為的發(fā)展。目前,國外相關(guān)研究對ASD兒童目標(biāo)社交行為發(fā)展的評價多采用量化的形式,即觀測干預(yù)前后被試目標(biāo)行為出現(xiàn)次數(shù)或主要看護者應(yīng)用標(biāo)準化工具評分的變化,然而個體的社交行為內(nèi)涵深刻且外延深遠,單一的量化評價難以全面描述,故后續(xù)研究還應(yīng)融入包括社交趨向、社交態(tài)度等要素目標(biāo)的質(zhì)性評價,以綜合描述ASD兒童的社交行為發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。
2.研究對象:趨于選取低齡、高功能ASD兒童
首先,基于社交行為缺陷在ASD兒童群體中的基礎(chǔ)性,國外研究人員多選取3—8歲低齡ASD兒童為被試。其次,基于ASD兒童個體的社交行為缺陷程度與表現(xiàn)差異顯著,低功能ASD兒童社交行為的干預(yù)效果難以考察,故研究人員多選取高功能ASD兒童為被試。判定標(biāo)準為:一是障礙典型經(jīng)權(quán)威專家診斷,符合《美國精神障礙診斷手冊-第五版》等高信度診斷工具中ASD的標(biāo)準;二是不患有非發(fā)育障礙性神經(jīng)障礙、重大軀體和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病;三是處于邊緣以上智力水平,且具備指令聽從與行為模仿等能力。
集中選取低齡、高功能ASD兒童為被試有助于研究人員直觀考察應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)ASD兒童社交行為的效果,分析其在不同維度的作用機制。但面對ASD兒童社交行為缺陷所固有的差異性,后續(xù)研究還應(yīng)綜合選取不同性別、年齡段、障礙程度、安置形式的ASD兒童為被試,充分挖掘同伴介入法應(yīng)用于不同ASD兒童群體的差異并據(jù)此為其匹配干預(yù)方案,使每名ASD兒童的社交行為均能得到適切發(fā)展。
3.實驗設(shè)計:趨于選用單一被試實驗設(shè)計
經(jīng)統(tǒng)計分析,單一被試實驗設(shè)計在國外相關(guān)研究中的應(yīng)用最為廣泛,這與同伴介入法的團體介入模式有關(guān)。從多基線的設(shè)計類型來看,常采用跨被試多基線設(shè)計,通過對彼此獨立的被試在不同階段目標(biāo)社交行為變化的統(tǒng)計與處理表明干預(yù)的效果;而從撤銷的設(shè)計類型來看,常采用的則是A—B設(shè)計,基線期同伴不對被試采取干預(yù)措施,待研究人員觀測到被試目標(biāo)干預(yù)行為趨于穩(wěn)定再告知同伴進入干預(yù)期。干預(yù)期同伴開始參照方案執(zhí)行干預(yù),研究人員則采取時間取樣的形式考察同伴執(zhí)行干預(yù)的效果。在A—B設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)上,還有研究采用了A—B—A—B或A—B—A—B—A設(shè)計,通過撤除再介入前后觀測數(shù)據(jù)的變化表明應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)ASD兒童社交行為的有效性,并分析了其維持效度。此外,為了驗證研究結(jié)果的信效度,研究人員還普遍進行了觀察者一致性、干預(yù)忠誠度以及社會效度等檢驗。
單一被試實驗設(shè)計雖能直觀反映被試干預(yù)前后社交行為的變化,但因樣本容量有限,往往難以保證研究的外部效度。因此,后續(xù)研究可綜合隨機對照實驗設(shè)計,通過增加被試數(shù)量提高研究結(jié)果的推廣價值;也可綜合縱向跟蹤實驗設(shè)計,充分把握ASD兒童社交行為發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵期及其軌跡,并依此設(shè)定同伴介入的周期與強度,使ASD兒童的社交行為得以有序、高效地發(fā)展。
(二)干預(yù)實施層面的趨勢及其啟示
1.干預(yù)情境:趨于在融合教育情境中開展
隨著融合教育理念的大力推行,越來越多的ASD兒童有機會進入普通學(xué)校接受滿足自身發(fā)展需要的融合教育,而這也為同伴介入法的應(yīng)用創(chuàng)造了條件。現(xiàn)有研究中,多是以被試所處融合學(xué)校的常規(guī)教室、資源教室、操場或餐廳為干預(yù)場所,這些具備融合教育含義的場所為被試熟知且較容易排除無關(guān)刺激干擾,因而能在滿足ASD兒童對干預(yù)環(huán)境所固有的刻板性需求的同時,推動干預(yù)順利實施。同時,在設(shè)置干預(yù)活動時,研究人員也充分考慮了融合教育情境中的要素。例如,在干預(yù)活動的內(nèi)容上,Strasberger等人認為,應(yīng)綜合考量現(xiàn)有的融合教育資源與被試的參與興趣,增加被試與干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴之間社交互動的機會,提升干預(yù)的效度[60];在干預(yù)活動的設(shè)計上,Kent等人指出,應(yīng)遵循“低頻高效”的原則,合理設(shè)計干預(yù)活動的實施途徑,使其在融合教育情境中多維地開展,避免過于頻繁的“刻意設(shè)計”影響被試及其干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴常規(guī)的學(xué)習(xí)生活[61];而在干預(yù)活動的強化上,Hansen等人提出,應(yīng)以融合教育情境中常用的社會性強化為主,通過鼓勵性語言、點頭、豎大拇指、拍手等多種形式的強化,使被試始終處于高能動的狀態(tài)并自然地內(nèi)化[62]。
多項研究結(jié)果顯示,ASD兒童的社交行為缺陷在融合教育情境中更為顯著,由于缺乏維持眼神交流、分享物品、對他人互動作出反饋等社交能力,其更容易在融合教育情境中遭受同伴排斥與社會孤立[63-64]。鑒于此,后續(xù)研究還應(yīng)持續(xù)關(guān)注ASD兒童社交行為在融合教育情境中的發(fā)展,不斷延伸融合教育情境并開展跨情境的實驗研究,助力ASD兒童邁向更為廣闊的社會融合。與此同時,也應(yīng)在不同的融合教育情境中合理運用同伴介入法,加強ASD兒童與同伴間的社交互動,并通過多元的學(xué)習(xí)模仿切實提升其在不同社交情境中的社交行為表現(xiàn)。
2.干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴:趨于標(biāo)準統(tǒng)一、培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容精細
從干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴的選取標(biāo)準來看,相關(guān)研究多選取與被試年齡相近且關(guān)系密切的同班同學(xué)、同住鄰居或同胞兄弟姐妹為干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴,并提出參與要求,如無不良社交行為、社交行為表現(xiàn)與生理年齡相匹配、性格開朗且樂于助人、愿意接受干預(yù)培訓(xùn)以及能保證參與研究全過程。就同伴介入的模式而言,相關(guān)研究普遍采用了小團體干預(yù)模式,為每名被試匹配2—6名干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴,通過彼此精密的分工協(xié)作,共同推進ASD兒童社交行為的發(fā)展。
從干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴的培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容來看,早期研究的培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容以單一操作為主,后期研究的培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容則日趨精細,可概括為三個階段。第一階段旨在了解ASD,誘發(fā)同伴執(zhí)行干預(yù)的動機。研究人員會帶領(lǐng)干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴通過《小貓皮特和新伙伴》(Pete the Cat and New Guy)等經(jīng)典繪本閱讀或兒童工具包(Kit for Kids)等系統(tǒng)課程學(xué)習(xí)了解ASD的特征,明白ASD兒童并不可怕,他們也需要接受教育,得到關(guān)懷,并通過深入思考自己能為ASD兒童提供哪些幫助使其深刻感受自身價值。第二階段旨在走近幫扶的ASD兒童,全面分析其社交行為缺陷。干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴會在研究人員的引導(dǎo)下從第三視角觀察被試的社交行為表現(xiàn),重點討論其不積極參與同學(xué)互動、經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)不良社交行為的原因,并分析可行的改善措施,以增強干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴對干預(yù)過程中突發(fā)狀況的預(yù)判與處理能力,使干預(yù)實施更為流暢有序。第三階段則旨在學(xué)會幫助ASD兒童,有效掌握同伴介入策略。在研究人員的示范講解下,干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴需要掌握干預(yù)實施的基本流程與操作,實時關(guān)注被試的反應(yīng),態(tài)度積極并時刻銘記自己的使命,保證干預(yù)實施的信度與效度[65-69]。
同伴介入法能有效避免ASD兒童與成人干預(yù)執(zhí)行者之間的年齡代溝以及單向教導(dǎo)所導(dǎo)致的忽略自然社交氛圍等弊端,有助于ASD兒童將從同伴處習(xí)得的正向社交行為在現(xiàn)實的同輩社交情境中合理地應(yīng)用并泛化。然而值得注意的是,高效度同伴介入法的實施過程極為復(fù)雜,有賴于同伴足夠的執(zhí)行力及研究人員的精準控制,故后續(xù)研究一是要繼續(xù)細化干預(yù)執(zhí)行同伴的培訓(xùn)方案,并通過增加預(yù)實驗的方式考察同伴建立在理論基礎(chǔ)上的實際執(zhí)行能力;二是要進行觀察者一致性檢驗與干預(yù)忠誠度檢驗,在充分保證研究信效度的同時,提升干預(yù)實施的可操作性與可持續(xù)性。
3.干預(yù)方法:趨于整合多種方法發(fā)揮協(xié)同效應(yīng)
在同伴介入法的應(yīng)用上,多數(shù)研究將其與其他干預(yù)方法相整合,并發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的整合能產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)。例如,Thiemann-Bourque等人整合了語音生成技術(shù)方法(Speech Generating Devices,以下簡稱SGD),發(fā)現(xiàn)同伴利用SGD執(zhí)行干預(yù)能提升被試的參與度并激發(fā)其社交動機,為后續(xù)社交行為發(fā)展夯實了基礎(chǔ)[70];McFadden等人則整合了關(guān)鍵反應(yīng)訓(xùn)練(Pivotal Response Training,以下簡稱PRT),發(fā)現(xiàn)同伴利用PRT執(zhí)行干預(yù)生態(tài)化效度較高,能潛移默化地幫助被試建立“出現(xiàn)恰當(dāng)社交行為—獲取自然行為強化”的作用聯(lián)結(jié),使被試的社交行為習(xí)得更為穩(wěn)固且更易泛化[71]。除上述直接將同伴介入法應(yīng)用于ASD兒童社交行為發(fā)展的研究以外,還有部分研究間接地將同伴介入法應(yīng)用于ASD兒童的社交行為發(fā)展之中。例如,Hansen等人應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)被試的共同注意,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),同伴介入帶來的共同注意能力提升能同時作用于被試社交觀察、社交表達等多方面社交行為的改善[72];Corbett等人則應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)被試的心理理論,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),同伴介入促進心理理論能力提高并帶動被試社交溝通、社交互惠等方面社交行為的發(fā)展[73]。
綜上所述,面對ASD兒童差異化的社交行為干預(yù),有機整合同伴介入法與其他干預(yù)方法更為高效。但在具體實施中,研究人員應(yīng)全面考察多種干預(yù)方法整合是否符合循證實踐標(biāo)準、不同干預(yù)方法在推動ASD兒童社交行為發(fā)展中的作用關(guān)系等問題。同時,也可拓寬視域,深入探究整合性干預(yù)方法有效性的神經(jīng)作用機制,從而多維度分析ASD兒童社交行為發(fā)展的可能性因素。
4.干預(yù)策略:趨于采取“混合型”策略
依據(jù)Odom等人的分類標(biāo)準,同伴介入策略可分為四種類型:自由互動型、主動發(fā)起型、提示強化型、混合型[74]。其中,自由互動型指讓同伴與被試自由地社交互動,期待其能在與同伴的互動中發(fā)展社交行為;主動發(fā)起型指同伴在干預(yù)過程中主動發(fā)起與被試的社交互動,以誘發(fā)其產(chǎn)生社交行為;提示強化型指同伴在干預(yù)過程中對被試特定的社交行為進行提示與強化,以推動其有效習(xí)得恰當(dāng)?shù)纳缃恍袨?;混合型指綜合運用主動發(fā)起型與提示強化型策略。統(tǒng)觀國外相關(guān)文獻,研究人員多采取混合型策略,認為主動發(fā)起有助于引發(fā)被試對目標(biāo)社交行為的關(guān)注,而由多到少、由強到弱的提示強化則有助于增進被試對目標(biāo)社交行為的理解與內(nèi)化,進而使ASD兒童的社交行為得到全面發(fā)展。
國外應(yīng)用同伴介入法干預(yù)ASD兒童社交行為的研究具有重要的參考價值。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我國研究人員還應(yīng)立足各要素實際進行更深入的思考。一是基于社交行為缺陷是ASD兒童最初特征的實際,全面關(guān)注ASD兒童社交行為的發(fā)展模式與軌跡并積極開展早期干預(yù),使其社交行為缺陷盡早得以補償。二是面對我國隨班就讀工作的實際,持續(xù)探索同伴介入法實施的可行性路徑,以充分發(fā)揮其在推動ASD兒童社交行為發(fā)展中的有效性,并力爭以社交行為的漸進式發(fā)展推動ASD兒童社會融合目標(biāo)的逐步達成。
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Research on the Trends and Implications of Applying Peer-Mediated Method in Intervening Social Behavior of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Abroad
SHA Peng? ?LEI Jianghua
Abstract:In order to explore the research trend of peer-mediated intervention in social behavior of children with autism spectrum disorders abroad, 43 pieces of literature were analyzed. The results show that, at the research design level, the research goals tend to improve the performance ability of autistic childrens social behavior, the research objects tend to select young and high-functioning autistic children, and the research designs tend to choose a single subject experimental design; at the level of intervention implementation, the intervention context tends to be inclusive education context, the intervention implementation partners tend to be selected with unified standards and fine training content, the intervention methods tend to integrate multiple methods to exert synergistic effects, and the intervention strategies tend to be “mixed” strategies. On this basis, follow-up researches in China should pay attention to the development pattern and track of social behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder, then actively carry out early intervention. At the same time, it should continue to explore the feasibility of peer-mediated intervention, and give full play to its effectiveness in promoting the social behavior development of autistic children.
Key words:children with autism spectrum disorders; social behavior intervention; peer-mediated method
Authors:SHA Peng,doctoral candidate,School of Education,Central China Normal University(Wuhan,430079);LEI Jianghua,professor,School of Education,Central China Normal University(corresponding author,huajianglei2003@163.com,Wuhan,430079).
(責(zé)任編輯:幸琪琪)