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不同矮化自根砧對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響

2023-07-27 16:17:41呂天星沈淑榮姜孝軍閆忠業(yè)劉志
果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2023年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:果實(shí)品質(zhì)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育產(chǎn)量

呂天星 沈淑榮 姜孝軍 閆忠業(yè) 劉志

摘 ? ?要:【目的】探究不同矮化自根砧對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,為其在遼寧寒地適宜矮化砧木的篩選提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳訠9、GM256、M9-T337和遼砧2號(hào)4種自根砧嫁接遼艷蘋(píng)果為試材,比較不同砧穗組合樹(shù)體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的差異?!窘Y(jié)果】遼艷/GM256、遼艷/M9-T337、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)3個(gè)砧穗組合的樹(shù)體存活率差異不顯著,但均顯著高于遼艷/B9;遼艷/B9的樹(shù)高度、冠徑較其他砧穗組合明顯減小,矮化性最強(qiáng),樹(shù)勢(shì)偏弱,而其他砧穗組合各有不同,但總體差異不顯著,矮化性相近;遼艷/B9的“大腳”現(xiàn)象最嚴(yán)重;不同砧穗組合的樹(shù)體主枝長(zhǎng)度、數(shù)量和總枝量均呈增加趨勢(shì),遼艷/GM256的樹(shù)體主枝長(zhǎng)度、數(shù)量、總枝量顯著高于其他砧穗組合。遼艷/M9-T337的長(zhǎng)枝比例、中枝比例最高,遼艷/B9的短枝比例最高;中枝+短枝的比例大小為遼艷/B9>遼艷/GM256>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/M9-T337。遼艷/GM256的早期豐產(chǎn)性明顯好于其他砧穗組合,遼艷/B9的早期豐產(chǎn)性最差。遼艷/GM256、遼艷/M9-T337和遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)的優(yōu)質(zhì)果率明顯高于遼艷/B9;不同砧穗組合的平均單果質(zhì)量為遼艷/M9-T337>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/GM256>遼艷/B9,遼艷/B9的果實(shí)光潔度、紅色等外觀品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)最好;遼艷/B9的可滴定酸含量最高。遼艷/GM256的可溶性固形物含量、硬度、脆度值和固酸比等內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)最高,與其他砧穗組合差異顯著,果實(shí)風(fēng)味更佳?!窘Y(jié)論】綜合各性狀指標(biāo),以GM256自根砧嫁接遼艷蘋(píng)果,不僅樹(shù)體存活率高、枝類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)合理,而且產(chǎn)量高、果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,可考慮作為首選的砧穗組合使用。

關(guān)鍵詞:遼艷蘋(píng)果;矮化自根砧;生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育;產(chǎn)量;果實(shí)品質(zhì)

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)07-1354-09

Effects of different dwarfing rootstocks on growth, yield and quality of Liaoyan apple trees

L? Tianxing1, SHEN Shurong2, JIANG Xiaojun1, YAN Zhongye1, LIU Zhi1*

(1Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China; 2Liaoning Agricultural College, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 High yield, good quality, quick income and economical use of land are the advantages of high dense planting. Liaoyan apples are famous for high quality, good appearance and strong resistance to diseases. The effects of different dwarfing rootstocks on tree growth, photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality of this variety were studied in this paperin order to provide scientific basis for selecting suitable rootstock-scion combinations to promote the further development of varieties. 【Methods】 The experiment was carried out in 2021 and 2022 at Liaoning Institute of Pomology. Liaoyan apple scions were grafted on different dwarfing rootstocks (B9, GM256, M9-T337, Liaozhen No. 2) in the spring of 2018. The healthy nursery trees were selected. for planting in the spring of 2019, eighty trees were planted for each combination. There were 20 trees of each combination in a row. The spacing was 1.0 m × 4.0 m. The differences of the tree body development, number of branches and proportion, photosynthetic characteristics, fruit yield and quality were compared in 2021 and 2022. SPSS17.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data. The data obtained were processed using 2007 Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, USA) software. 【Results】 The survival rate, tree height, coverage rate, crown diameter, ratio of variety to rootstock, length of main branches, number of main branches and total number of branches of the Liaoyan trees grafted on B9 were the lowest, while the proportion of the medium and short branches of the Liaoyan trees on B9, GM256, M9-T337 and Liaozhen No. 2 was the highest. The trees onB9 had the highest net photosynthetic rate and SPAD value, while the trees on GM256 had the lowest transpiration rate and the highest water utilization rate. The single annual yield, cumulative yield and high-quality fruit rate of the trees on GM256 were the highest, the fruit color difference L value and a value of the trees on B9 were the highest, and the fruit color difference b value of the trees on GM256 was the highest. Fruit shape index was not different among the trees on different rootstocks. The trees on B9 had the lowest fruit production. The trees on GM256 had the highest hardness, brittleness, soluble solid content and solid acid ratio of the fruits. The survival rate of Liaoyan apple trees with different rootstocks was GM256>Liaozhen No. 2>M9-T337>B9. The trees on B9 had the lowest coverage and crown diameter. The trees on M9-T337 had the largest diameter, and the ratio of the scion and rootstock diameter of the trees on B9 was the smallest, and that on GM256 was the largest. The field performance showed that B9 had the strongest dwarfing effect, resulting in too weak tree growth potential. The photosynthetic characteristics of the Liaoyan apple tree were affected by different rootstocks, and the chlorophyll content SPAD and the net photosynthetic rate of the trees on B9 were the highest. The trees on GM256 had the lowest transpiration rate and the highest water utilization rate. The output of the trees on B9 was the lowest, while those on GM256 was the highest. The high-quality fruit rate of the trees on B9 was the lowest and those on GM256 was the highest. GM256 could improve early yield and high-quality fruit yield. The trees on B9 had the highest color difference L and a value, and the trees on GM256 had the highest b value. There were no significant differences in fruit shape index and solid acid ratio among the four combinations. The trees on M9-T337 had the highest single fruit weight, the trees on B9 had the highest titrable acid value, and the trees on GM256 had the highest crispness value, soluble solid value and solid acid ratio. 【Conclusion】 The trees on GM256 was characterized by high survival rate, strong tree vigor, high coverage rate, more branches, high fruit yield, good brittleness, high content of soluble solids and high ratio of solid to acid, sothat GM256 could be used as the rootstock of Liaoyan apple in the south of Liaoning province. B9 is not recommended for its weak tree strength although its appearance of fruits is good. Liaozhen No. 2 and M9-T337 needs further observation on the subsequent growth and fruiting performance of the trees.

Key words: Liaoyan apple; Dwarfing self-rooted rootstock; Growth and development; Yield; Fruit quality

蘋(píng)果矮砧密植栽培具有早果豐產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良、見(jiàn)效快和經(jīng)濟(jì)化利用土地等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[1],是蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)向集約化栽培、機(jī)械化作業(yè)方向發(fā)展的一種現(xiàn)代栽植方式,是世界現(xiàn)代蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志[2]。近些年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外選育出了多個(gè)優(yōu)良砧木品系,并在生產(chǎn)中大量應(yīng)用[2-3]。

因不同栽植區(qū)域立地條件、氣候因素差異較大,開(kāi)展適宜的砧木篩選成為矮砧栽培的首要環(huán)節(jié)及保證果實(shí)品質(zhì)的前提。為此,前人在不同砧穗組合篩選、評(píng)價(jià)等方面進(jìn)行了大量的研究工作,主要集中在適應(yīng)性[1-4]、早花早果性[5-6]、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、果實(shí)品質(zhì)[7-10]和優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)樹(shù)形構(gòu)建等方面[11-12]。馬寶焜等[13]提出了矮化砧木選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及矮砧栽培的要點(diǎn)。王金政等[14]、陳學(xué)森等[15]、李丙智[16]提出了適合中國(guó)的矮砧集約高效栽培模式,對(duì)應(yīng)提出了適合不同地區(qū)發(fā)展的蘋(píng)果砧穗組合,在生產(chǎn)中被大量借鑒實(shí)施。

矮化自根砧建園,因其具有矮化性好、管理方便、利于集約化栽培的優(yōu)點(diǎn),被世界先進(jìn)蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)國(guó)作為新建果園首選的栽培模式[3]。遼寧省作為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì)區(qū),近年來(lái)也逐漸將矮化自根砧果園作為未來(lái)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。目前生產(chǎn)中主要采用的是M系砧木。這類(lèi)砧木雖具有早果豐產(chǎn)、矮化性好的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但是抗逆性差、抗寒性弱,在遼寧熊岳以北的大多數(shù)地區(qū)存在無(wú)法安全越冬的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17],無(wú)法大面積推廣。因此,篩選出適合遼寧寒地的砧穗組合至關(guān)重要。

遼艷蘋(píng)果是遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所以寒富為母本、岳帥為父本雜交選育而成的晚熟蘋(píng)果品種,具有品質(zhì)優(yōu)良、外觀艷麗和抗性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在本地區(qū)綜合表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良。筆者在本試驗(yàn)中利用抗寒性較強(qiáng)的B9、GM256和遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所自育的矮化抗寒砧木遼砧2號(hào),以及本地區(qū)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用較多的M9-T337共4種矮化砧木嫁接遼艷蘋(píng)果為試材,比較分析不同自根砧對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響,旨在為新品種高效栽培及遼寧寒地矮化自根砧果園發(fā)展中適宜砧木的選擇提供參考與理論依據(jù)。

1 材料和方法

試驗(yàn)于2019年在遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所蘋(píng)果試驗(yàn)區(qū)進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)區(qū)果園地勢(shì)平坦,灌溉條件良好,土壤為輕壤砂土,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量(w,后同)1.33%,全氮含量0.64%,速效磷含量70.3 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量107 mg·kg-1,土壤孔隙度43.6%。1月平均氣溫-9.2 ℃,7月平均氣溫24.6 ℃,極端最低氣溫-31.7 ℃,年降水量686 mm,無(wú)霜期178 d。

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

供試蘋(píng)果品種為遼艷蘋(píng)果,是遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所以寒富為母本、岳帥為父本雜交選育而成的晚熟蘋(píng)果品種。自根砧木為B9、GM256、M9-T337、遼砧2號(hào)4種砧木。2018年春季,在苗圃?xún)?nèi)選擇枝條成熟度好、葉芽飽滿的1年生遼艷枝條作為接穗,嫁接至4種砧木上,常規(guī)管理。2019年春,選擇長(zhǎng)勢(shì)好的苗木定植。株距為1.0 m,行距為4.0 m,栽植行向?yàn)槟媳狈较?。此后,每年的?shù)形均按照高紡錘形整形管理。果園株間采取地布覆蓋,行間采取自然生草,灌溉采用微噴管灌溉,水分正常管理。

1.2 試驗(yàn)方法

試驗(yàn)設(shè)4個(gè)砧穗組合,分別為遼艷/B9、遼艷/GM256、遼艷/M9-T337和遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)。每個(gè)組合選擇80株樹(shù)作為試驗(yàn)樹(shù)。分4行定植,每行定植4個(gè)組合,每個(gè)組合20株,共80株樹(shù)。2021—2022年,調(diào)查苗木存活情況;用鋼卷尺分別測(cè)定樹(shù)高度、冠徑(東西、南北)、主枝長(zhǎng)度,并計(jì)算覆蓋率,覆蓋率(%)=冠徑(東西)/行距×100;用游標(biāo)卡尺分別測(cè)定嫁接口上和下5 cm處的品種和砧木的干粗直徑。調(diào)查樹(shù)體枝類(lèi)組成結(jié)構(gòu),枝條依長(zhǎng)度分為短枝(長(zhǎng)度<5 cm)、中枝(5 cm≤長(zhǎng)度≤15 cm)、長(zhǎng)枝(15 cm<長(zhǎng)度)。計(jì)算枝類(lèi)比例,統(tǒng)計(jì)總枝數(shù)量。

2022年7月下旬,測(cè)定光合參數(shù),包括凈光合速率(Pn)、蒸騰速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)等。用日本KONICA公司的SPAD-502PLUS葉綠素儀,選擇枝條中部功能葉,測(cè)定葉綠素相對(duì)含量。每株測(cè)定10枚葉片取其平均值。

2021—2022年的10月中旬,測(cè)定蘋(píng)果平均單位面積產(chǎn)量,產(chǎn)量調(diào)查取樣以單株為小區(qū),5次重復(fù),測(cè)出單株產(chǎn)量,按株行距折算平均單位面積產(chǎn)量。每個(gè)處理在采收時(shí)隨機(jī)選100個(gè)果實(shí)計(jì)算優(yōu)質(zhì)果率。

果實(shí)成熟期分別在不同單株樹(shù)冠的中上部東南方向隨機(jī)采摘大小均勻、成熟度一致的100個(gè)果實(shí),用于測(cè)定果實(shí)相關(guān)指標(biāo)。單果質(zhì)量用電子天平稱(chēng)量;可溶性固形物含量用WYT手持糖度計(jì)測(cè)定;用CY-1型硬度計(jì)測(cè)量果實(shí)去皮硬度;可滴定酸含量采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NaOH溶液滴定法測(cè)定;采用色差計(jì)(KonicaMinoltaCR-400,USA)測(cè)定果實(shí)赤道部位陽(yáng)面的果皮色差值,具體參照馬瑞娟等[18]的方法。蘋(píng)果果肉脆度采用TATX質(zhì)構(gòu)儀測(cè)定,具體參照張娟[19]的方法。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2007進(jìn)行處理,采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,用Duncans新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行平均數(shù)的差異顯著性檢驗(yàn)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同砧木對(duì)樹(shù)體存活的影響

由圖1可知,不同砧木對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)存活情況影響表現(xiàn)不一致。2021—2022年,4個(gè)砧穗組合的樹(shù)體存活率大小表現(xiàn)一致,均為遼艷/GM256>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/M9-T337>遼艷/B9;其中,遼艷/GM256最高,為93.3%,遼艷/B9的存活率顯著低于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合。相同年份的遼艷/GM256、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)和遼艷/M9-T337的樹(shù)體存活率差異不顯著,且2年間無(wú)變化。這說(shuō)明不同砧木對(duì)樹(shù)體的存活有影響,適宜的砧木能提高樹(shù)體存活率。

2.2 不同砧木對(duì)樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響

表1是不同砧木對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)高度、冠徑的影響結(jié)果。遼艷/B9的樹(shù)高度為1.85 m,東西冠徑為1.04 m,南北冠徑為0.81 m,均顯著小于其他砧穗組合,說(shuō)明遼艷/B9的矮化性強(qiáng)。其他砧穗組合的樹(shù)高度為3.07~3.36 m,東西冠徑為1.39~1.52 m,南北冠徑為1.35~1.56 m,差異不顯著,說(shuō)明樹(shù)體的矮化性相近。

表2是不同砧木對(duì)品種和砧木干粗直徑的影響。遼艷/M9-T337的品種直徑最大,為7.73 cm,顯著高于遼艷/GM256和遼艷/B9,與遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)差異不顯著。遼艷/M9-T337的砧木直徑最大,為11.37 cm,顯著高于遼艷/GM256和遼艷/遼砧2號(hào),與遼艷/B9差異不顯著。各砧穗組合的品種/砧木的比值在0.36~0.72之間,均小于1.0,有“大腳”現(xiàn)象。遼艷/B9組合的比值顯著小于其他組合,“大腳”現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。

不同砧木對(duì)主枝長(zhǎng)度及數(shù)量的影響結(jié)果如表3所示。2021—2022年不同砧穗組合的樹(shù)體主枝長(zhǎng)度、數(shù)量均呈增加趨勢(shì),相同年份均表現(xiàn)為遼艷/GM256>遼艷/M9-T337>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/B9。遼艷/GM256的主枝長(zhǎng)度、主枝數(shù)量大于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合,差異顯著。遼艷/B9的主枝長(zhǎng)度、主枝數(shù)量顯著小于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合。這說(shuō)明,不同砧木影響主枝的長(zhǎng)度及數(shù)量;單位面積的主枝長(zhǎng)度短、數(shù)量少,對(duì)形成花芽的數(shù)量和結(jié)果初期產(chǎn)量形成會(huì)產(chǎn)生較大的影響。

表4是不同砧木對(duì)枝類(lèi)組成的影響結(jié)果。不同砧穗組合的枝類(lèi)組成存在差異,砧木對(duì)枝類(lèi)和枝量的影響顯著。遼艷/M9-T337的長(zhǎng)枝比例、中枝比例均最高,分別為39.13%、30.31%,遼艷/B9的短枝比例最高,為47.03%。中枝+短枝的比例大小為遼艷/B9>遼艷/GM256>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/M9-T337。2021—2022年,不同砧穗組合的總枝量均增加。在相同年份,遼艷/GM256的總枝量均顯著大于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合。不同砧木影響遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)枝類(lèi)組成比例及總枝數(shù)量,總枝數(shù)量的增加及適當(dāng)?shù)闹卸讨Ρ壤?,將有利于提高果?shí)產(chǎn)量。

不同砧木對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)光合特性的影響結(jié)果見(jiàn)表5。凈光合速率的大小為遼艷/B9>遼艷/M9-T337>遼艷/GM256>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào);遼艷/B9最大,為13.12 ?mol·m-2·s-1,與最小的遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)相差1.24 ?mol·m-2·s-1,差異顯著。遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)的蒸騰速率最大,與遼艷/M9-T337差異不顯著,顯著高于遼艷/B9及遼艷/GM256。水分利用率的高低為遼艷/GM256>遼艷/B9>遼艷/M9-T337>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào);遼艷/GM256的最高,與其他3個(gè)砧穗組合差異顯著。遼艷/B9的葉綠素含量SPAD值最大,與其他3個(gè)砧穗組合差異顯著。這說(shuō)明不同砧木對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)光合特性有影響。

2.3 不同砧木對(duì)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響

表6是不同砧木對(duì)產(chǎn)量、優(yōu)質(zhì)果率的影響。與2021年相比,2022年各砧穗組合的產(chǎn)量均有增加。相同年份及2 a(年)累計(jì)產(chǎn)量的大小變化趨勢(shì)相同,均為遼艷/GM256>遼艷/M9-T337>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/B9。遼艷/GM256的累計(jì)產(chǎn)量最高,為19 112.4 kg·hm-2,遼艷/B9的累計(jì)產(chǎn)量最低,僅為3 877.6 kg·hm-2,兩者差異顯著。這說(shuō)明遼艷/GM256的早期豐產(chǎn)性明顯優(yōu)于其他砧穗組合,遼艷/B9的早期豐產(chǎn)性最差。遼艷/GM256、遼艷/M9-T337、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)3個(gè)砧穗組合的優(yōu)質(zhì)果率無(wú)顯著差異,但均顯著高于遼艷/B9。

表7是不同砧木對(duì)果實(shí)外在品質(zhì)的影響結(jié)果。不同組合的遼艷果實(shí)外在品質(zhì)存在差異。遼艷/B9的L值和a值分別為48.70、45.43,分別顯著高于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合,果實(shí)光潔度、紅色等外觀品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)最好。遼艷/GM256與遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)的b值,顯著高于遼艷/B9及遼艷/M9-T337,黃色飽和度更高。遼艷/M9-T337的單果質(zhì)量最大,為285.6 g,遼艷/B9單果質(zhì)量最小,為196.3 g,差異顯著。各砧穗組合的果形指數(shù)在0.89~0.91之間,差異不顯著。

砧木對(duì)果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的影響見(jiàn)表8。各砧穗組合果實(shí)的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)間存在差異,變化趨勢(shì)不盡相同。果實(shí)的糖酸含量反映果實(shí)內(nèi)在風(fēng)味,不同砧穗組合的果實(shí)糖酸含量差異顯著。遼艷/GM256的可溶性固形物含量為15.33%,顯著高于遼艷/M9-T337、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào),與遼艷/B9差異不顯著。遼艷/B9的可滴定酸含量為0.37%,高于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合,差異顯著。各組合的固酸比均處于較高的水平,遼艷/GM256、遼艷/M9-T337和遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)均高于遼艷/B9,差異顯著。這說(shuō)明不同砧穗組合可以影響果實(shí)的固酸比,進(jìn)而影響果實(shí)風(fēng)味。遼艷/GM256的硬度最大,為11.16 kg·cm-2,顯著高于遼艷/M9-T337、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)。脆度值以遼艷/GM256的最大,為3.77 kg·cm-2,高于其他3個(gè)砧穗組合,差異顯著。

3 討 論

3.1 不同矮化自根砧對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)的影響

矮化砧與基砧及接穗的親和性不佳,削弱了營(yíng)養(yǎng)、水分等物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸,限制了樹(shù)勢(shì)生長(zhǎng)從而出現(xiàn)致矮效果[20]。郝婕等[10]的研究結(jié)果表明,不同的中間砧及自根砧嫁接天紅2號(hào)后,樹(shù)高度、冠幅差異顯著。本研究中對(duì)4種矮化自根砧樹(shù)嫁接遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),遼艷/B9組合的存活率、樹(shù)高度、冠徑、品種干粗直徑、品種與砧木的干粗直徑比、主枝長(zhǎng)度等指標(biāo)值均明顯較小,樹(shù)體表現(xiàn)存活率低、過(guò)于矮化,樹(shù)勢(shì)較弱,說(shuō)明B9砧木與接穗品種的親和力差。這與王騫等[6]、袁仲玉等[8]和郝婕等[10]的研究結(jié)果一致。

蘋(píng)果樹(shù)枝類(lèi)組成和數(shù)量直接影響樹(shù)體果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[12],蘋(píng)果是以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主的樹(shù)種,合理的生長(zhǎng)節(jié)奏和中庸的樹(shù)勢(shì)是樹(shù)體豐產(chǎn)的前提[13]。從不同砧木對(duì)遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)枝類(lèi)組成影響的研究中可知,蘋(píng)果植株中短枝比例由高到低依次為遼艷/B9>遼艷/GM256>遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)>遼艷/M9-T337。但是,遼艷/B9組合因存活率低、樹(shù)勢(shì)過(guò)弱等因素,產(chǎn)量遠(yuǎn)低于其他3個(gè)組合,不利于果實(shí)產(chǎn)量的形成。張強(qiáng)等[11]的研究認(rèn)為,北京地區(qū)SH6矮化中間砧富士蘋(píng)果栽植果園第4年的總枝量應(yīng)為5.0×105~8.0×105 條·hm-2,是實(shí)現(xiàn)早果、優(yōu)質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)指標(biāo)。董建波[21]提出優(yōu)質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)的矮砧密植果園枝量應(yīng)達(dá)到 9.0×105 條·hm-2。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同組合2022年(4年生)遼艷蘋(píng)果總枝量為1.51×105~2.65×105條·hm-2,低于前人提出的豐產(chǎn)樹(shù)的總枝量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這可能與前期的品種特性、立地條件等因素有關(guān),同時(shí)也是果實(shí)產(chǎn)量與前人報(bào)道的相差較大的原因。

前人研究表明,光合作用是植株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的基礎(chǔ),果樹(shù)葉片光合參數(shù)受砧木的影響[22]。這種影響與砧木本身的遺傳特性和砧穗組合的親合性有關(guān),光合參數(shù)在不同蘋(píng)果砧穗組合中差異顯著[7,23]。筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),不同砧穗組合對(duì)蘋(píng)果葉片的凈光合速率、蒸騰速率、SPAD值等指標(biāo)的影響各不相同。遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)組合的葉片蒸騰速率最高,SPAD值和凈光合速率則以遼艷/B9組合的最高。另外一般認(rèn)為葉綠素含量越高果樹(shù)的凈光合速率就越高,在本研究中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)現(xiàn)象,這與羅靜等[24]、陳汝等[25]的研究結(jié)果一致。遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)組合的瞬時(shí)水分利率最高,說(shuō)明在消耗等量水分的條件下,能固定更多的CO2,葉片可以更有效地利用土壤水分。

3.2 不同砧木對(duì)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響

趙同生等[5]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同矮化砧木對(duì)富士蘋(píng)果早期產(chǎn)量影響顯著。在本研究中,遼艷/B9產(chǎn)量最低,遼艷/GM256產(chǎn)量最高,遼艷/M9-T337、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)的產(chǎn)量居中,不同砧木對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響不同,與前人研究結(jié)果類(lèi)似。砧木對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響包括對(duì)果個(gè)大小、果形、色澤等外觀品質(zhì)和質(zhì)地、風(fēng)味等內(nèi)在品質(zhì)[26-28]。果實(shí)大小、果形指數(shù)和色澤是重要的外觀品質(zhì)指標(biāo),果實(shí)售價(jià)在很大程度上受其影響[9]。本研究中,不同砧木的遼艷平均單果質(zhì)量、色差值均有顯著差異,而果形指數(shù)無(wú)顯著差異,遼艷蘋(píng)果的果形指數(shù)均在0.89以上,果實(shí)的一致性較好,與袁仲玉等[8]、樊娟等[9]在瑞雪蘋(píng)果上的研究結(jié)果相近。不同砧木對(duì)質(zhì)地、風(fēng)味等的影響也各不相同,硬度、脆度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比等指標(biāo)各有大小,組合間差異顯著,這與前人在長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)、瑞雪等品種研究結(jié)果類(lèi)似[8,11,25]。遼艷/GM256的硬度、脆度、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比等數(shù)值最大,使果實(shí)口感、風(fēng)味更佳。而遼艷/B9可滴定酸含量最高、固酸比最小,內(nèi)在品質(zhì)明顯降低。

4 結(jié) 論

在應(yīng)用的4種砧穗組合中,遼艷/B9組合的存活率低、樹(shù)勢(shì)弱、早衰嚴(yán)重,不利于果實(shí)產(chǎn)量的形成,且遼艷/B9組合的產(chǎn)量顯著低于遼艷/GM256、遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)及遼艷/M9-T337組合。M9-T337抗逆性差、抗寒性弱,存在無(wú)法安全越冬的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。遼艷/遼砧2號(hào)組合的主枝數(shù)量、枝總量及果實(shí)產(chǎn)量顯著低于遼艷/GM256組合,豐產(chǎn)性要差于遼艷/GM256組合。綜合各性狀指標(biāo),B9、M9-T337、遼砧2號(hào)等3種砧木不適合作為遼艷蘋(píng)果樹(shù)的自根砧使用。而以GM256自根砧嫁接遼艷蘋(píng)果,不僅樹(shù)體存活率高、枝類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)合理,而且產(chǎn)量高、果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,可考慮作為首選的砧穗組合使用。

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