羅躍梅
四層考點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)
考點(diǎn)1 從語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)看,凸顯對(duì)“結(jié)果(結(jié)局)”和“回應(yīng)”部分的考查
一個(gè)完整的敘事結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)包括六個(gè)部分,即點(diǎn)題(Abstract)、指向(Orientation)、進(jìn)展(Complicating action)、評(píng)議(Evaluation)、結(jié)果/結(jié)局(Result/Resolution)和回應(yīng)(Coda)?!包c(diǎn)題”是敘述者在講故事之前對(duì)故事所做的簡(jiǎn)要概括?!爸赶颉笔窃邳c(diǎn)題以后,敘述者在故事的開(kāi)始對(duì)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物及其活動(dòng),以及環(huán)境的描述。“進(jìn)展”指故事本身的發(fā)生、事態(tài)的發(fā)展?!霸u(píng)議”是敘述者對(duì)故事發(fā)生的原因、故事的要點(diǎn)、敘述故事目的的評(píng)論,或別人對(duì)故事中有關(guān)情況的評(píng)論等。“結(jié)果/結(jié)局”是一系列事件的結(jié)束,這一部分所描述的是故事的結(jié)果、結(jié)局,包括人物的結(jié)局、目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)或失敗等。
“回應(yīng)”則指在故事的結(jié)尾,往往有一兩句話表示故事的結(jié)束,敘述者用這一兩句話來(lái)回應(yīng)主題,使聽(tīng)者或讀者對(duì)故事有一個(gè)完整的了解,使故事有頭有尾,并把敘述者和讀者從故事中帶出來(lái)。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是,評(píng)議包括外部評(píng)議和內(nèi)部評(píng)議。外部評(píng)議是情節(jié)之外的敘述者的評(píng)論,內(nèi)部評(píng)議則是在情節(jié)發(fā)展的特定時(shí)刻角色發(fā)出的評(píng)論。
上表顯示,2020年至2022年新高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫文章的基本框架都包括了點(diǎn)題、指向、進(jìn)展和評(píng)議四大部分,但均未給出故事的結(jié)果/結(jié)局和回應(yīng),故結(jié)構(gòu)是不完整的。三篇文章均開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題,在整個(gè)敘事的過(guò)程中,穿插了評(píng)議的內(nèi)容。在敘述方式上,三篇文章均以時(shí)間順序推動(dòng)情節(jié)的發(fā)展??忌枰浞职l(fā)揮想象力,大膽構(gòu)思和創(chuàng)編符合邏輯的續(xù)寫內(nèi)容。
備考點(diǎn)睛
(一)分析原文,把握故事的梗概
在高考中,時(shí)間緊,任務(wù)重,考生可以利用“SEPT+4C”的模式快速梳理續(xù)寫原文,把握故事的梗概和續(xù)寫方向。在“SEPT”中,“S”指故事發(fā)生的背景,即setting,完整的故事背景包括when、where、what和why;“E”指故事中人物的情感變化線索,即emotions,人物的情感不同,解決問(wèn)題的方式也就不同;“P”指故事的情節(jié),即plots,包括beginning(開(kāi)始)、development(發(fā)展)、climax(高潮)、result/resolution(結(jié)果/結(jié)局)以及coda(回應(yīng)),考試中,故事的結(jié)局以及回應(yīng)通常是不給出來(lái)的;“T”則指故事的主題和中心思想,即theme,高考中的續(xù)寫文章常體現(xiàn)一定的教育性,凸顯對(duì)考生價(jià)值取向的間接考查。
“4C”包括故事的人物(characters)、故事的沖突(conflict)、故事的線索(clues)、人物的性格(characteristics)。在考試中,考生可以把“SEPT+4C”設(shè)計(jì)成表格的形式,并歸納出主要人物,從而快速厘清文本。
真題鏈接
It was the day of the big cross?country run. Students from seven different primary schoolsin and around the small town were warming up and walking the route (路線) through thickevergreen forest.
I looked around and finally spotted David, who was standing by himself off to the sideby a fence. He was small for ten years old. His usual big toothy smile was absent today. Iwalked over and asked him why he wasnt with the other children. He hesitated and thensaid he had decided not to run.
What was wrong? He had worked so hard for this event!
I quickly searched the crowd for the schools coach and asked him what had hap?pened.“I was afraid that kids from other schools would laugh at him,”he explained uncom?fortably.“I gave him the choice to run or not, and let him decide.”
I bit back my frustration (懊惱). I knew the coach meant well—he thought he was do?ing the right thing. After making sure that David could run if he wanted, I turned to findhim coming towards me, his small body rocking from side to side as he swung his feet for?ward.
David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like otherchildren, but at school his classmates thought of him as a regular kid. He always partici?pated to the best of his ability in whatever they were doing. That was why none of the chil?dren thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross?country team. It just tookhim longer—thats all. David had not missed a single practice, and although he always fin?ished his run long after the other children, he did always finish. As a special educationteacher at the school, I was familiar with the challenges David faced and was proud of hisstrong determination.
注意:續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。
Paragraph 1:
We sat down next to each other, but David wouldnt look at me.
Paragraph 2:
I watched as David moved up to the starting line with the other runners.
本文敘述了患有腦部疾病的大衛(wèi)參加越野賽跑的故事??忌梢岳谩癝EPT+4C”的語(yǔ)篇分析模式,對(duì)續(xù)寫原文進(jìn)行快速解讀。
“SEPT+4C”的語(yǔ)篇分析模式可以讓考生能夠?qū)m(xù)寫原文進(jìn)行快速解讀。在考試中,由于時(shí)間有限,當(dāng)需要提取的信息不是簡(jiǎn)短的單詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí),考生不太可能將文字較長(zhǎng)的信息點(diǎn)都填入表格。此時(shí),考生可以將相關(guān)的信息點(diǎn)標(biāo)上序號(hào),將序號(hào)填入表格中的對(duì)應(yīng)的位置即可,以提高理解續(xù)寫原文的效率。
(二)研讀首句,構(gòu)思精彩的情節(jié)
考生在續(xù)寫時(shí),要根據(jù)所給的提示句,以問(wèn)題鏈的形式提出大約三個(gè)問(wèn)題,這些問(wèn)題要包括續(xù)寫故事中的when、who、why、what和how等信息。
根據(jù)續(xù)寫第一段的提示句,考生可以提出以下三個(gè)問(wèn)題:
Why wouldn't David look at me?
What did I do when David wouldn't look at me?
What was David's reaction to what I did?
根據(jù)續(xù)寫第二段的提示句,考生可以提出以下三個(gè)問(wèn)題:
How did David perform in the race?
What was all the audiences'reaction to David's performance?
What lesson would David learn from this experience?
根據(jù)以上問(wèn)題,考生可以構(gòu)思出續(xù)寫部分的情節(jié):緊張的大衛(wèi)在“我”的鼓勵(lì)下,最終決定參加越野賽跑,雖然他沒(méi)有取得好的名次,但是他堅(jiān)持完成了比賽,贏得了所有觀眾的尊重。
(三)恰當(dāng)評(píng)議,提升敘述的張力
適當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)議可以制造懸念,增強(qiáng)故事的吸引力和感染力,也可以對(duì)續(xù)寫文章起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。發(fā)表評(píng)議時(shí),評(píng)議的內(nèi)容要切合人物的品質(zhì)、故事的情節(jié)和文章的主題,切忌離題千里、內(nèi)容空洞的無(wú)病呻吟式評(píng)議。在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中,同學(xué)們要積累針對(duì)不同主題進(jìn)行評(píng)議的語(yǔ)言素材,活學(xué)巧用。
1. 親情
What we love is home, a place that our feet may leave, but not our hearts. 家是我們所愛(ài)的地方,雙腳可以離開(kāi),心卻不能。
When it comes to family, we are all still children at heart. No matter how old we get,we always need a place to call home. 當(dāng)談到家人的時(shí)候,我們內(nèi)心深處始終覺(jué)得自己還是孩子。不管我們年齡多大了,我們總需要一個(gè)稱之為家的地方。
Not to be mean with a greeting, not to be shy of a hug, get close to our families and cherish this extraordinary and noble affection. 不要吝嗇一個(gè)問(wèn)候,不要羞于一個(gè)擁抱,親近我們的家人,并珍視這非凡而又高貴的親情。
2. 友誼
Let go of yourself, dont hide and throw out all the feelings, and then the power offriendship lets you be released. 放開(kāi)你自己,不要隱藏,拋出所有的情感,友誼的力量會(huì)讓你得到釋放。
Bosom friends, need not say much, but communicate with heart. Friendship, can notbe expressed, but taste with heart. 知己,不需多言,但要用心去交流。友誼,不能言表,但要用心去品嘗。
I will always remember you, even if your footprints have traveled all over the world . 縱使你的足跡踏遍天涯海角,我也將永遠(yuǎn)記住你。
3. 挫折
Everyone faces the possibility of setbacks and failures, which is part of our life experi?ence. 每個(gè)人都有面臨挫折和失敗的可能,這是我們每個(gè)人人生經(jīng)歷的一部分。
Life is full of thorns. The only way we can think of is to cross them quickly. 人生布滿了荊棘,我們能想到的唯一辦法是從那些荊棘上迅速跨過(guò)。
Great people had gone through the desert before they reached the peak of glory. 偉大的人物都走過(guò)了荒沙大漠,才登上光榮的高峰。
4. 幸福/痛苦
Happiness lies first of all in health. 幸福首先在于健康。
Happiness is nothing else but the intermission of pain, the enjoyment of something Iam hungry for till I have it. 幸福不過(guò)是痛苦的間歇,享受之前渴望得到的東西。
There is no greater grief than recalling a time of happiness when in misery. 沒(méi)有什么比在悲慘中回憶幸福的時(shí)刻更痛苦。
5. 善良
There is no shortage of kind people in the world. What is missing is those who are stillgood after setbacks and betrayals. 這個(gè)世界不缺善良的人,缺的是經(jīng)歷挫折與背叛之后仍然保持善良的人。
One day, you will understand that kindness is harder than intelligence. Intelligence isa gift, while kindness is a choice. 有一天你會(huì)明白,善良比聰明更難。聰明是一種天賦,而善良是一種選擇。
Where there is no simplicity, kindness and truth, there is no greatness. 哪里沒(méi)有樸素、善良和真理,哪里也就談不上有偉大的事物。
6. 志愿服務(wù)
Often, we cant do great things, but we can do little things with great love. 我們常常無(wú)法做偉大的事,但我們可以用偉大的愛(ài)去做些小事。
Love is the best stage for volunteers, and dedication is the most beautiful language forvolunteers. 愛(ài)心是志愿者最好的舞臺(tái),奉獻(xiàn)是志愿者最美的語(yǔ)言。
Spread your love in the simplest way. 用最簡(jiǎn)單的方式傳遞你的愛(ài)心。
7. 學(xué)習(xí)生活
There are a variety of after?class activities in our school, which benefit us a lot. 我們學(xué)校有豐富多彩的課外活動(dòng),這些活動(dòng)對(duì)我們很有益。
The more a student is encouraged, the harder he will work at his lessons. 學(xué)生被鼓勵(lì)得越多,他學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)越努力。
Those who sow in tears will reap with a smile. 含淚播種的人一定能含笑收獲。
(四)精心構(gòu)思,設(shè)計(jì)精彩的結(jié)尾好的開(kāi)頭是成功的一半,好的結(jié)尾同樣至關(guān)重要。好的結(jié)尾可以起到升華主題、畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。續(xù)寫的文章除了要在內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言方面與原文保持和諧外,還應(yīng)注意采用有效的方式結(jié)束文章。
1. 首尾呼應(yīng)式結(jié)尾法好的文章需要首尾照應(yīng)。讀后續(xù)寫的原文開(kāi)頭一般都會(huì)開(kāi)篇點(diǎn)題,表明故事的梗概??忌谧鲎x后續(xù)寫時(shí),可通過(guò)回顧給定材料的故事情節(jié)與背景,初步明確續(xù)寫思路,展開(kāi)合理想象,預(yù)測(cè)人物將要進(jìn)行的一系列行為活動(dòng)。而這些行為活動(dòng)應(yīng)更貼合故事發(fā)展趨向,呼應(yīng)前文主題。寫作時(shí),需要在一定的范圍內(nèi)更好地展開(kāi)想象力,這既保證后續(xù)情節(jié)的跌宕起伏,又能首尾呼應(yīng)貼合前文主題,使發(fā)展結(jié)果更為順理成章。
續(xù)寫的原文首句為“It was the day of the big cross?country run.”,根據(jù)此句,結(jié)合下文,我們可以想象,盡管大衛(wèi)沒(méi)有取得好成績(jī),但是他的決心和勇氣讓這一天成為越野賽跑中非常特殊的一天。因此,結(jié)尾可為“Despite the fact that David didnt get a sat?isfactory place in the race, his determination and courage made it the biggest event in the cross?country run.”。這樣的結(jié)尾與開(kāi)篇中的big cross?country run相互照應(yīng),而the big?gest event的使用則又給讀者留下了想象的空間,引發(fā)讀者思考該項(xiàng)賽事為什么會(huì)被稱為最盛大的賽事,故升華了文章的主題意義。
2. 名言式結(jié)尾法
名言常蘊(yùn)含著一些哲理。使用名言結(jié)尾往往能給文章增添文采,同時(shí)也能起到提煉主題思想、深化主旨的作用,這樣的結(jié)尾可以引出結(jié)論,即時(shí)抒情,凸顯主旨,渲染氛圍,等。合理使用名言可以為續(xù)寫文章畫龍點(diǎn)睛,因此在平時(shí)我們不僅要多加積累,也要明白名言蘊(yùn)含的道理,以便將其用在合適的語(yǔ)境中。
文章的主題為挑戰(zhàn)、勇氣與毅力,根據(jù)主題我們可以寫出這樣的結(jié)尾句,比如“The race eventually came to an end when David swung his feet past the finishing line. Abig smile, which appeared on his face, shone like a diamond. His participation became awell?known story that courage is the light of a man in adversity.”。結(jié)尾句中的名言cour?age is the light of a man in adversity意為“勇氣是身處逆境之人的光”,起到了升華主題的作用。
3. 情感升華式結(jié)尾法
每一個(gè)故事的創(chuàng)作不只是為了講清楚一件事情的來(lái)龍去脈,還要包含作者想要表達(dá)的寓意,以及希望與讀者分享的感悟,這種思想往往貫穿全文,并在故事結(jié)尾得到升華。在讀后續(xù)寫的結(jié)尾部分可以采用情感升華的方式,讓讀者產(chǎn)生情感上的共鳴,激發(fā)讀者思考。
情感升華的結(jié)尾要求有較高的立意,它是故事的靈魂所在。這樣的結(jié)尾能夠產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的藝術(shù)感染力,通常我們可以通過(guò)表現(xiàn)人生感悟、生活真諦、生活哲理、人生觀或價(jià)值觀來(lái)達(dá)到結(jié)尾部分的情感升華。
本文敘述的是腦部疾病患者大衛(wèi)歷經(jīng)周折參加越野賽跑的故事。通讀文章,我們可以想象出主人翁大衛(wèi)在參加比賽的前后會(huì)發(fā)生的一系列情緒變化。在比賽前,他全力以赴地準(zhǔn)備,堅(jiān)韌不拔;在比賽到來(lái)時(shí),他猶豫不決,擔(dān)心又害怕;在比賽過(guò)程中,他的成績(jī)表現(xiàn)一般,但他用毅力贏得了掌聲和尊重。因此,他的情緒最終得到了宣泄,并產(chǎn)生了一些賽后感悟。根據(jù)此分析,我們可以采用情感升華式結(jié)尾法結(jié)束全文,比如“The moment he swung his feet past the finishing line, David burst into cheers,celebrating his overwhelming victory over his brain disease and cowardice. For a willing?heart like him, nothing would be difficult again. He would firmly hold the belief that in thedays yet to come, every day would be an entirely new day.”。
4. 自然式結(jié)尾法
自然式結(jié)尾法常承接前文,交代故事發(fā)展的結(jié)局,使得故事的敘述得以完整。這樣的結(jié)尾讓讀者讀起來(lái)感覺(jué)非常輕松自然,沒(méi)有空洞或拖泥帶水之感。
原文介紹了大衛(wèi)患有腦部疾病的情況,敘述了其為參加比賽所做的準(zhǔn)備和在比賽前的猶豫不決。續(xù)寫部分則敘述了大衛(wèi)在“我”的鼓勵(lì)下最終參加比賽,但并未取得好成績(jī)的故事。根據(jù)此分析,結(jié)尾可為“The race came to an end after two hours offierce competition when David finally swung his feet past the finishing line. Sweat glistenedon his forehead. He stood there alone for long, waving desperately to all the audiences, re?luctant to leave. His usual big toothy smile made a comeback after all these unforgettablemoments.”。
5. 環(huán)境描寫式結(jié)尾法
環(huán)境描寫可以起到交代故事發(fā)生背景、烘托故事情節(jié)發(fā)展、襯托人物內(nèi)心活動(dòng)的作用。優(yōu)美的環(huán)境描寫常寓情于景,可以使讀者產(chǎn)生美麗的畫面感,帶來(lái)文字之外的視覺(jué)享受。續(xù)寫的原文介紹了該活動(dòng)是越野賽跑。據(jù)此,我們可以聯(lián)想到藍(lán)天、白云、微風(fēng)、歡呼等組成的畫面,由此可寫出這樣的結(jié)尾——“David let out a sigh of re?lief. His small figure stood out against the bright blue sky where a white cloud was floating.He waved his hand towards me with the breeze brushing his face.”
考點(diǎn)2 從語(yǔ)篇的選材來(lái)看,體現(xiàn)貼近生活實(shí)際的命題思路
縱觀2020年至2022年的新高考英語(yǔ)讀后續(xù)寫命題,選文的主題語(yǔ)境所反映的內(nèi)容均與學(xué)生的生活息息相關(guān),是學(xué)生生活中常見(jiàn)的情景。在語(yǔ)篇的體裁選取方面較為單一,均為生活敘事。因此,考生在備考過(guò)程中應(yīng)多注意觀察生活、體驗(yàn)生活、厚積情感體驗(yàn),為讀后續(xù)寫積累一定的生活經(jīng)歷和生活常識(shí)。
四翼考法預(yù)判
讀后續(xù)寫是新高考英語(yǔ)卷中難度最大的題型。在沿襲常規(guī)的命題手法的情況下,讀后續(xù)寫的命題創(chuàng)新可能會(huì)在以下兩個(gè)方面有所體現(xiàn)。
考法1 拓展主題語(yǔ)境,豐富命題情境
自新高考英語(yǔ)卷引入讀后續(xù)寫題型以來(lái),試卷所采用的主題語(yǔ)境涵蓋了“人與自我”和“人與社會(huì)”兩大主題語(yǔ)境,并未涉及“人與自然”這一主題語(yǔ)境。當(dāng)前,受諸多因素的制約,多數(shù)的高中學(xué)生缺少深入接觸自然的機(jī)會(huì)和相關(guān)的生活經(jīng)歷。命題人充分考慮了這一實(shí)際情況,因此,在近三年的新高考英語(yǔ)試卷中,讀后續(xù)寫并未考查“人與自然”這一主題語(yǔ)境。但實(shí)際上,只要選材適當(dāng),“人與自然”中的一些話題完全可以作為命題的突破口。
備考點(diǎn)睛
建議考生在備考過(guò)程中,應(yīng)增加對(duì)“人與自然”這一主題語(yǔ)境的練習(xí),并積累一定量的相關(guān)語(yǔ)言素材。在涉及“人與自然”時(shí),語(yǔ)篇的主題意義要體現(xiàn)人與自然的和諧相處和保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的意識(shí)。
考法2 精選多種素材,豐富語(yǔ)篇類型
敘事類的語(yǔ)篇包括日記敘事、書信敘事、游記敘事、災(zāi)難敘事、人物敘事、歷史敘事、戲劇歌劇、科幻敘事、生活敘事等。但近三年的讀后續(xù)寫在語(yǔ)篇類型的采用上相對(duì)保守,均采用的是生活敘事這一語(yǔ)篇類型。
備考點(diǎn)睛
考生在備考過(guò)程中,可以適當(dāng)增加其他類型的敘事語(yǔ)篇,如游記敘事、人物敘事、科幻敘事等,從而使得語(yǔ)篇的練習(xí)更加多樣化。在練習(xí)過(guò)程中要分析每一類語(yǔ)篇的文體特征,掌握語(yǔ)篇的基本要素、寫作手法,并正確解讀語(yǔ)篇的主題意義。
一核考題預(yù)演
本部分見(jiàn)P59~P72 學(xué)習(xí)妙測(cè)《2023年高考熱點(diǎn)命題:讀后續(xù)寫》內(nèi)容。