王安波 馮麗佳 倪萍萍 何麗萌 李紅梅 張偉
摘要:目的 對(duì)比分析68Ga標(biāo)記前列腺特異性膜抗原(68Ga-PSMA-11)與18F標(biāo)記氟化鈉(18F-NaF) PET/CT對(duì)前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移病灶的檢出效能。方法 收集2018年1月至2021年1月行68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT且于1周內(nèi)行18F-NaF PET/CT檢查的已確診為前列腺癌并懷疑有骨轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,比較分析兩種檢測(cè)方法的病灶數(shù)、病灶最大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化攝取值(SUVmax)及腫瘤/背景(T/B)比值。結(jié)果18F-NaF PET/CT 檢出的骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶(310個(gè))顯著高于68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT(264個(gè))(P<0.001);18F-NaF PET檢出的 SUVmax[23.2(16.4,33.4)]及T/B值[7.0(4.9,9.9)]顯著高于68Ga-PSMA-11 PET[SUVmax:4.1(2.5,5.6);T/B:6.7(3.7,9.6)](P均<0.001)。以病灶數(shù)作為統(tǒng)計(jì)對(duì)象,18F-NaF PET/CT的靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為100.0%、92.0%、92.0%、98.7%、100.0%;68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT的靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為85.2%、94.0%、79.2%、98.9%、50.5%。結(jié)論 在前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢測(cè)中,18F-NaF PET/CT比68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
關(guān)鍵詞:前列腺特異性膜抗原;氟化鈉;前列腺癌;PET/CT
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): R817.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A文章編號(hào):1000-503X(2023)04-0634-06
DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.15336
Diagnostic Efficacy of68Ga-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen and
18F-Labeled Sodium Fluoride PET/CT in Prostate Cancer With Bone Metastasis
WANG Anbo1,F(xiàn)ENG Lijia1,NI Pingping1,HE Limeng2,LI Hongmei3,ZHANG Wei2
1Department of Nuclear Medicine,The First Peoples Hospital of Neijiang,Neijiang,Sichuan 641000,China
2Department of Nuclear Medicine,Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences,Chengdu 610072,China
3Department of Nuclear Medicine,Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan 646000,China
Corresponding author:ZHANG Wei Tel:028-87393368,E-mail:zhangwscd@uestc.edu.cn
ABSTRACT:Objective To compare the efficiency of68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA-11) and18F-labeled sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) PET/CT in the diagnosis of bone metastasis in the patients with prostate cancer.Methods The prostate cancer patients suspected of bone metastasis who underwent68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and18F-NaF PET/CT from January 2018 to January 2021 were included in this study.The number of lesions,maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax),and tumor-to-background (T/B) ratio were compared between the two methods.Results18F-NaF PET/CT detected more metastases than68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (310 vs.264,P<0.001).The median SUVmax[23.2 (16.4,33.4) vs.4.1 (2.5,5.6)] and median T/B ratio[7.0 (4.9,9.9) vs.6.7 (3.7,9.6)] of18F-NaF PET/CT were higher than those of68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (all P<0.001).With the number of lesions as the indicator,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value of18F-NaF PET/CT were 100.0%,92.0%,92.0%,98.7%,and 100.0% respectively,and those of68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT were 85.2%,94.0%,79.2%,98.9%,and 50.5%,respectively.Conclusion18F-NaF PET/CT is superior to68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in the detection of bone metastases of prostate cancer.
Key words:prostate-specific membrane antigen;sodium fluoride;prostate cancer;PET/CT
Acta Acad Med Sin,2023,45(4):634-639
前列腺癌是男性常見(jiàn)的實(shí)體惡性腫瘤,在我國(guó)的發(fā)病率呈逐漸上升趨勢(shì)[1]。骨骼是前列腺癌患者最常見(jiàn)的血源性轉(zhuǎn)移部位,65%~75%的前列腺癌晚期患者會(huì)發(fā)生骨轉(zhuǎn)移[1]。骨轉(zhuǎn)移的存在和數(shù)量對(duì)前列腺癌患者的預(yù)后和生活質(zhì)量有重要影響,了解骨骼受累的具體情況是治療決策的關(guān)鍵,也是可靠評(píng)估治療反應(yīng)的先決條件。很多形態(tài)學(xué)成像或代謝成像用來(lái)評(píng)估前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移的情況,如CT、MRI及骨掃描[2-3]。目前,國(guó)際指南推薦骨掃描作為評(píng)估前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移的影像學(xué)方法[2-3],但有研究證實(shí)在檢測(cè)骨轉(zhuǎn)移方面,使用18F標(biāo)記氟化鈉(18F labeled sodium fluoride,18F-NaF) PET/CT顯像優(yōu)于骨掃描[4-6]。前列腺特異性膜抗原(prostate-specific membrane antigen,PSMA)是一種跨膜受體,在前列腺癌細(xì)胞高度表達(dá),而在正常組織或其他腫瘤細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)或僅少量表達(dá),使其成為顯像和治療的靶點(diǎn)[7]。68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT是一種檢測(cè)前列腺癌病變的方法[8-10]。有研究表明,與骨掃描相比,68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT在檢測(cè)前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移方面具有更高的敏感性[5,8-13]。本研究主要探討示蹤劑68Ga-PSMA-11和18F-NaF對(duì)前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出效能。
資料和方法
資料來(lái)源 收集2018年1月至2021年1月在西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科行68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT且于1周內(nèi)行18F-NaF PET/CT檢查的已確診為前列腺癌的患者,共27 例(所有患者經(jīng)穿刺活檢病理證實(shí)為前列腺癌)符合要求,年齡46~77 歲,平均(69.4±8.1) 歲。血清前列腺特異性抗原67.7~477.4 ng/ml(正常:0~3.09 ng/ml)。所有患者在檢查前均無(wú)抗腫瘤治療史。本研究獲西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批(倫理審查編號(hào):AHSWMU-20202-035)。所有患者均簽署書(shū)面知情同意書(shū)。
顯像設(shè)備及方法
18F-NaF PET/CT:18F-NaF由西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科用德國(guó)西門(mén)子回旋加速器(SD_000_N 8-460)自行制備,放化純度≥95%,按照3.7 MBq/kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給患者靜脈注射藥物60 min后行PET/CT(聯(lián)影UMI780)檢查,采集范圍包括顱頂至足底,先行低劑量CT掃描,掃描參數(shù):管電壓120 kV,管電流 100 mA,層厚5 mm,層間距5 mm,螺距0.81,旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間0.5 r/s,矩陣512×512;然后采集PET掃描,重建層厚4 mm,3 min/床位,共采集10個(gè)床位,基于低劑量CT掃描進(jìn)行PET圖像重建衰減校正。采集完成后采用聯(lián)影自帶后處理融合軟件進(jìn)行圖像融合。
68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT:68Ga由68Ge/68Ga發(fā)生器(德國(guó)ITG公司)淋洗獲得。68Ga-PSMA-11由西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科參照美國(guó)核醫(yī)學(xué)與分子影像學(xué)會(huì)和歐洲核醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)合制定的指南[14]進(jìn)行自行合成,放化純度≥98%。按照1.85 MBq/kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給患者靜脈注射藥物60 min后行PET/CT(聯(lián)影UMI780)檢查,采集范圍包括顱頂至股骨中段,掃描方法及掃描參數(shù)同18F-NaF PET/CT,共采集6~7個(gè)床位。
圖像分析及方法 由兩名有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的核醫(yī)學(xué)醫(yī)師對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行共同分析(兩名醫(yī)師分別獨(dú)立判斷,若出現(xiàn)判讀結(jié)果不一致時(shí),由第3名醫(yī)師進(jìn)行結(jié)果最終判讀),為了減少偏差,先進(jìn)行68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT圖像解讀,然后再進(jìn)行18F-NaF PET/CT的圖像分析。以病理活檢及隨訪6~12個(gè)月(CT或MRI)后骨骼出現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)破壞作為確診的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
PET顯示骨骼有放射性攝取增加的陽(yáng)性病灶視為轉(zhuǎn)移可能,但需排除CT顯示的良性骨?。ㄍ诵行圆∽兗皠?chuàng)傷后改變等),特別是示蹤劑的攝取增加位于椎體邊緣或關(guān)節(jié)間隙時(shí)解讀為良性改變而需排除。68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT檢查范圍從顱頂至股骨中段,而18F-NaF PET/CT掃描范圍從顱頂至足底,故股骨中段(采用目測(cè)法判斷)以下部位的病灶不進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)比較,若病灶在邊界附近時(shí)不納入計(jì)數(shù)比較。用最大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化攝取值(maximum standardized uptake value,SUVmax)表示骨轉(zhuǎn)移病灶的示蹤劑集聚強(qiáng)度,并與正常骨的SUVmax進(jìn)行比較,得到腫瘤背景比值(tumor background ratio,T/B),比較兩種檢查方法檢測(cè)出骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤SUVmax及T/B值。選擇患者左肱骨頭(通過(guò)目測(cè)法發(fā)現(xiàn)27例患者均無(wú)示蹤劑的異常濃聚)作為正常骨骼的示蹤劑攝取參考。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,病灶數(shù)計(jì)數(shù)資料用n(%)表示,組間比較采用配對(duì)卡方檢驗(yàn)。使用配對(duì)Wilcoxon符號(hào)秩檢驗(yàn)對(duì)68Ga-PSMA-11 PET和18F-NaF PET骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤SUVmax和T/B比值進(jìn)行比較分析。示蹤劑68Ga-PSMA-11和18F-NaF對(duì)前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出效能用受試者工作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)進(jìn)行分析,以病理活檢及隨訪6~12個(gè)月后CT或MRI證實(shí)為骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的病灶作為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),計(jì)算靈敏度、準(zhǔn)確度、特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值。采用Delong檢驗(yàn)比較兩種示蹤劑之間的ROC曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
病灶數(shù) 27例患者僅1例發(fā)生全身多處轉(zhuǎn)移,但股骨中上段以下均未發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移灶(圖1)。與68Ga-PSMA-11 PET相比,18F-NaF PET能檢測(cè)出更多的骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶(310個(gè)比264個(gè)),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)(圖1)。18F-NaF PET檢出的310個(gè)骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中有243個(gè)為成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,26個(gè)為溶骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,41個(gè)為PET陽(yáng)性而同機(jī)CT陰性病灶(通過(guò)CT或MRI隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)這41個(gè)病灶最終發(fā)展為成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤);而68Ga-PSMA-11 PET僅有264個(gè)病灶最終被診斷為骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,且這264個(gè)骨轉(zhuǎn)移病灶[210個(gè)成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤(圖2)、19個(gè)溶骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤和35個(gè)PET陽(yáng)性而同機(jī)CT陰性病灶]均被18F-NaF PET檢出。以病灶數(shù)作為統(tǒng)計(jì)對(duì)象,18F-NaF PET/CT的靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為100.0%、92.0%、92.0%、98.7%、100.0%,68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT的靈敏度、特異度、準(zhǔn)確度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值及陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為85.2%、94.0%、79.2%、98.9%、50.5%。18F-NaF PET/CT 和68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT ROC曲線下面積分別為0.960和0.896,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=2.011,P=0.044)(圖3)。
SUVmax及T/B值 通過(guò)勾畫(huà)感興趣區(qū)得到兩種檢測(cè)方法均表現(xiàn)為陽(yáng)性的骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的SUVmax,分別計(jì)算每個(gè)病灶的T/B值,結(jié)果顯示18F-NaF PET/CT的SUVmax和T/B值均顯著高于68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT(P<0.001,P=0.007)(表1)。
討論
對(duì)前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者開(kāi)始治療或改變治療方案前了解骨轉(zhuǎn)移的情況對(duì)于正確評(píng)估治療反應(yīng)至關(guān)重要。68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT是一種非常敏感的檢測(cè)前列腺癌病變的方法,PSMA在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中高度表達(dá),而在正常細(xì)胞中幾乎不表達(dá)。68Ga-PSMA-11靜脈注射后隨體循環(huán)到達(dá)前列腺,并與前列腺癌細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域的活性中心結(jié)合后被前列腺癌攝取、內(nèi)化、保留,而正常細(xì)胞幾乎不攝取且血液清除快,通過(guò)PET/CT掃描可以得到較好的腫瘤與背景的高對(duì)比圖像,能夠準(zhǔn)確地檢測(cè)出前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的位置和范圍[15-16]。研究表明與常規(guī)的骨掃描相比,68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT在前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移檢測(cè)中具有更高的敏感性[5,8-13]。
18F-NaF是一種親骨性、高靈敏的探測(cè)骨骼病變的PET顯像劑,骨骼對(duì)18F-NaF的攝取機(jī)制類(lèi)似于骨掃描,都是通過(guò)化學(xué)吸附、離子交換的方式到達(dá)羥基磷灰石晶體的表面和內(nèi)部,從而在骨內(nèi)沉積,18F-NaF的攝取反映成骨性活動(dòng)以及骨骼的血流狀況,通過(guò)PET/CT顯像可以準(zhǔn)確檢測(cè)出前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的位置和范圍。但18F-NaF藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)特性、空間分辨率以及解剖定位等明顯優(yōu)于骨掃描[4-6],18F-NaF PET/CT對(duì)前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的診斷效能也明顯優(yōu)于骨掃描。
本研究顯示與68Ga-PSMA-11 PET相比,18F-NaF PET能檢測(cè)出更多的骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶。這主要是因?yàn)榍傲邢侔┗颊吖寝D(zhuǎn)移主要是成骨性的。因此,在前列腺癌患者成骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢測(cè)中,18F-NaF PET/CT比68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)??赡艿慕忉屖牵寒?dāng)成骨性轉(zhuǎn)移灶骨質(zhì)完全硬化時(shí),此時(shí)腫瘤細(xì)胞失活,而68Ga-PSMA-11主要被前列腺癌細(xì)胞攝取、滯留,當(dāng)前列腺癌細(xì)胞失活時(shí),68Ga-PSMA-11 PET可能會(huì)遺漏掉病灶,出現(xiàn)示蹤劑的不攝取,這與Zhou等[17]的研究結(jié)果一致。當(dāng)骨骼發(fā)生成骨性反應(yīng)時(shí),18F-NaF會(huì)通過(guò)化學(xué)吸附、離子交換的方式到達(dá)羥基磷灰石晶體的表面和內(nèi)部,從而在骨內(nèi)沉積,其被骨骼攝取反映的就是骨骼發(fā)生成骨性的活動(dòng)。事實(shí)上,本研究前列腺癌患者的大多數(shù)骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤在CT上表現(xiàn)為骨質(zhì)硬化型的成骨性轉(zhuǎn)移。
同時(shí),本研究對(duì)兩種示蹤劑均表現(xiàn)為陽(yáng)性的骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤進(jìn)行感興趣區(qū)勾畫(huà),測(cè)定每個(gè)病灶的SUVmax,試圖通過(guò)半定量分析比較兩種示蹤劑在檢測(cè)前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的效能,本研究顯示18F-NaF PET中位SUVmax明顯高于68Ga-PSMA-11 PET。為比較兩種示蹤劑的集聚強(qiáng)度,本研究比較了兩種示蹤劑在骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤中的T/B值。盡管68Ga-PSMA-11 PET中正常骨骼的SUVmax低于18F-NaF PET中的正常骨骼SUVmax,但18F-NaF PET 的T/B值顯著高于68Ga-PSMA-11 PET。
本研究顯示在溶骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移中,與68Ga-PSMA-11 PET相比,18F-NaF PET也能檢測(cè)出更多的病灶。因此,在前列腺癌患者溶骨性骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢測(cè)中,18F-NaF PET/CT比68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)??赡艿慕忉屖牵喝芄切赞D(zhuǎn)移病灶周?chē)话銜?huì)混有骨質(zhì)的修復(fù),骨質(zhì)代謝相對(duì)活躍,此時(shí)對(duì)示蹤劑18F-NaF的攝取相對(duì)更高。有研究表明,前列腺癌患者溶骨性轉(zhuǎn)移灶均可攝取68Ga-PSMA-11與18F-NaF兩種示蹤劑[18],與本研究結(jié)果一致。
本研究尚有一部分骨骼病灶表現(xiàn)為PET陽(yáng)性(示蹤劑攝取增高),而同機(jī)CT卻未見(jiàn)異常。在后期隨訪中,這些病灶出現(xiàn)了成骨性骨質(zhì)破壞改變。出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因,解釋為腫瘤細(xì)胞的骨髓浸潤(rùn),因?yàn)镃T掃描通常無(wú)法發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤的骨髓浸潤(rùn)[19],這也是腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移的早期表現(xiàn),而前列腺癌患者骨轉(zhuǎn)移主要是成骨性的。
本研究具有一定局限性:主要是病例數(shù)量較少。這主要是因?yàn)楸狙芯考{入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)太嚴(yán)苛:(1)確診的前列腺癌患者且臨床癥狀懷疑存在骨轉(zhuǎn)移;(2)兩種成像檢查時(shí)間間隔在1周內(nèi);(3)未進(jìn)行任何抗腫瘤治療。若檢查時(shí)間間隔太長(zhǎng),可能會(huì)有偏差。而抗腫瘤藥物會(huì)影響示蹤劑的攝取,尤其是68Ga-PSMA-11的攝取。
綜上,本研究顯示在前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢測(cè)中,18F-NaF PET/CT比68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
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(收稿日期:2022-10-11)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2023年4期