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花粉直感對(duì)馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響

2023-11-21 18:54:46毛桑隱路志浩張祥葉俊麗伊華林柴利軍鄧秀新吳方方徐強(qiáng)
果樹學(xué)報(bào) 2023年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:果實(shí)品質(zhì)

毛桑隱 路志浩 張祥 葉俊麗 伊華林 柴利軍 鄧秀新 吳方方 徐強(qiáng)

摘? ? 要:【目的】通過(guò)對(duì)馬家柚配置不同授粉組合,探究花粉直感效應(yīng)對(duì)馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響?!痉椒ā恳越魇∩橡埵械胤絻?yōu)良品種馬家柚為雜交母本,以信木柚、四倍體葡萄柚為雜交父本,通過(guò)人工授粉進(jìn)行雜交,比較不同處理下馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)差異?!窘Y(jié)果】信木柚與四倍體葡萄柚花粉活力分別為94.34%和93.75%,經(jīng)過(guò)異花授粉能顯著提高馬家柚坐果率,四倍體葡萄柚高于信木柚。在常規(guī)品質(zhì)方面,信木柚授粉能提高果實(shí)平均單果質(zhì)量、橫徑、縱徑、種子質(zhì)量、果皮質(zhì)量和固酸比;四倍體葡萄柚授粉能提高果實(shí)平均可食率,降低果實(shí)平均單果質(zhì)量、果皮厚度、種子質(zhì)量和果皮質(zhì)量,且授粉后種子呈癟籽狀。在代謝物方面,果肉中主要的初生代謝物為氨基酸類、有機(jī)酸類、糖類和醇類,不同授粉品種之間初生代謝物含量有明顯差異,但與親本之間沒有明顯規(guī)律。另外在授粉后的果實(shí)與親本果實(shí)中共統(tǒng)計(jì)到85種揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),其中醛類11種,萜烯類28種,酯類16種,醇類14種,酮類14種,烷烴類化合物5種和7種酚、羧酸類化合物,不同果實(shí)中均以檸檬烯含量最高,含量占比在87.48%~92.57%之間,不同授粉品種的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)含量存在差異,且信木柚授粉組合中有21種物質(zhì)表現(xiàn)出明顯的花粉直感效應(yīng)。【結(jié)論】異花授粉可以提高馬家柚坐果率,可以通過(guò)花粉直感效應(yīng)在一定程度上快速改善馬家柚的綜合品質(zhì),為馬家柚實(shí)際生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)和調(diào)控技術(shù)支撐。

關(guān)鍵詞:馬家柚;花粉直感;果實(shí)品質(zhì);香氣組分;異花授粉

中圖分類號(hào):S666.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)11-2391-12

Effect of xenia on fruit quality of Majiayou

MAO Sangyin1, LU Zhihao1, ZHANG Xiang1, YE Junli1, YI Hualin1, CHAI Lijun1, DENG Xiuxin1, WU Fangfang2*, XU Qiang1*

(1National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Fruit and Vegetable Horticultural Crops/Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 2Majiayou Technology Research Center, Guangfeng District, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, Shangrao 334000, Jiangxi, China)

Abstract:【Objective】 Pollination of Majiayou with a local variety Xinmuyou and a tetraploid grapefruit was used to investigate xenia effect on the fruit quality of Majiayou. It was expected to improve the fruit quality of Majiayou by selecting pollen parent. 【Methods】 Mature 9-10-year-old Majiayou trees were used as the seed parent. Xinmuyou and a tetraploid grapefruit were used as the pollen parents (pollination A group, Majiayou × Xinmuyou; pollination B group, Majiayou × tetraploid grapefruit), and natural open pollination was used as the control. After the fruit ripened, a fruits from different pollination groups were analyzed for fruit quality, primary metabolites in the pulp, and volatile substances in the pericarp. 【Results】 Pollen viability of Xinmuyou and the tetraploid grapefruit was 94.34% and 93.75%, respectively. Cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set rate of Majiayou, and the effect of the tetraploid grapefruit was more significant compared to that of Xinmuyou. The average single fruit weight was 1 109.09 g in pollination A group, which was higher than pollination with the tetraploid grapefruit (pollination B group) and the control. Single fruit weight in pollination B was the lowest. Fruit diameter, pericarp weight and pericarp thickness (2.06 cm) in pollination B were significantly lower than the other groups. Pollination A significantly increased seed weight. Seed weight in pollination B group was the lowest, and most of the seeds were shrunken. The flesh recovery was highest in pollination B group, followed in descending order by the control and pollination A group. The difference between pollination B and pollination A was significant. In the control, total soluble solids (TSS) content and titratable acidity (TA) was higher than the other two pollination groups. However, TSS/TA ratio was 13.48 in the control, significantly lower than in pollination A and B groups. The primary metabolites included amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and alcohols. There were significant differences in the content of primary metabolites between different pollination groups, but there was no clear pattern in the contents of primary metabolites in fruits among pollen parents. Pollination B resulted in the highest citric acid content (2.35 mg·g-1) and sucrose content (39.19 mg·g-1), which were significantly higher than the control and pollination A. Glucose content in fruit of pollination A group was 43.52 mg·g-1, which was significantly higher than that of the other groups. In pollination A and B, the main amino acid in the fruit was proline, whose concentration was 0.32 mg·g-1 in group B, which was significantly higher than the other two groups. A total of 85 volatile compounds were identified in fruits from different pollination groups and fruits from open pollination of the parents. They included 11 aldehydes, 28 terpenes, 16 esters, 14 alcohols, 14 ketones, 5 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 7 phenols, and 7 carboxylic acid compounds. 41 volatile compounds were detected in the fruit from open pollination, with limonene being the most abundant, accounting for 87.48% of the total content. In fruit from pollination A group, 36 volatile substances were found, with limonene accounting for 92.57% of the total content. In the fruit of Xinmuyou, 47 volatile substances were detected, with limonene making up 91.07% of the total content. In fruit from pollination B, 38 volatile substances were detected, with limonene representing 88.52% of the total content. In the fruit of the tetraploid grapefruit, 49 volatile substances were detected, with limonene constituting 88.65% of the total content. 21 volatile substances exhibited a significant xenia effect, including most of the terpene substances. Limonene content in fruit from open pollination was 25 822.76 μg·g-1, while it was 154 583.28 μg·g-1 in Xinmuyou fruit. However, in fruit from pollination with Xinmuyou, limonene content reached 84 271.06 μg·g-1, which was more than three times higher than that under open pollination. This indicates that pollination with Xinmuyou pollen substantially increased the limonene content in the Majiayou fruit. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, cross-pollination can increase the fruit set of Majiayou, and Majiayou fruit quality can be directly improved through the xenia effect. This research provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the practical production of Majiayou.

Key words: Majiayou; Pollen xenia; Fruit quality; Aroma components; Cross-pollination

收稿日期:2023-06-16 接受日期:2023-08-18

基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2022YFF1003100);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金杰出青年基金(31925034)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:毛桑隱,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)楦涕儋Y源鑒定與品質(zhì)提升。Tel:18379088143,E-mail:maosangyin8143@163.com

*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:13970331322,E-mail:wff_pomelo@163.com;Tel:027-87286623,E-mail:xuqiang@mail.hzau.edu.cn

馬家柚[Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck]是江西省上饒市廣豐區(qū)的一個(gè)特色地方優(yōu)良品種,在20世紀(jì)80年代由當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)大量柑橘資源進(jìn)行廣泛調(diào)查和收集,并經(jīng)過(guò)多年篩選而獲得的地方優(yōu)良柚資源[1]。馬家柚果實(shí)較大,果皮金黃色,果肉粉紅且多汁,口感清香獨(dú)特,具有耐貯藏等優(yōu)良特性,已成為當(dāng)?shù)氐闹髟愿涕倨贩N和重要經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源[2]。截至2019年,上饒市馬家柚栽培面積超2.53萬(wàn)hm2[3],其產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模已經(jīng)基本成形。在遺傳特性方面,馬家柚無(wú)單性結(jié)實(shí)能力,自花結(jié)實(shí)率較低,在生產(chǎn)上往往通過(guò)種植授粉樹和放蜂來(lái)輔助馬家柚進(jìn)行異花授粉,從而提高果實(shí)的產(chǎn)量[4],但目前在馬家柚實(shí)際生產(chǎn)上還沒有統(tǒng)一的授粉樹品種,在園區(qū)常見的授粉樹多為粗皮馬家柚和當(dāng)?shù)氐耐凌制贩N,其授粉后果實(shí)個(gè)體差異大、品質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定,且通過(guò)放蜂來(lái)提高馬家柚異花授粉的效果受自然環(huán)境的影響較大,所以導(dǎo)致近年來(lái)馬家柚果實(shí)產(chǎn)量逐年下降,果實(shí)品質(zhì)也呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)。為此,通過(guò)試驗(yàn)探索出優(yōu)異的馬家柚授粉組合,實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定并改善馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)是馬家柚產(chǎn)區(qū)急需實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。

花粉直感指通過(guò)不同父本花粉進(jìn)行授粉后,受精形成的果實(shí)或種子受花粉的影響,在當(dāng)代的表型性狀和組成成分即表現(xiàn)出差異的現(xiàn)象[5]?;ǚ壑备鞋F(xiàn)象最早在1876年有報(bào)道[6],研究者根據(jù)所影響的部位不同,將花粉直感分為花粉種子直感和花粉果實(shí)直感。隨著不斷研究與發(fā)展,自然界很多植物當(dāng)中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了花粉直感現(xiàn)象,如板栗[7]、玉米[8]、棉花[9]、大白菜[10]等,這都表明花粉直感對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)起著重要的作用。

花粉直感現(xiàn)象在果樹上也廣泛存在,如柑橘[11]、梨[12]、獼猴桃[13]、荔枝[14]、蘋果[15]等。相關(guān)研究表明,花粉直感的存在能影響種子的形狀和大小[16-17];縮短果實(shí)的成熟期[18];影響果實(shí)形狀和大小[19-20]、增強(qiáng)果皮光合能力[21]、改善果實(shí)糖酸[22-23]及內(nèi)在物質(zhì)含量[24]等,但花粉直感帶來(lái)的變異并不都是朝著有利于親本性狀的方向進(jìn)行,花粉直感具體的機(jī)制目前還未明確定論。

筆者在本研究中利用地方品種信木柚和四倍體葡萄柚與馬家柚進(jìn)行異花授粉來(lái)探究花粉直感對(duì)馬家柚果實(shí)產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)的影響。結(jié)果顯示異花授粉可以提高馬家柚坐果率,改善果實(shí)品質(zhì),其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉可以顯著降低果實(shí)種子質(zhì)量,信木柚授粉能顯著增加馬家柚果皮香氣。以上結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了花粉直感對(duì)馬家柚的影響,可為生產(chǎn)上雜交組合的配置與品質(zhì)快速改良提供理論依據(jù),同時(shí)利用四倍體葡萄柚授粉有望快速解決馬家柚果實(shí)種子多的問(wèn)題。

1 材料和方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

于2022年在江西省上饒市廣豐區(qū)枧底鎮(zhèn)馬家柚科技中心果園(以下稱枧底園)進(jìn)行,選擇樹齡為9~10 a(年)樹勢(shì)生長(zhǎng)一致的馬家柚作為授粉母本,父本花粉選用信木柚和四倍體葡萄柚,其中信木柚來(lái)自于上饒市玉山縣,其果皮具有香氣,是當(dāng)?shù)氐囊粋€(gè)地方品種,四倍體葡萄柚來(lái)自于華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)國(guó)家柑橘資源圃。共配置組合A(馬家柚×信木柚)、組合B(馬家柚×四倍體葡萄柚)和馬家柚自然授粉的對(duì)照組。其他材料還包括兩種父本的果實(shí),其中信木柚果實(shí)來(lái)源于上饒市玉山縣信木農(nóng)業(yè)公司種植園,四倍體葡萄柚果實(shí)來(lái)源于華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)國(guó)家柑橘資源圃。

1.2 花粉收集與活力檢測(cè)

選擇含苞待放狀的花進(jìn)行采摘,再用鑷子輕輕將其花藥剝離,而后將花藥置于28 ℃恒溫烘箱進(jìn)行避光培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)2~3 d其花粉便散出,將花粉裝入避光收集管中,放入-20 ℃進(jìn)行保存?zhèn)溆?。利用醋酸洋紅染色法對(duì)花粉活力進(jìn)行檢測(cè),在干凈的載玻片上滴一滴1%醋酸洋紅染液,用毛筆或小刷子蘸取花粉輕輕撒于醋酸洋紅染液中,蓋上蓋玻片,靜置染色1~2 min,在顯微鏡下觀察花粉染色情況,每種花粉重復(fù)染色3次,每次選取5個(gè)視野,統(tǒng)計(jì)并記錄每個(gè)視野下花粉活力情況,花粉活力/%=(深紅色花粉數(shù)/觀察花粉總數(shù))×100。

1.3 授粉與果實(shí)品質(zhì)測(cè)定

每個(gè)授粉組合選擇5株樹勢(shì)均勻的馬家柚,在樹體不同方位選擇結(jié)果枝進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,標(biāo)記120朵花左右,每個(gè)結(jié)果枝選擇5~6朵花進(jìn)行人工授粉,對(duì)照組則只進(jìn)行疏花處理。于第二次生理落果后統(tǒng)計(jì)不同組合的坐果率。待果實(shí)成熟后在每株授粉樹不同方位選擇5個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行常規(guī)品質(zhì)測(cè)定:通過(guò)游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量果實(shí)橫縱徑,并計(jì)算果形指數(shù);電子天平測(cè)定果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果皮質(zhì)量、果渣質(zhì)量、種子質(zhì)量等指標(biāo),并計(jì)算可食率;用手持糖酸儀測(cè)定可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量,計(jì)算果實(shí)固酸比等。最后通過(guò)IBM SPSS Statistics 20軟件用于差異顯著性分析。

1.4 果肉初生代謝物測(cè)定

提取和測(cè)定方法參考前人所述[25],將果肉組織在液氮冷凍下磨成細(xì)粉,稱取0.3 g粉末組織,加入2700 μL -20 ℃預(yù)冷的甲醇,搖勻后加入150 μL的核糖醇內(nèi)標(biāo)(4 mg·mL-1),充分震蕩至呈勻漿;將樣品置于超聲清洗儀中4 ℃超聲處理30 min;70 ℃水浴孵育15 min,置于-20℃使溶劑冷凝1 h;4 ℃,5000 r·min-1離心15 min;取100 μL上清液于1.5 mL離心管中,30 ℃真空濃縮制干后進(jìn)行衍生化,衍生化之后在GC-MS儀器中進(jìn)行上樣檢測(cè)。通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)比對(duì)鑒定代謝物,通過(guò)代謝物和內(nèi)標(biāo)核糖醇峰面積比值進(jìn)行相對(duì)定量,計(jì)算公式為:代謝物的相對(duì)含量=(物質(zhì)峰面積/核糖醇峰面積)×核糖醇質(zhì)量/樣品質(zhì)量,數(shù)據(jù)整理利用Excel 2010、SPSS 26和Origin 2022等軟件進(jìn)行分析與作圖。

1.5 果皮揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)測(cè)定

提取與測(cè)定方法參考前人研究并略有修改[26],將果皮黃皮層放于液氮下冷凍磨成細(xì)粉,稱取0.1 g置于2 mL離心管中,加入500 μL超純水后渦旋混勻,再加入500 μL含有壬酸甲酯(1∶20)的MTBE提取液,渦旋混勻,將混合液4 ℃超聲萃取40 min,然后在4 ℃離心機(jī)12 000 r·min-1離心10 min,用1 mL注射器吸取上清液用0.22 μm濾膜過(guò)濾進(jìn)2 mL進(jìn)樣瓶中,做好標(biāo)記后在GC-MS儀器中進(jìn)行上樣檢測(cè)。揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)相對(duì)含量計(jì)算:通過(guò)內(nèi)標(biāo)壬酸甲酯來(lái)計(jì)算,計(jì)算公式為:揮發(fā)性組分的相對(duì)含量=(揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)峰面積/壬酸甲酯峰面積)×壬酸甲酯質(zhì)量/樣品質(zhì)量,數(shù)據(jù)整理利用Excel 2010、SPSS 26和Origin 2022等軟件進(jìn)行分析與作圖。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同父本花粉活力與坐果率統(tǒng)計(jì)

如表1所示,采用醋酸洋紅染色法對(duì)父本花粉進(jìn)行檢測(cè),統(tǒng)計(jì)到信木柚與四倍體葡萄柚的花粉活力分別為94.34%和93.75%,對(duì)不同授粉處理的坐果率進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),發(fā)現(xiàn)異花授粉能顯著提高馬家柚坐果率,且四倍體葡萄柚花粉>信木柚花粉。

2.2 不同授粉品種對(duì)馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響

通過(guò)測(cè)定不同品種授粉后的果實(shí)品質(zhì),探究花粉直感對(duì)馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,由表2可知,信木柚授粉后的平均單果質(zhì)量為1 109.09 g,高于四倍體葡萄柚和自然授粉,其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉位于三者中最低;不同授粉品種的果實(shí)果形指數(shù)和囊瓣數(shù)無(wú)顯著性差異;四倍體葡萄柚授粉的果實(shí)橫徑和果皮質(zhì)量顯著低于信木柚與自然授粉;四倍體葡萄柚授粉后的果實(shí)平均果皮厚度為2.06 cm,低于信木柚(2.31 cm)與自然授粉(2.51 cm);信木柚授粉能顯著增加果實(shí)平均種子質(zhì)量,四倍體葡萄柚授粉后果實(shí)平均種子質(zhì)量位于三者中最低,且經(jīng)過(guò)四倍體葡萄柚授粉后果實(shí)種子大多為癟籽(圖1);不同授粉品種間果實(shí)可食率自高到低依次為四倍體葡萄柚、自然授粉和信木柚,其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉的可食率顯著高于信木柚;自然授粉下果實(shí)的可溶性固形物含量高于四倍體葡萄柚和信木柚,可滴定酸含量顯著高于四倍體葡萄柚與信木柚,但自然授粉下果實(shí)的平均固酸比為13.48,顯著低于信木柚與四倍體葡萄柚授粉果實(shí),綜合固酸比自高到低依次為信木柚授粉、四倍體葡萄柚授粉和自然授粉。

2.3 不同授粉品種對(duì)果肉初生代謝物的影響

分析不同品種授粉果實(shí)與父本果實(shí)的初生代謝物,其主要初生代謝物種類與含量如表3所示,主要為氨基酸類:包括脯氨酸、DL-焦谷氨酸和天冬氨酸;有機(jī)酸類:乳酸、蘋果酸、檸檬酸、奎寧酸、棕櫚酸和硬脂酸;糖類:果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;醇類:丙三醇和肌醇。其中以糖類物質(zhì)為主,且不同授粉品種之間檸檬酸、果糖和葡萄糖含量有顯著差異,表明不同父本花粉會(huì)影響授粉果實(shí)的初生代謝物含量,但經(jīng)過(guò)授粉的果實(shí)初生代謝物含量與父本果實(shí)之間沒有明顯規(guī)律。

進(jìn)一步分析不同授粉品種授粉后的果實(shí)初生代謝物含量,如圖2所示,四倍體葡萄柚授粉后的果實(shí)酸類物質(zhì)中檸檬酸平均含量最高,為2.35 mg·g-1,顯著高于自然授粉與信木柚授粉;糖類物質(zhì)中蔗糖平均含量最高,為39.19 mg·g-1,顯著高于自然授粉與信木柚授粉。信木柚授粉果實(shí)的糖類物質(zhì)中d-葡萄糖平均含量最高,為43.52 mg·g-1,顯著高于自然授粉與四倍體葡萄柚授粉。四倍體葡萄柚與信木柚授粉的果實(shí)氨基酸類物質(zhì)中以脯氨酸為主,其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉的脯氨酸平均含量為0.32 mg·g-1,高于信木柚與自然授粉。

2.4 不同授粉品種對(duì)果皮揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)的影響

分析不同品種授粉果實(shí)與親本果實(shí)的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),對(duì)不同果實(shí)的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)組分與含量進(jìn)行PCA分析,如圖3所示,可知不同樣品間重復(fù)性良好。在不同授粉品種與親本的果皮中累計(jì)統(tǒng)計(jì)到85種揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),如表4所示,其中醛類11種,萜烯類28種,酯類16種,醇類14種,酮類14種,還有5種烷烴類化合物和7種酚、羧酸類化合物。在85種揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)中,自然授粉的果實(shí)中檢測(cè)出41種,含量最高為檸檬烯(25 822.76 μg·g-1),占總量的87.48%;信木柚授粉檢測(cè)出36種,含量最高為檸檬烯(84 271.06 μg·g-1),占總量的92.57%;信木柚的果實(shí)中檢測(cè)出47種,含量最高為檸檬烯(154 583.28 μg·g-1),占總量的91.07%;四倍體葡萄柚授粉檢測(cè)出38種,含量最高為檸檬烯(11 157.49 μg·g-1),占總量的88.52%;葡萄柚的果實(shí)中檢測(cè)出49種,含量最高為檸檬烯(194 799.03 μg·g-1),其含量占總量的88.65%。通過(guò)分析不同授粉品種的果實(shí)與親本果實(shí)之間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)在信木柚授粉組合中有21種揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),表現(xiàn)出明顯的花粉直感效應(yīng),包括大部分萜烯類物質(zhì),以檸檬烯為例,自然授粉下果實(shí)的檸檬烯含量為25 822.76 μg·g-1,父本信木柚的檸檬烯含量為154 583.28 μg·g-1,而經(jīng)過(guò)信木柚授粉后的果實(shí)檸檬烯含量達(dá)到84 271.06 μg·g-1,比自然授粉提高了3倍之余。表明通過(guò)信木柚給馬家柚配置授粉組合可以顯著提高馬家柚果實(shí)的香氣。

3 討 論

馬家柚作為江西省上饒市的地方優(yōu)良品種,經(jīng)過(guò)近幾年的快速發(fā)展已成為當(dāng)?shù)刂髟缘母涕倨贩N,且馬家柚產(chǎn)業(yè)也已基本成型。但近年來(lái)馬家柚品質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定問(wèn)題較突出,一方面與頻繁變化的極端天氣有關(guān),另一方面與不同農(nóng)戶不同管理措施有關(guān)。如何規(guī)范管理、穩(wěn)定品質(zhì)、形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化果實(shí),成為當(dāng)前迫切需要解決的問(wèn)題。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),馬家柚無(wú)單性結(jié)實(shí)能力,且自花結(jié)實(shí)率低?;诖藛?wèn)題,本研究通過(guò)使用不同授粉品種對(duì)馬家柚進(jìn)行異花授粉試驗(yàn)來(lái)探究其對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,期望為馬家柚的實(shí)際生產(chǎn)與品質(zhì)改良提供理論依據(jù)。

通過(guò)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):異花授粉能顯著提高馬家柚坐果率,這與陳杰忠[27]、焦嘉樂(lè)等[28]研究一致,而不同授粉品種對(duì)坐果率提高程度不同可能與花粉的遺傳特性以及外在環(huán)境的影響有關(guān);在常規(guī)品質(zhì)方面,花粉直感會(huì)影響馬家柚的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)與外在品質(zhì),這與在蘋果[15]、梨[12]、獼猴桃[13]、荔枝[14]等果樹上的研究結(jié)果相似;在本研究中,花粉直感能顯著影響單果質(zhì)量、橫徑、果皮厚度、種子質(zhì)量、果皮質(zhì)量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和固酸比等理化指標(biāo),其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉能顯著降低果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果皮厚度和果皮質(zhì)量,推測(cè)可能因父本葡萄柚的果型較小而使授粉后果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量受到影響,這與賀熙勇等[19]、李艷民等[20]關(guān)于花粉直感對(duì)果型影響的研究一致,而經(jīng)過(guò)四倍體葡萄柚授粉后果實(shí)種子為癟籽,原因可能是四倍體與二倍體進(jìn)行授粉后其種子內(nèi)胚乳發(fā)育不良,使其成為癟籽狀,從而降低種子質(zhì)量,增加馬家柚整體口感;而信木柚授粉后果實(shí)種子質(zhì)量增加表明人工授粉提高了馬家柚授粉受精效率,從而產(chǎn)生更多的種子,這與彭建平等[29]、謝明權(quán)等[30]關(guān)于異花授粉可以提高授粉受精進(jìn)而增加果實(shí)種子數(shù)的研究結(jié)果相同。另外果肉中初生代謝物主要以糖類和有機(jī)酸類為主,不同授粉處理之間初生代謝物含量有所差異,其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉后果實(shí)中檸檬酸含量顯著高于其余兩個(gè)處理,但在測(cè)定果實(shí)可滴定酸時(shí),四倍體葡萄柚授粉果實(shí)的可滴定酸含量卻要低于自然授粉下果實(shí)可滴定酸含量,原因可能與樣品取樣的部位有關(guān),且同一處理下不同果實(shí)個(gè)體間也可能存在差異,導(dǎo)致測(cè)定的可滴定酸與檸檬酸含量在整體趨勢(shì)下產(chǎn)生較小的偏差。

影響柑橘果實(shí)風(fēng)味的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)主要有單萜、倍半萜、醇類、醛類、酮類等,其中以單萜類物質(zhì)含量最豐富,特別是檸檬烯[26],筆者在本研究中測(cè)定到85種揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),其中醛類11種,萜烯類28種,酯類16種,醇類14種,酮類14種,5種烷烴類化合物和7種酚、羧酸類化合物,在不同果實(shí)中均以檸檬烯含量最高,表明影響馬家柚果實(shí)風(fēng)味的主要物質(zhì)為檸檬烯,與前人結(jié)論一致。在信木柚授粉組合中有21種物質(zhì)表現(xiàn)出明顯的花粉直感效應(yīng),其中檸檬烯含量在經(jīng)過(guò)授粉后提高3倍之余,說(shuō)明花粉直感在揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)方面表現(xiàn)更加突出。

花粉直感在眾多果樹上均有體現(xiàn),雖然花粉直感的機(jī)制還尚未明晰,但利用花粉直感效應(yīng)卻可以為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)提供科學(xué)的理論依據(jù)。筆者在本研究中通過(guò)對(duì)馬家柚異花授粉來(lái)探究花粉直感對(duì)馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,旨在為馬家柚授粉組合的選配和快速改良馬家柚綜合品質(zhì)提供理論依據(jù)。

4 結(jié) 論

對(duì)馬家柚配置不同授粉組合,進(jìn)而分析不同授粉組合間果實(shí)坐果率與果實(shí)品質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)與自然授粉處理相比,異花授粉可以提高馬家柚坐果率,同時(shí)對(duì)馬家柚常規(guī)品質(zhì)有不同程度的改善,其中四倍體葡萄柚授粉可以有效解決馬家柚種子較多的問(wèn)題,信木柚授粉可以增加馬家柚果皮香氣。通過(guò)以上研究可對(duì)馬家柚實(shí)際生產(chǎn)上授粉組合的選配與馬家柚果實(shí)品質(zhì)的快速改良提供理論依據(jù)和調(diào)控技術(shù)支撐。

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