黃俊偉 陳金灶 翁金日 吳清國(guó)
[摘要]?目的?對(duì)比射頻消融或冷凍消融兩種方法在左房擴(kuò)大的房顫患者中是否存在治療效果差異。方法?選取自2016年12月至2022年5月期間前來(lái)福建省莆田市第一醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科房顫中心就診并行導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)的左心房擴(kuò)大(left?atrial?volume?index,LAVI)>34ml/m2的房顫患者作為研究對(duì)象,共106例。根據(jù)術(shù)式,分成射頻組(n=54)和冷凍組(n=52),比較兩組術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的情況。結(jié)果?本研究中位隨訪時(shí)間為12個(gè)月,無(wú)死亡病例,失訪率為3.8%,房顫消融后總體復(fù)發(fā)率為36.8%。兩組臨床基線情況及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);射頻組的手術(shù)用時(shí)較長(zhǎng)(P<0.001)、X-射線時(shí)間短、曝光量更少(P<0.05);生存分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者無(wú)房顫/房撲/房速生存率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論?對(duì)于左房擴(kuò)大的房顫患者,兩種術(shù)式臨床效果相近。冷凍消融手術(shù)用時(shí)較短,而射頻消融時(shí)醫(yī)患所承受的X射線時(shí)間及曝光劑量更低,應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇合適的消融方法。
[關(guān)鍵詞]?左心房容積指數(shù);射頻消融;冷凍消融;左心房擴(kuò)大;房顫復(fù)發(fā)
[中圖分類號(hào)]?R541????[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]?A ????[DOI]?10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2024.02.008
Difference?in?efficacy?of?radiofrequency?and?cryoballoon?ablation?methods?on?atrial?fibrillation?patients?with?enlarged?left?atrium
HUANG?Junwei,?CHEN?Jinzao,?WENG?Jinri,?WU?Qingguo
Department?of?Cardiovascular?Medicine,?the?First?Hospital?of?Putian?City,?Putian?351100,?Fujian,?China
[Abstract]?Objective?To?compare?the?different?therapeutic?efficacies?between?radiofrequency?and?cryoballoon ablation?in?atrial?fibrillation?(AF)?patients?with?enlarged?left?atrium.?Methods?A?total?of?106?AF?patients?with?enlarged?left?atrium?(LAVI)>?34ml/m2?who?visited?our?center?between?December?2016?and?May?2022?for?catheter?ablation?were?enrolled.?They?were?divided?into?radiofrequency?group?(R-group)?and?cryoballoon?group?(C-group)?according?to?the?procedure.?The?recurrence?of?AF?was?compared?between?the?two?groups.?Results?The?median?follow-up?time?was?12?months?and?no?death?occurred.?The?rate?of?loss?of?follow-up?was?3.8%.?The?overall?recurrence?rate?of?AF?after?ablation?was?36.8%.?There?was?no?significant?difference?in?clinical?baseline?between?the?two?groups?(P>0.05).?The?radiofrequency?group?had?longer?operation?time?(P<0.001),?shorter?X-ray?time?and?less?exposure?(P<0.05);?There?was?no?significant?difference?in?clinical?baseline?and?postoperative?complications?between?the?two?groups?(P>0.05).?The?results?of?survival?analysis?showed?that?there?was?no?significant?difference?in?the?survival?rate?of?patients?without?atrial?fibrillation/atrial?flutter/atrial?tachycardia?between?the?two?groups?(P>0.05).?Conclusion?For?AF?patients?with?enlarged?left?atrium,?the?clinical?effects?of?the?two?methods?were?similar.?Cryoballoon?takes?a?shorter?time,?while?radiofrequency?has?a?lower?X-ray?time?and?exposure?dose?for?physicians?and?patients.?Therefore,?appropriate?ablation?methods?should?be?selected?according?to?the?actual?situation.
[Key?words]?Left?atrial?volume?index;?Radiofrequency?ablation;?Cryoballoon?ablation;?Enlarged?left?atrium;?Atrial?fibrillation?recurrence
房顫患者的數(shù)量逐年增長(zhǎng)[1],目前非藥物治療首選導(dǎo)管消融,其基石是左心房-肺靜脈電隔離(pulmonary?vein?isolation,PVI)[2-3]。導(dǎo)管消融的方法包括射頻消融、冷凍消融等[4],但房顫患者術(shù)后的高復(fù)發(fā)率依然一直是困擾心血管臨床醫(yī)生的難題[5-6]。臨床研究表明,左心房的大小是影響房顫導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的因素[7-8],其中左心房容積指數(shù)(left?atrial?volume?index,LAVI)是相較于左房?jī)?nèi)徑(left?atrial?diameter,LAD)更能反應(yīng)左房大小的客觀指標(biāo),LAVI>34ml/m2是預(yù)測(cè)房顫消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[5,?9]。本研究旨在探索兩種消融方法在左房擴(kuò)大(LAVI>?34ml/m2)的房顫患者中的治療效果是否存在差異,從而選擇更合適的方案。
1??資料與方法
1.1??研究對(duì)象
本研究為回顧性研究,選取2016年12月至2022年5月期間在福建省莆田市第一醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科就診并行導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)的左心房擴(kuò)大(LAVI>34ml/m2)的房顫患者作為研究對(duì)象,共計(jì)106例,根據(jù)其手術(shù)方式將他們分為射頻組(n=54)和冷凍組(n=52),比較兩組間的差異。
(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①18歲<年齡<75歲;②心臟彩超排除瓣膜及甲狀腺疾患;③術(shù)前檢查排除左房?jī)?nèi)、心耳及肺靜脈血栓;④患者知情同意。(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①妊娠或哺乳期婦女;②患有嚴(yán)重精神疾??;③6個(gè)月內(nèi)有腦梗死或腦出血病史;④存在嚴(yán)重凝血功能障礙或血液疾病者;⑤存在感染;⑥慢性消耗性疾病,預(yù)期生存1年內(nèi)。本研究已通過(guò)莆田市第一醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審查(倫理審批號(hào):2019-008)。
1.2??冷凍消融
患者平臥,通過(guò)左側(cè)股靜脈鞘管分別將可調(diào)彎十極以及四極電生理診斷導(dǎo)管送至冠狀靜脈竇及右心室;再經(jīng)右側(cè)股靜脈的SWARZ鞘管行房間隔穿刺及左右側(cè)肺靜脈造影,術(shù)中以80U/kg進(jìn)行肝素化。將FlexCath?Advance可調(diào)控導(dǎo)管鞘(美國(guó)Medtronic公司)輸送至左心房;再將Arctic?Front?Advance二代冷凍球囊(美國(guó)Medtronic公司)以及Achieve?Advance環(huán)形標(biāo)測(cè)電極(美國(guó)Medtronic公司)沿鞘送入左房。通過(guò)X射線透視觀察造影劑是否滲漏評(píng)估球囊充氣后肺靜脈封堵情況,球囊頂部Achieve環(huán)形標(biāo)測(cè)電極實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)肺靜脈電位;將四級(jí)電生理導(dǎo)管送至鎖骨下靜脈附近起搏(電壓10V,間隔1000ms或1500ms)以?shī)Z獲膈神經(jīng),從而實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)右側(cè)肺靜脈冷凍期間膈神經(jīng)是否受損。
一旦監(jiān)測(cè)到膈神經(jīng)減弱或者冷凍溫度低于56℃則立即停止該部位冷凍,待膈神經(jīng)恢復(fù)或重整冷凍系統(tǒng)的位置角度后再行治療。以冷凍消融開始至PVI的時(shí)間(time?to?isolation,TTI)作為指導(dǎo):若TTI<60s,則首次消融180s,第2次鞏固消融120s。必要時(shí)加做頂部線性冷凍消融、前庭擴(kuò)大消融及上腔靜脈冷凍消融操作。冷凍消融完畢,若患者房顫未轉(zhuǎn)竇律,則進(jìn)行電復(fù)律。
1.3??射頻消融
患者平臥,通過(guò)左側(cè)股靜脈鞘管送入可調(diào)彎十極電生理診斷導(dǎo)管于冠狀靜脈竇處。再經(jīng)右側(cè)股靜脈SWARZ鞘管行2次房間隔穿刺,將SWARZ鞘及Agilis?NxT可調(diào)彎鞘(美國(guó)St.Jude公司)輸送至左心房。行左右側(cè)肺靜脈造影,術(shù)中以80U/kg進(jìn)行肝素化。沿長(zhǎng)鞘輸送Lasso環(huán)狀電極(美國(guó)St.Jude公司)至左心房,在Ensite?Precision(美國(guó)St.Jude公司)三維電解剖標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)下建立左心房電解剖模型。再將TactiSys?Quartz接觸式壓力光感應(yīng)消融導(dǎo)管經(jīng)Agilis鞘送往左心房。采用高功率消融法進(jìn)行逐點(diǎn)消融(功控模式,射頻功率45W,溫度上限43℃,損傷指數(shù)(LSI)4.5~5.0,壓力15~25g,冷鹽水流速25ml/min)。持續(xù)性房顫患者根據(jù)術(shù)中標(biāo)測(cè)情況加做頂部線、后壁線消融術(shù)。射頻消融完畢,若患者房顫未轉(zhuǎn)竇律,則進(jìn)行電復(fù)律。
1.4??術(shù)后處理與隨訪
患者平臥6~8h,進(jìn)食流質(zhì)。術(shù)后1個(gè)月內(nèi)應(yīng)用消化道黏膜保護(hù)劑;術(shù)后常規(guī)口服抗凝治療3個(gè)月(華法林或利伐沙班)。3個(gè)月后根據(jù)患者血栓以及出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)分決定是否繼續(xù)應(yīng)用抗凝藥物。術(shù)后即刻復(fù)查心電圖。并至少3個(gè)月后返回福建省莆田市第一醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科門診復(fù)查心電圖/24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖。若心電圖示房顫者,完善血常規(guī)、生化、生命征監(jiān)測(cè)等,排除其他誘因所致房顫;必要時(shí)住院治療,待癥狀緩解后再次復(fù)查心電圖/24h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖。若心電圖記錄到超過(guò)30s以上的房速/房撲/房顫,則認(rèn)為房顫復(fù)發(fā)。
1.5??統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS?24.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理分析。計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布的以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,不符合正態(tài)分布的用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)[M(Q1,Q3)]表示;組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)或Mann-Whitney?U秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(百分率)[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用Pearson卡方檢驗(yàn)或者連續(xù)校正的卡方檢驗(yàn)。描述房顫/房撲/房速無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)采用Kaplan-Meier曲線,生存曲線比較采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2??結(jié)果
2.1??一般資料比較
兩組間基線臨床資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表1);患者術(shù)后均恢復(fù)竇性心律。隨訪時(shí)間為12(5~16)個(gè)月,兩組間均無(wú)死亡病例,失訪率3.8%??傮w房顫術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率為36.8%。
2.2??手術(shù)相關(guān)研究資料比較
兩組間的房顫類型及左房?jī)?nèi)徑等參數(shù)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表2)。射頻組的手術(shù)用時(shí)長(zhǎng)于冷凍組(P<0.001);射頻組的X射線時(shí)間及曝光量更少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.3??術(shù)后隨訪房顫復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)果與手術(shù)并發(fā)癥比較
兩組患者無(wú)房顫/房撲/房速生存時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(21.00?vs.?21.9,P=0.426,圖1)。
并發(fā)癥發(fā)生方面,射頻消融組4例(7.4%,心包積液1例,動(dòng)靜脈瘺2例,假性動(dòng)脈瘤1例);
冷凍消融組3例(5.8%,動(dòng)靜脈瘺1例,膈神經(jīng)短暫損傷2例),兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相近(P>0.05)。
3??討論
房顫病因復(fù)雜,絕大多數(shù)由肺靜脈的異常電位所誘發(fā),心房起維持房顫節(jié)律的作用。因此,PVI是心房顫動(dòng)導(dǎo)管消融理論的基石[2-3]。相關(guān)指南指出,對(duì)于有癥狀的陣發(fā)性房顫,導(dǎo)管消融屬I類推薦;持續(xù)性房顫,推薦級(jí)別為Ⅱ類[2-3,?10]。本研究的房顫術(shù)后總體復(fù)發(fā)率在36.8%,與既往研究結(jié)果一致[5-6]。房顫的高復(fù)發(fā)率給臨床醫(yī)師的治療和患者的生活都帶來(lái)了巨大負(fù)擔(dān)[11-13]。
房顫發(fā)作時(shí)間越久,心房越大;心房的重構(gòu)又維持房顫的發(fā)作,兩者互相影響[14-15]。因此,房顫消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),必然與左心房的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能有關(guān)。心臟彩超是評(píng)估左房功能的首選方法[16]。因受胸廓前后徑的限制,左心房通常向左右及上下擴(kuò)張,三維結(jié)構(gòu)不對(duì)稱、重構(gòu)形式不均勻,故LAD不能客觀反映心房的大小[9]。Radwan等[17]采用超聲心動(dòng)圖方法證實(shí),LAVI是評(píng)估左心房大小最準(zhǔn)確的參數(shù),其經(jīng)BSA校正,不受體型影響,具有更高的準(zhǔn)確性、可靠性。相較LAD,LAVI在評(píng)估房顫復(fù)發(fā)方面的價(jià)值更高,這是國(guó)內(nèi)外眾多研究所認(rèn)可的[18-20]。眾多研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LAVI>34ml/m2可以較好地用作預(yù)測(cè)房顫術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的指標(biāo)[5,?9]。
射頻消融采用“連點(diǎn)成線”的方法完成PVI,單次消融范圍較小,不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)“漏點(diǎn)”,心房擴(kuò)大時(shí)漏點(diǎn)率更高、房顫復(fù)發(fā)率也隨之增加[21-23];冷凍球囊與心房心內(nèi)膜的接觸面積較大,“漏點(diǎn)”的概率更低,因此理論上冷凍消融的復(fù)發(fā)率應(yīng)低于射頻消融。然而通過(guò)術(shù)后隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的復(fù)發(fā)率并差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究表明,左房擴(kuò)大的患者也伴隨著較多的肺靜脈分支變異[24]。筆者分析這些變異導(dǎo)致球囊無(wú)法均勻地貼靠相鄰組織,從而造成冷凍不均勻并出現(xiàn)“裂隙”,并最終引起房顫復(fù)發(fā)。因此導(dǎo)致兩種術(shù)式的臨床效果差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
冷凍消融的手術(shù)時(shí)間相較于射頻消融明顯更短(P<0.001),這是因?yàn)槔鋬銮蚰屹N靠心房肌的面積較大,從而提高了PVI的效率。冷凍消融的過(guò)程中需要通過(guò)X線透視指導(dǎo)球囊角度從而獲得最佳的冷凍隔離效果,而射頻消融得益于三維電解剖系統(tǒng)的指導(dǎo),因此對(duì)射線的需求大大減少,從對(duì)術(shù)者及患者保護(hù)的角度來(lái)講,傳統(tǒng)的射頻消融依然存在著優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外,特殊情況下,冷凍消融后仍需要加用射頻消融導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充消融(如因肺靜脈復(fù)雜變異使得冷凍球囊無(wú)法貼靠,或者合并房撲、房速等心律失常需要消融時(shí)),因此,射頻消融的實(shí)際應(yīng)用范圍依然更廣。
綜上所述,對(duì)于左房擴(kuò)大的患者,兩種術(shù)式的臨床效果相近。冷凍消融手術(shù)用時(shí)較短,而射頻消融醫(yī)患所承受的X射線時(shí)間及曝光劑量更低,應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況選擇合適的消融方法。本研究存在著不足,受限于單中心等因素,結(jié)果可能存在偏倚,不同中心可能會(huì)得出不同的結(jié)論。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2023–01–02)
(修回日期:2023–11–18)