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國(guó)際化雙元對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響

2023-10-03 01:49:23肖鵬楊靜靜劉晟陳一飛
科技進(jìn)步與對(duì)策 2023年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:創(chuàng)新績(jī)效

肖鵬 楊靜靜 劉晟 陳一飛

摘 要:為探討國(guó)際化雙元平衡和聯(lián)合維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的關(guān)系,以雙元理論和制度理論為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)對(duì)627個(gè)中國(guó)跨國(guó)企業(yè)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行回歸分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):國(guó)際化雙元平衡和聯(lián)合維度正向影響企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效;東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度和規(guī)范制度對(duì)上述關(guān)系起積極調(diào)節(jié)作用。經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于平衡維度,國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的正向影響更顯著;相較于認(rèn)知制度,規(guī)范制度的調(diào)節(jié)作用更顯著。結(jié)論可為雙元理論與制度理論提供實(shí)證依據(jù),并為我國(guó)跨國(guó)企業(yè)管理提供實(shí)踐參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:國(guó)際化雙元;認(rèn)知制度;規(guī)范制度;創(chuàng)新績(jī)效

DOI:10.6049/kjjbydc.2022120723

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):F272.3

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

文章編號(hào):1001-7348(2023)10-0121-10

0 引言

隨著全球一體化不斷發(fā)展,海外市場(chǎng)的巨大潛力促使許多企業(yè)跨越國(guó)界開(kāi)展激烈的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(Sethi,2014)。越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)企業(yè)開(kāi)始尋求國(guó)際化發(fā)展,以克服后發(fā)劣勢(shì)1?,F(xiàn)有國(guó)際化研究主要關(guān)注企業(yè)實(shí)施國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略的目的而非過(guò)程。在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)中,許多企業(yè)在合理利用資源方面具有優(yōu)勢(shì),但難以獲得長(zhǎng)期優(yōu)勢(shì)。企業(yè)想要獲取長(zhǎng)期競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),必須開(kāi)展探索性活動(dòng)。但探索活動(dòng)過(guò)多會(huì)產(chǎn)生信息干擾,使企業(yè)陷入“創(chuàng)新陷阱”。Prange&Verdier[2于2011年提出國(guó)際化雙元概念,認(rèn)為企業(yè)應(yīng)同步展開(kāi)利用式和探索式國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),降低因探索活動(dòng)過(guò)多導(dǎo)致的創(chuàng)新風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而切實(shí)提升自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。因此,揭示企業(yè)國(guó)際化雙元戰(zhàn)略對(duì)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響機(jī)制,對(duì)于指導(dǎo)中國(guó)企業(yè)國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)具有重要意義。

同時(shí),考察何種情景因素會(huì)對(duì)國(guó)際化雙元戰(zhàn)略與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效產(chǎn)生影響至關(guān)重要?,F(xiàn)有研究重點(diǎn)關(guān)注國(guó)際化經(jīng)驗(yàn)(Chia等,2015)、資源多樣性(lahirin,2010)等內(nèi)部環(huán)境因素對(duì)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效關(guān)系的影響,較少關(guān)注外部制度環(huán)境,但東道國(guó)制度環(huán)境在企業(yè)國(guó)際化活動(dòng)中具有不容忽視的作用3。因此,在開(kāi)展國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)時(shí),企業(yè)需要充分考慮東道國(guó)制度環(huán)境,從而切實(shí)提升自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。現(xiàn)有研究主要關(guān)注東道國(guó)管制制度(Meyer,2001)、腐敗程度(韓冰潔,2011)和政治、政策風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Lu等,2018)等方面,較少涉及認(rèn)知制度和規(guī)范制度。隨著跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)逐步開(kāi)展,企業(yè)對(duì)東道國(guó)法律法規(guī)與管制制度有了初步認(rèn)知,但如何基于東道國(guó)文化或其它規(guī)范制度,與各利益主體建立信任與協(xié)作關(guān)系仍然是難題。

本文根據(jù)制度理論,基于組織學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域的雙元思想對(duì)627個(gè)中國(guó)跨國(guó)企業(yè)進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究,探討國(guó)際化雙元對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的作用機(jī)制,考察東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度與規(guī)范制度的調(diào)節(jié)作用,并根據(jù)行業(yè)差異,對(duì)認(rèn)知制度、規(guī)范制度在制造業(yè)與非制造業(yè)中的調(diào)節(jié)作用進(jìn)行比較分析。

1 文獻(xiàn)回顧

1.1 基于探索視角與利用視角的國(guó)際化理論

傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際商業(yè)理論將企業(yè)國(guó)際化描述為利用企業(yè)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的能力,該理論的主要服務(wù)對(duì)象是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家跨國(guó)企業(yè)。當(dāng)后發(fā)企業(yè)開(kāi)始進(jìn)行國(guó)際化活動(dòng)時(shí),會(huì)把國(guó)際市場(chǎng)作為跳板,以此獲取需要的資源與機(jī)遇。探索式國(guó)際化與利用式國(guó)際化的主要區(qū)別在于企業(yè)國(guó)際化活動(dòng)軌道、創(chuàng)新程度和知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)不同4。探索式國(guó)際化會(huì)偏離傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際化軌跡,以激進(jìn)形式進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新活動(dòng),其目的是在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上獲取學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)和創(chuàng)新資源[5;利用式國(guó)際化相對(duì)保守,企業(yè)根據(jù)現(xiàn)有國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行小幅度創(chuàng)新,采用漸進(jìn)式改進(jìn)方式進(jìn)行國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),其目的是通過(guò)降低成本和提升效率獲取更高的創(chuàng)新績(jī)效(譚云清,馬永生,2020)。探索式國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略雖然存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高、回報(bào)周期較長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn),但它是企業(yè)創(chuàng)造國(guó)際市場(chǎng)新的敏感點(diǎn)和獲取消費(fèi)需求信息的重要手段,能夠幫助企業(yè)建立較大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),有利于企業(yè)未來(lái)發(fā)展。相對(duì)于探索式國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略,企業(yè)在進(jìn)行利用式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)時(shí)面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和壓力較小,短期內(nèi)回報(bào)更加明顯,有利于企業(yè)快速獲取創(chuàng)新績(jī)效(曹冬勤等,2021)。

1.2 國(guó)際化雙元

探索和利用作為企業(yè)開(kāi)展國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的兩個(gè)主要方向,其特征不同,所需資源也有所不同。Luo&Rui[6主張企業(yè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行探索式活動(dòng)和利用式活動(dòng),將組織雙元概念引入國(guó)際化研究范圍;Prange &Verdier[2、李杰義等[7提出國(guó)際化雙元概念,即企業(yè)應(yīng)同步開(kāi)展利用式和探索式國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),通過(guò)協(xié)調(diào)兩種國(guó)際化活動(dòng),獲得更高的創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。因此,在資源有限的情況下,國(guó)際化企業(yè)需要平衡探索式國(guó)際化與利用式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)間的關(guān)系,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)生存和發(fā)展(潘宏亮,2020)。Cao等8將國(guó)際化雙元結(jié)構(gòu)拆分為平衡維度和聯(lián)合維度,前者反映企業(yè)在探索式與利用式兩種國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略間維持平衡的相對(duì)水平,后者反映企業(yè)探索式與利用式兩種國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略交互效應(yīng)的絕對(duì)水平。

1.3 認(rèn)知制度與規(guī)范制度

國(guó)家制度的主要功能是營(yíng)造有序的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境和降低市場(chǎng)不確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)順利開(kāi)展??鐕?guó)企業(yè)通常處于母國(guó)制度與東道國(guó)制度兩種不同的制度環(huán)境中,因而制度理論認(rèn)為,跨國(guó)企業(yè)所處的東道國(guó)制度環(huán)境能夠影響其經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),最終體現(xiàn)為創(chuàng)新績(jī)效9。

認(rèn)知制度是社會(huì)知識(shí)和認(rèn)知類(lèi)型10,以闡明具體現(xiàn)象為目的。認(rèn)知制度主要涉及東道國(guó)社會(huì)文化價(jià)值體系,跨國(guó)企業(yè)在國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)過(guò)程中,能否融入當(dāng)?shù)匚幕h(huán)境決定其能否在東道國(guó)順利開(kāi)展經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。對(duì)于企業(yè)海外經(jīng)營(yíng)而言,上述軟規(guī)則有時(shí)甚至比硬規(guī)則更為重要。兩國(guó)間不同的認(rèn)知制度導(dǎo)致企業(yè)在經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中表現(xiàn)的思維模式和行為方式存在差異。

規(guī)范制度是指特定國(guó)家中個(gè)人秉持的價(jià)值、信仰、準(zhǔn)則,以及對(duì)人類(lèi)行為作出的評(píng)判10,并在此基礎(chǔ)上承擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任,以塑造和制約人際互動(dòng)。隨著中國(guó)對(duì)外開(kāi)放不斷深入和跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)日益增多,跨國(guó)企業(yè)與東道國(guó)本土企業(yè)必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生交集,因而會(huì)涉及各種社會(huì)規(guī)范體系間的相互作用。高質(zhì)量規(guī)范制度是促進(jìn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效提升的重要保障11。

2 研究假設(shè)

2.1 國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效

國(guó)際市場(chǎng)環(huán)境風(fēng)云變幻莫測(cè),企業(yè)需要隨時(shí)對(duì)自身資源配置進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以維持穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。換句話(huà)說(shuō),企業(yè)應(yīng)進(jìn)行利用式國(guó)際化活動(dòng),以確保當(dāng)前生存能力,同時(shí)將精力投入到探索式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)中,以確保未來(lái)生存能力,從而提高生存機(jī)會(huì)和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效12。二者均衡能夠促進(jìn)企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)生存和持續(xù)發(fā)展的雙重目標(biāo)。

國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響,具體表現(xiàn)如下:第一,雙元平衡表示企業(yè)在利用性活動(dòng)與探索性活動(dòng)上更加接近,進(jìn)而可以通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)化形式控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(許暉等,2014),促進(jìn)自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效增長(zhǎng)。國(guó)際化企業(yè)以現(xiàn)有資源、知識(shí)、技術(shù)、能力為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行拓展,發(fā)揮成本優(yōu)勢(shì)以獲得短期收益。第二,國(guó)際化企業(yè)放眼未來(lái),獲取戰(zhàn)略性資產(chǎn)13,利用現(xiàn)有資源進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新活動(dòng),尋找新的利潤(rùn)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)久發(fā)展??傊?,企業(yè)需要保持戰(zhàn)略抉擇與思維方式的彈性,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)自身生存與發(fā)展目標(biāo)。因此,企業(yè)需要維持利用能力與探索能力的平衡[14。鑒于此,本文提出如下假設(shè):

H1:國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效具有正向影響。

2.2 國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效

從雙元聯(lián)合角度看,利用式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)可為探索式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)提供必要的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)利用式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)達(dá)到一定程度時(shí),就會(huì)促進(jìn)探索式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)。反過(guò)來(lái)看,探索式國(guó)際化活動(dòng)可以推動(dòng)利用式國(guó)際化活動(dòng),二者相互依賴(lài)、共同發(fā)展15。

(1)企業(yè)實(shí)施探索式國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略能夠?yàn)樽陨韼?lái)更多國(guó)際化路徑和流程選擇,采取最適合自身情況的國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略,進(jìn)行下一階段探索以提升自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。

(2)隨著利用活動(dòng)效率提升,企業(yè)現(xiàn)有經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況得到改善,有更多機(jī)會(huì)關(guān)注外部環(huán)境。此時(shí),企業(yè)已經(jīng)具備一定的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,可以識(shí)別新的市場(chǎng)知識(shí),更快抓住市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì),規(guī)避潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),開(kāi)展探索活動(dòng)以提升自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。

可見(jiàn),在國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度中,探索式國(guó)際化與利用式國(guó)際化相互作用,形成復(fù)雜的綜合能力16,給企業(yè)帶來(lái)附加競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)。企業(yè)要實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,既需要利用能力確保組織正常運(yùn)行和發(fā)展,也需要探索能力為未來(lái)成長(zhǎng)提供支撐?;诖?,本文提出如下假設(shè):

H2:國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效具有正向影響。

2.3 認(rèn)知制度與規(guī)范制度的調(diào)節(jié)作用

制度環(huán)境作為企業(yè)外部環(huán)境的重要組成部分,貫穿于整個(gè)創(chuàng)新過(guò)程。良好的制度環(huán)境可為企業(yè)獲取創(chuàng)新績(jī)效提供法律保護(hù),從而極大地降低企業(yè)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)17。

2.3.1 認(rèn)知制度的調(diào)節(jié)作用

國(guó)際商務(wù)領(lǐng)域相關(guān)研究指出,認(rèn)知制度對(duì)企業(yè)跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略選擇和績(jī)效具有重要影響18。東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平能夠決定跨國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)中如何制定國(guó)際化戰(zhàn)略、闡明國(guó)際化愿景,以及在跨文化背景下與當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)合作[19。東道國(guó)與母國(guó)認(rèn)知制度差異越大,海外子公司溝通與合作等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及交易成本越高,東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作效率越低,企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效越低。

在進(jìn)入東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)時(shí),跨國(guó)企業(yè)面臨的認(rèn)知壓力是其進(jìn)行國(guó)際化擴(kuò)張的難題,最有效的解決方法是迅速了解東道國(guó)客戶(hù)群體的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣,然后占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)并擴(kuò)大客戶(hù)群體,提升用戶(hù)黏性。由此可見(jiàn),當(dāng)東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平較低時(shí),企業(yè)面臨較大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力,無(wú)法在當(dāng)?shù)亻_(kāi)展經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),難以提高自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。在高認(rèn)知制度水平的東道國(guó)市場(chǎng),跨國(guó)企業(yè)可以快速獲取可靠的市場(chǎng)信息,在資源有限的條件下,能夠識(shí)別并規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)而提高自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效?;诖耍疚奶岢鋈缦录僭O(shè):

H3a:東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平正向調(diào)節(jié)國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的關(guān)系;

H3b:東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平正向調(diào)節(jié)國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的關(guān)系。

2.3.2 規(guī)范制度的調(diào)節(jié)作用

規(guī)范制度差異導(dǎo)致的信息不對(duì)稱(chēng)問(wèn)題會(huì)阻礙信息流動(dòng),進(jìn)而影響跨國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)中的決策與績(jī)效。當(dāng)東道國(guó)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、經(jīng)商方式與國(guó)內(nèi)存在較大差異時(shí),不利于跨國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)積累技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),因而難以提升自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。同時(shí),當(dāng)東道國(guó)社會(huì)規(guī)范體系、信息發(fā)布渠道與國(guó)內(nèi)具有較大差異時(shí),跨國(guó)企業(yè)因難以找到理想的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式,在國(guó)際化過(guò)程中無(wú)法提升自身創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。因此,在行業(yè)和市場(chǎng)規(guī)范與母國(guó)具有較大差異的東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)上,由于缺乏當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò),跨國(guó)企業(yè)會(huì)承受較大的社會(huì)規(guī)范壓力。這種差異會(huì)導(dǎo)致跨國(guó)企業(yè)與東道國(guó)利益主體在經(jīng)營(yíng)行為和導(dǎo)向上的沖突,使得跨國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)獲取合法性的難度加大,只能以漸進(jìn)式資源投入適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境(田宇等,2019),無(wú)法快速獲取較高的創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。此外,跨國(guó)企業(yè)在進(jìn)入東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)時(shí),如果得到與東道國(guó)當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)或其它國(guó)家企業(yè)一樣的待遇,則這種公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境和待遇可以激勵(lì)其進(jìn)行國(guó)際化經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng),并在遭遇困難時(shí)保持清醒,以便更好地識(shí)別機(jī)遇和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?;诖耍疚奶岢鋈缦录僭O(shè):

H4a:東道國(guó)規(guī)范制度水平正向調(diào)節(jié)國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的關(guān)系;

H4b:東道國(guó)規(guī)范制度水平正向調(diào)節(jié)國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的關(guān)系。

根據(jù)以上分析,本文認(rèn)為,國(guó)際化雙元對(duì)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效具有促進(jìn)作用,認(rèn)知制度和規(guī)范制度在其中發(fā)揮正向調(diào)節(jié)作用,如圖1所示。

3 研究設(shè)計(jì)

3.1 數(shù)據(jù)收集與樣本選取

本文通過(guò)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷方式收集數(shù)據(jù),并基于獲取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析。在正式調(diào)查開(kāi)始之前,發(fā)放60份預(yù)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,并根據(jù)預(yù)調(diào)研結(jié)果對(duì)題項(xiàng)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。為確保數(shù)據(jù)的多樣性和問(wèn)卷信效度,本文采取3種問(wèn)卷發(fā)放方式:一是通過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)問(wèn)卷網(wǎng)站對(duì)跨國(guó)企業(yè)進(jìn)行調(diào)查,第一階段發(fā)放500份問(wèn)卷,第二階段發(fā)放800份問(wèn)卷;二是直接對(duì)100位在跨國(guó)企業(yè)就職的MBA在讀碩士研究生進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查;三是委托社會(huì)關(guān)系對(duì)跨國(guó)企業(yè)員工進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,發(fā)放100份問(wèn)卷。最后,共發(fā)1 500份問(wèn)卷,收回1 115份,回收率為74.33%。問(wèn)卷填答人員均為跨國(guó)企業(yè)在職人員。本文按照以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)篩選:①剔除填答嚴(yán)重漏缺的問(wèn)卷;②剔除基本信息不符合邏輯的問(wèn)卷;③剔除量表題答案呈現(xiàn)明顯規(guī)律性的問(wèn)卷。最終,得到有效問(wèn)卷627份,樣本規(guī)模滿(mǎn)足研究需要。

被調(diào)查者供職企業(yè)涉及多個(gè)行業(yè)、不同規(guī)模和不同所有制性質(zhì)企業(yè),具體樣本統(tǒng)計(jì)情況見(jiàn)表1。

3.2 變量定義

本文使用的測(cè)量量表為國(guó)內(nèi)外已有成熟量表,結(jié)合研究?jī)?nèi)容并根據(jù)中文語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣進(jìn)行適當(dāng)修改,所有題項(xiàng)均采用李克特7級(jí)量表(Likert Scale)進(jìn)行衡量,1表示“受訪(fǎng)者極度不認(rèn)同該題項(xiàng)內(nèi)容”,7表示“受訪(fǎng)者極度認(rèn)同該題項(xiàng)內(nèi)容”。

3.2.1 被解釋變量:創(chuàng)新績(jī)效

創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)具有復(fù)雜性和不確定性,通常情況下,學(xué)者們基于創(chuàng)新投入(以研發(fā)支出比例為主)與創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)出兩個(gè)方面衡量創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,測(cè)量創(chuàng)新績(jī)效主要應(yīng)關(guān)注績(jī)效表現(xiàn),后者是企業(yè)將創(chuàng)新成果商業(yè)化后投放市場(chǎng)取得的成果,因而可以采用新產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售額占比加以衡量;也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,測(cè)量創(chuàng)新績(jī)效應(yīng)關(guān)注創(chuàng)新過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的新理念和新技術(shù),因而使用專(zhuān)利數(shù)量、主持或參與行業(yè)和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)數(shù)等多項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行衡量。考慮到數(shù)據(jù)可得性,本文從投入和產(chǎn)出兩個(gè)方面加以衡量。借鑒Baker&Sinkula[20的研究成果,本文采用研發(fā)支出比例、新產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售額比例、研發(fā)人員比例、主持或參與制定國(guó)家或者行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)數(shù)5個(gè)題項(xiàng)衡量創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。

3.2.2 解釋變量:國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度與聯(lián)合維度

Zhan&Chen(2013)開(kāi)發(fā)了全新的量表測(cè)量國(guó)際合資企業(yè)雙元能力,其中利用能力由5個(gè)題項(xiàng)定義,探索能力由3個(gè)題項(xiàng)定義;吳航等(2018)采用5個(gè)題項(xiàng)對(duì)探索式國(guó)際化和利用式國(guó)際化進(jìn)行測(cè)量。參考上述文獻(xiàn),考慮到本文研究主旨是揭示國(guó)際化雙元對(duì)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響,因而采用吳航等(2018)的研究測(cè)量題項(xiàng),具體如表2所示。

在國(guó)際化雙元平衡維度與聯(lián)合維度衡量上,參考Cao等8的研究方法,求出探索式國(guó)際化和利用式國(guó)際化的絕對(duì)離差,由于絕對(duì)離差值介于0~4.40之間,為方便回歸分析,本文采用5減去二者絕對(duì)離差所得到的數(shù)值進(jìn)行衡量。此外,國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度代表兩種能力存在相互促進(jìn)關(guān)系,即一種能力提升會(huì)強(qiáng)化另一種能力對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效的影響。因此,本文采用探索式國(guó)際化與利用式國(guó)際化的乘積項(xiàng)衡量國(guó)際化雙元聯(lián)合維度。

3.2.3 調(diào)節(jié)變量:東道國(guó)規(guī)范制度與認(rèn)知制度水平

目前,制度環(huán)境測(cè)量方法主要包括基于調(diào)查的感知測(cè)量法和檔案指數(shù)測(cè)量法。檔案指數(shù)測(cè)量法以《全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力報(bào)告》或《世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力年鑒》為基礎(chǔ),選取相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測(cè)量;感知測(cè)量法以Busenitz(2000)等、Reynolds(2005)等的制度環(huán)境量表為基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)具體研究?jī)?nèi)容進(jìn)行調(diào)整,可以衡量企業(yè)所處東道國(guó)制度環(huán)境。由于制度環(huán)境存在不確定性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),檔案指數(shù)法無(wú)法考慮企業(yè)異質(zhì)性,因而本文采用感知測(cè)量法對(duì)認(rèn)知制度和規(guī)范制度進(jìn)行測(cè)度。本文研究東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平、規(guī)范制度水平對(duì)國(guó)際化雙元與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效關(guān)系的影響,因而在選取測(cè)量題項(xiàng)時(shí),需要確定已有題項(xiàng)對(duì)認(rèn)知制度和規(guī)范制度的測(cè)度方向。

在考察東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平時(shí),需要掌握跨國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)東道國(guó)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等文化價(jià)值體系是否了解這一情況,而東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平與跨國(guó)企業(yè)在進(jìn)行經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)時(shí)所承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。因此,在選擇認(rèn)知制度水平測(cè)量題項(xiàng)時(shí),參考Santangelo等21、Eriksson等22的研究成果,對(duì)東道國(guó)認(rèn)知制度水平進(jìn)行測(cè)量。在考察東道國(guó)規(guī)范制度水平時(shí),不僅要考慮東道國(guó)與母國(guó)在行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、經(jīng)商方式等方面的差異,而且要考慮上述規(guī)范差異給跨國(guó)企業(yè)帶來(lái)的壓力。Cui&Jiang[23的研究量表題項(xiàng)考察了規(guī)范差異;Teo等24基于跨國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手行為,考察東道國(guó)帶給企業(yè)的規(guī)范壓力?;诖耍疚木C合使用上述研究量表對(duì)東道國(guó)規(guī)范制度水平進(jìn)行測(cè)量,具體題項(xiàng)如表2所示。

3.2.4 控制變量

根據(jù)以往研究,所屬產(chǎn)業(yè)類(lèi)型、所有權(quán)性質(zhì)、銷(xiāo)售收入以及企業(yè)規(guī)模均會(huì)對(duì)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效產(chǎn)生影響。因此,在分析國(guó)際化雙元與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的關(guān)系時(shí),需要對(duì)上述因素加以控制。其中,企業(yè)規(guī)模采用員工人數(shù)衡量,對(duì)所有制和所屬產(chǎn)業(yè)類(lèi)型進(jìn)行啞變量處理,1代表“國(guó)有(控股)企業(yè)”,2代表“民營(yíng)(控股)企業(yè)”,0代表“其它性質(zhì)企業(yè)”;0代表“非制造業(yè)”,1代表“制造業(yè)”。

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(責(zé)任編輯:張 悅)

The Impact of Internationalization Ambidexterity on

Enterprise Innovation Performance:? The Double Moderation

of Cognitive Institution and Normative Institution

Xiao Peng, Yang Jingjing, Liu Sheng, Chen Yifei

(Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China)

Abstract:As globalization continues to develop, China's 'One Belt, One Road' initiative has encouraged more and more enterprises to engage in cross-border activities to overcome the competitive disadvantages of emerging economies in the international marketplace. The business strategies of enterprises in international markets can be divided into exploitative and exploratory internationalization, with exploitative internationalization helping enterprises to improve their short-term competitiveness and gain current revenues to ensure their current survival, and exploratory internationalization helping enterprises to gain long-term revenues and improve their long-term competitiveness to ensure their future development. There have been difficulties in balancing these two business strategies, but recent studies suggest that it is possible to coordinate these two types of business activities in a balanced way that will enhance the innovation performance. Therefore, this paper aims to examine if and how such an ambidexterity strategy affects enterprise innovation performance. Meanwhile,it is necessary to consider what situational factors affect the impact of an ambidexterity strategy on enterprise innovation performance. However little consideration has been given to the external institutional environment, therefore this paper examines the situational variable of institutional environment which can be further divided into three dimensions, namely moderating, cognitive and normative institutions. The previous studies have focused on the formal institutions such as the moderating institutions, while less research has been conducted on the informal institutions similar to cognitive and normative institutions. It is increasingly claimed that for overseas enterprises, the ability to integrate into the local culture determines whether multinational enterprises can successfully operate in the host country. This paper therefore examines the role of cognitive and normative institutions in influencing the relationship between ambidexterity internationalization strategies and enterprise innovation performance.

In order to investigate the impact of the balanced and joint dimensions of internationalization ambidexterity on enterprise innovation performance and analyze the roles of the cognitive and normative institutions in the host country, this paper collects data from 627 Chinese multinational enterprises by a questionnaire based on ambidexterity theory and institutional theory, and? defining variables and using the process plug-ins to test the hypothesis.

The results of the analysis show that the joint and balanced dimensions of ambidexterity internationalization have significant positive impacts on the innovation performance of firms, and the host country cognitive and regulatory institutions have positive moderating effects on the positive relationship between ambidexterity internationalization and innovation performance, and the higher the level of the host country cognitive and normative institutions, the greater the positive impacts of the ambidexterity balanced and joint dimensions on enterprise innovation performance. When the sample is regressed by industry, the results of the analysis show that the moderating effect of the cognitive and regulatory institutions is more pronounced in the manufacturing sector.

In contrast to previous literature, this paper compares the effects of the balanced and joint dimensions of ambidexterity strategies on innovation performance,and proves that the joint dimension in which exploration and exploitation are complementary and mutually reinforcing activities, has a better effect on innovation performance than the balanced dimension in which exploration and exploitation strategies are sought on an equal footing. To some extent, it broadens the scope of research on dual strategies for internationalization. In addition, this paper also compares the magnitude of the impact of cognitive and normative institutions on the path, and finds that the adoption of an internationalization ambidexterity strategy contributes more to innovation performance with the addition of normative institution than that? with the addition of cognitive institution, expanding the scope of cognitive and normative institutions on the relationship between internationalization and innovation performance. This extends the research on how cognitive and normative institutions influence the relationship between internationalization and innovation performance. The study further analyses the extent to which cognitive and normative institutions in manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries have an impact on the relationship between internationalization ambidexterity and innovation performance, and finds that cognitive and normative institutions have greater moderating effects in manufacturing industries than in non-manufacturing industries, presenting new research directions for internationalization ambidexterity theory and institutional theory in different industries.

Key Words:Internationalization Ambidexterity; Cognitive Institution; Normative Institution; Innovation Performance

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