余紅 肖文斐 來文國 汪建榮 柳愛春
摘 ? ?要:粉玉1號是以香野為母本、2012-W-02為父本雜交選育而成的早熟粉果草莓新品種。果實圓錐形,一級序果平均單果質(zhì)量27.6 g,全株平均單果質(zhì)量17.0 g。果面粉紅色,果肉白色,髓心空洞無或小,果實肉質(zhì)細膩,風(fēng)味香甜,氣味芳香。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)11.03%,維生素C含量0.742 mg·g-1,總糖含量8.61%,總酸含量0.54%,果實硬度1.82 kg·cm-2??固烤也?,中抗白粉病和灰霉??;連續(xù)開花能力強,豐產(chǎn)性好;匍匐莖抽生能力強,繁苗容易;在浙江省9月上中旬定植,11月中旬果實成熟。適合我國大部分地區(qū)設(shè)施促成栽培。
關(guān)鍵詞:草莓;新品種;粉玉1號;粉果
中圖分類號:S668.4 文獻標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)07-1503-04
Breeding report of a new early-ripening and pink-peel strawberry cultivar Fenyu No.1
YU Hong, XIAO Wenfei*, LAI Wenguo, WANG Jianrong, LIU Aichun
(Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: Fenyu No.1 is an early-ripening, disease-resistant and pink-peel strawberry cultivar (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) derived from a cross between Kaorino as a female parent and 2012-W-02 as a male parent. Through artificial hybridization pollination, 860 hybrid seeds were obtained in April 2016 and 658 seedlings growing from these seeds were planted in September. From November 2016 to April 2017, 25 superior plants were initially selected in terms of their plant growth vigor, disease resistance, mature period, fruit size, soluble solid content and flavor, and then they were propagated largely for further test. Superior line 2016-17-276 matured early during 2017 to 2018 growing season in Hangzhou, with beautiful fruit color, good fruit quality, delicious flavor, moderate fruit firmness, good successive flowering and fruiting capacity, and high disease resistance. From 2019, the regional adaptive cultivation test was conducted in Jiande and Xiaoshan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province and Xundian county, Yunnan province. The traits of superior line 2016-17-276 were stable and consistent in Hangzhou. Then, it was identified as a new strain named Fenyu No.1. The plant has moderate growth vigor with erect posture, the plant height is 24.5 cm and the crown diameter is 37.0 cm. The leaf is of yellow-green color and shiny, the leaf length is 7.9 cm, width is 8.0 cm, thickness is 0.3 mm, and the petiole length is 22.2 cm. The inflorescence is dichasium, which is below the foliage, and the peduncle length is 18.3 cm. The inflorescences commonly have 22~27 bisexual flowers with white petals. The fruit is conic-shaped. The average weight of the fruits on the first-order is 27.6 g and that on whole plant is 17.0 g. The fruit peel color is pink with white flesh, the size of the fruit cavity is either absent or small, the fruit texture is fine and the aroma is excellent. It contains average soluble solids content of 11.03%, vitamin C of 0.742 mg·g-1, the total sugar content of 8.61%, the total acidity of 0.54%, and the fruit firmness of 1.82 kg·cm-2. The plants are resistant to Anthracnose, and moderately resistant to powdery mildew and gray mold, but susceptible to spider mites. The plant flowers continuously, produces high yield, and easily produces sufficient runners to form daughter plants. In Zhejiang province, the appropriate planting time is from early to mid-September, and the harvest time is in mid-November. This variety is suitable for forcing cultivation under protected conditions in most areas of China.
Key words: Strawberry; New cultivar; Fenyu No.1; Pink-peel fruit
草莓(Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)是薔薇科(Rosaceae)草莓屬(Fragaria)多年生草本植物,營養(yǎng)豐富、味道鮮美,素有“水果皇后”的美稱。果實的色澤是評價水果外觀品質(zhì)的一個重要指標(biāo),也是消費者進行選擇時最直觀的評價標(biāo)準。目前隨著草莓育種目標(biāo)向多樣化和專用化方向發(fā)展,果實顏色的多樣化也成為重要的育種目標(biāo)之一[1]。自然界中野生草莓的果實顏色變化較大,從完全白色到深紅色均有發(fā)現(xiàn)。日本最早進行栽培草莓白果育種研究,選育了天使、雪兔、和田初戀、阿蘇的雪、淡雪、桃熏等白果或粉果草莓品種[2-3],因果色新奇美觀而備受市場青睞。此外,隨著消費者生活水平提高,普通型紅果草莓已不能滿足市場新需求,選育特異果色且品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的草莓品種是當(dāng)前需要努力的方向。為此,杭州市農(nóng)科院開展了特異果色草莓育種研究,選育出了早熟優(yōu)質(zhì)粉果草莓新品種粉玉1號(圖1)。
1 選育過程
2016年3月,以紅果草莓品種香野為母本,以白果優(yōu)系2012-W-02為父本進行有性雜交,收獲雜交種子860粒,當(dāng)年5月播種后獲得實生苗658株,9月上旬定植于杭州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院西湖區(qū)下楊村草莓試驗基地。2016年11月至2017年4月進行植株長勢、抗病性、成熟期、果實大小、可溶性固形物含量和風(fēng)味等主要性狀考察,初選優(yōu)株25株并進行繁苗。2017年底至2018年初在杭州進行復(fù)選,其中優(yōu)株2016-17-276表現(xiàn)為早熟、色澤美觀、品質(zhì)優(yōu)、風(fēng)味濃、硬度適中、連續(xù)開花結(jié)果能力強、抗病性強等特點,入選為優(yōu)系。2018年對該優(yōu)系進行擴繁,并在杭州建德市、蕭山區(qū)及昆明尋甸縣等地進行生產(chǎn)試栽,確認其性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,將其確定為品系,定名為粉玉1號。2019—2021年在杭州富陽區(qū)、建德市、溫州樂清市開展品種對比試驗和區(qū)域性生產(chǎn)試驗。2020—2021年開始在北京、四川、安徽、上海、山東等地開展品種適應(yīng)性栽培試驗。多年多點區(qū)試結(jié)果表明,該品系早熟、質(zhì)優(yōu)、產(chǎn)量高、抗病性好,綜合經(jīng)濟性狀優(yōu)異。2023年4月通過浙江省農(nóng)作物新品種認定,認定編號:浙認蔬2023007。
2 主要特性
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
植株長勢旺,株型直立,1月份平均株高24.5 cm,冠徑37.0 cm。三出復(fù)葉,葉片圓形,黃綠色,葉長7.9 cm,寬8.0 cm,厚0.3 mm;葉緣鋸齒尖,葉柄長22.2 cm?;ㄐ虻陀谌~面,斜生,花序梗長18.3 cm,每序花朵數(shù)22~27個;兩性花,單層花瓣,花瓣重疊、白色?;ㄐ蜻B續(xù)抽生能力強,自然坐果率高。匍匐莖抽生能力強,且粗壯,繁殖系數(shù)高,繁苗容易。
2.2 果實經(jīng)濟性狀
第一花序部分一級序果為圓錐形或楔形,其余果實為圓錐形,果面粉紅色,種子平于或凹于果面。第一花序一級序果平均單果質(zhì)量27.6 g,全株平均單果質(zhì)量17.0 g,產(chǎn)量達30.89 t·hm-2。果肉白色,髓心空洞無或小,肉質(zhì)細膩多汁,風(fēng)味清甜,氣味芳香。全年平均可溶性固形物含量11.03%,總糖含量8.61%,總酸含量0.54%,維生素C含量0.742 mg·g-1,果實硬度1.82 kg·cm-2(表1)。
2.3 物候期
在浙江省設(shè)施栽培,9月上中旬定植,10月中下旬始花期,11月上旬盛花期,11月中旬果實初熟期。連續(xù)開花坐果性強,從第一花序現(xiàn)蕾開始,大約30 d抽生1次花序,花果無斷茬現(xiàn)象,果實可持續(xù)采收至翌年5月份。
2.4 適應(yīng)性
多年多點適應(yīng)性栽培試驗結(jié)果表明,粉玉1號對各地栽培環(huán)境適應(yīng)性良好,適合設(shè)施栽培。參考王慶蓮等[4]的方法,通過炭疽病、灰霉病的接種鑒定及田間抗性表現(xiàn)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),粉玉1號抗炭疽病和白粉病,對灰霉病抵抗能力稍弱。蚜蟲抗性較好,易感草莓葉螨,在育苗期與栽培期需加強草莓葉螨的防控(表2)。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點
3.1 育苗
選擇土壤疏松肥沃、排灌水方便的田塊,前作最好種植水稻。每666.7 m2施三元復(fù)合肥40~50 kg作為基肥,壟寬1.5~1.8 m,其中溝寬30 cm、溝深25 cm,壟面中間高兩邊低,避免積水。選用無病健壯苗作為母株,3月中下旬定植,666.7 m2栽植800~1000株種苗,繁育子苗數(shù)每666.7 m2 4萬~5萬株。粉玉1號較抗炭疽病,但需適時防治,可適當(dāng)減少用藥頻率;加強葉螨防治。育苗中后期根據(jù)母苗和子苗長勢,合理控制肥水,促使植株矮壯,提高抗逆性,并促進花芽分化。
3.2 定植
在浙江及鄰近省份種植時,9月上中旬定植,一般為高壟雙行定植,選擇根系發(fā)達、短縮莖粗度6 mm以上,無病蟲害,具有4片及以上葉片的子苗。雙行三角形種植,短縮莖弓背朝向壟溝。株距20 cm,每666.7 m2栽植6000株左右。
3.3 肥水管理
粉玉1號連續(xù)開花結(jié)果能力強,需薄肥勤施,以滿足植株生長對養(yǎng)分的需求。定植前每666.7 m2施入充分腐熟的有機肥料2 t作為基肥。定植后7~10 d追施含腐殖酸水溶性肥500~800倍液,以促進新根生長。第一枚新葉長出后,通過滴灌澆施氮磷鉀20-10-20水溶性肥800~1000倍液。果實膨大期,交替施用15-10-30+TE水溶性肥600~800倍液和15-5-15+7 CaO+3MgO+TE 水溶肥600~800倍液,可追施葉面肥,補充中微量元素。根據(jù)土壤特性和植株生長狀況,適時調(diào)整肥料種類、施肥濃度和次數(shù)。
3.4 植株管理
移栽成活后,及時促進新葉生長,促壯苗,第一花序頂花蕾開放時,確保有5~6枚展開葉,以后保持8~10枚葉片;頂花序抽生前,摘除長出的側(cè)芽;頂花序抽生后,選擇保留1~2個方位好且粗壯的側(cè)芽,其余摘除,以后抽生的側(cè)芽也要及時摘除。由于連續(xù)開花能力強,抑制了植株的營養(yǎng)生長,因此不必采用化控方法控旺。花期采取疏花疏果措施,疏去高級次小花和弱花。結(jié)果后,及時疏掉畸形果、病果和高級次小果,每花序可留5~7個果。
3.5 棚溫管理
在浙江省種植時,10月下旬至11月上中旬當(dāng)夜間氣溫下降至10 ℃左右時,覆蓋大棚膜。夜間氣溫降至5 ℃以下時,覆蓋內(nèi)膜。棚內(nèi)保持最高溫度28 ℃左右,最低溫度12 ℃,開花后最高溫度25 ℃,最低溫度6 ℃。
3.6 病蟲害防治
粉玉1號抗炭疽病、白粉病和灰霉病,采用常規(guī)防治方法即可。采用物理防治、生態(tài)防治及選用低殘留生物藥劑防治病蟲害,花果期應(yīng)盡量減少藥劑的使用。該品種較感葉螨,要重視早期防治。防治螨類可采用殺成蟲為主配合殺卵為主的藥劑復(fù)配后噴霧,必須噴透葉背,花后則可釋放捕食螨進行生物防治。
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