胡娟

高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題對(duì)考生的考查主要有以下四種類(lèi)型：（1）理解文本具體細(xì)節(jié)的能力，即細(xì)節(jié)理解題；（2）根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)劃線詞匯意義的能力，即詞義猜測(cè)題；（3）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，概括文章或文段主旨大意的能力，即主旨大意題；（4）簡(jiǎn)單判斷及推斷作者的寫(xiě)作意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的能力，即判斷推理題。在此篇文章里為同學(xué)們提供解答這四種類(lèi)型題目的策略，希望能夠幫助大家提高解題能力。

一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題

在解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，考生可以運(yùn)用以下兩種策略：定位關(guān)鍵詞和排除法。首先，同學(xué)們閱讀題目，并標(biāo)出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞。然后，根據(jù)找到的關(guān)鍵詞回到原文中尋找它們?cè)谖恼轮械奈恢?。這種方法有助于我們捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息。當(dāng)遇到模糊或難以選擇的選項(xiàng)時(shí)，同學(xué)們可以嘗試使用排除法。這要求我們對(duì)正確選項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)有較全面的了解。。

（2023·全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試新課標(biāo)II卷英語(yǔ)·B篇第一段）

Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low- income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.

閱讀題第24 題What do we know about Abby Jaramillo？

A.She used to be a health worker.

B.She grew up in a low-income family.

C.She owns a fast food restaurant.

D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.

［分析］本題考查理解具體信息的能力。具體解題步驟⑴在題干中標(biāo)注定位詞Abby Jaramillo，（2）在原文中找出信息句，“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramil?lo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，... low-income schools.”起初是這樣的，艾比·哈拉米洛說(shuō)，她和另一位老師在四所低收入學(xué)校啟動(dòng)了“Urban Sprouts”學(xué)校花園項(xiàng)目。（3）比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與信息句，可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的發(fā)起者，故選D項(xiàng)。

二、判斷推理題

解答推理題的核心在于利用文章所提供的信息，運(yùn)用邏輯思維和一定的常識(shí)，對(duì)已知的事實(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推理和判斷，以獲得未知信息。

（2023·全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試新課標(biāo)I卷英語(yǔ)·A篇第二段）

Why MacBike

MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2，500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strate?gic locations，we make sure there is always a bike avail?able for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide vari?ety，including basic bikes with foot brake （剎車(chē)），bikes with hand brake and gears （排擋），bikes with child seats，and childrens bikes.

閱讀題第21 題What is an advantage of MacBike？

A. It gives children a discount.

B. It offers many types of bikes.

C. It organizes free cycle tours.

D. It has over 2，500 rental shops.

［分析］本題考查推斷的能力。根據(jù)文章第二段“We offer the newest bicycles... childrens bikes.（我們提供種類(lèi)繁多的最新自行車(chē)，包括有腳剎的基礎(chǔ)款自行車(chē)、有手剎和帶排擋的自行車(chē)、帶兒童座椅的自行車(chē)和兒童自行車(chē)）”可知，MacBike的優(yōu)勢(shì)是它提供許多類(lèi)型的自行車(chē)。故選B項(xiàng)。

三、詞義猜測(cè)題

考生可利用上下文線索、利用邏輯關(guān)系、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法、根據(jù)常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義。

（2023·全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試新課標(biāo)II卷英語(yǔ)·C篇第二段）

In this“book of books，”artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections be?tween different eras and cultures. We see scenes of chil?dren learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描繪）alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a mo?ment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.

閱讀30 題What do the underlined words “relate to”in paragraph 2 mean？

A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.

［分析］本題考查詞義。根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞的上文“We see scenes of children... relations between the genera?tions.”以及“Adults are portrayed... ，but they record moments（我們看到孩子們和成年人讀書(shū)的場(chǎng)景，這些場(chǎng)景可能是數(shù)百年前繪制的，但它們記錄了一些時(shí)刻）”可推知，此處指書(shū)籍是人類(lèi)之間相互聯(lián)系和理解的紐帶，故與畫(huà)線短語(yǔ)“relate to”意思最相近的為A項(xiàng)“理解、認(rèn)識(shí)到”。故選A項(xiàng)。

四、主旨大意題

在解答主旨大意題時(shí)，考生可以通過(guò)略讀文本并捕捉其中的關(guān)鍵詞和主題句來(lái)找到答案。一些文章或段落的主題句通常出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭或末尾。為了正確解答主旨大意題，我們需要分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，理解作者在文中的詳略安排以及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。通過(guò)梳理文章的主題脈絡(luò)，我們可以弄清作者的思路和寫(xiě)作意圖，最終得出主旨大意。在回答問(wèn)題時(shí)，切勿斷章取義，以偏概全，要全面考慮文章的內(nèi)容。

（2023·全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試新課標(biāo)I卷英語(yǔ)·D篇第二段）

This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate，and come to underesti?mate. When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever rea?sons，peoples errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.

閱讀題第32 題What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？

A. The methods of estimation.

B. The underlying logic of the effect.

C. The causes of peoples errors.

D. The design of Galtons experiment.

［分析］本題考查段落的主旨大意。第二段闡述了人們所犯的錯(cuò)誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會(huì)產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B項(xiàng)。

高中生應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)針對(duì)不同的題目類(lèi)型，運(yùn)用一些有效的解題技巧，以提高解題的效率和準(zhǔn)確性。同時(shí)，同學(xué)們要重視歸納整理，回頭反思，要深度剖析出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的原因。爭(zhēng)取做到做錯(cuò)一道題，汲取一個(gè)教訓(xùn)；做對(duì)一道題掌握幾個(gè)規(guī)律。