賈瓊
虛擬條件句表示所陳述的內(nèi)容不是事實(shí),或是不可能發(fā)生的事情,或是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)包括與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句、與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句、與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句三類。除對(duì)以上三種基本結(jié)構(gòu)考查外,出題者常將題干或選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行多種變化,來(lái)考查考生分析判斷能力和解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。
一、考查錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)
當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),被稱為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”,動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
【例1】If he _______ to the teacher attentively yes- terday,he ________ the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened;would have known
B. listened;would know
C. listened;would have known
D. had listened;would know
【解析】句意為:如果他昨天認(rèn)真聽(tīng)老師講課,他現(xiàn)在就知道問(wèn)題的答案了。根據(jù)句意和 if從句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) yesterday和主句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) now可知,這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)含錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用 had done 形式,主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用 would do 形式。故選 D項(xiàng)。
[答案]D
【例2】If he _____quietly as the doctor instructed, he wouldntsuffer so much now.
A. lies?????????????? B. lay
C. had lain??????????? D. should lie
【解析】句意為:如果他按照醫(yī)生的指示安靜地躺著,他現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)那么痛苦了。根據(jù)句意,if引導(dǎo)的條件句,從句是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的一種假設(shè),主句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬,表明“他過(guò)去沒(méi)有聽(tīng)醫(yī)生的,導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)在很痛苦”。從句表達(dá)對(duì)過(guò)去情況假設(shè)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。故選 C項(xiàng)。
[答案]C
二、考查虛擬條件句的倒裝
在 if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中可省略 if,將句子中的 were,had,should放到主語(yǔ)的前面,構(gòu)成倒裝。
【例3】Had we made a better preparation for this ex- am,we ____ not? come across so many difficulties now.
A. can?????????? B. would
C. will?????????? D. may
【解析】根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷,此處是省略了 if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,該句可還原為:If we had made a better preparation for this exam,we ______ not? come across so many difficulties now.句意為:如果我們?yōu)檫@次考試做了更好的準(zhǔn)備,我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)遇到這么多困難了。主句表示和現(xiàn)在相反,主句的謂語(yǔ)用would/ should / could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。故選 B項(xiàng)。
[答案]B
三、并列連詞或副詞暗示的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)
該題型的特點(diǎn)是:題干中含有并列連詞或副詞 or,but,otherwise等暗示該句為虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
【例4】I was ill that day,otherwise I ________ the sports meet.
A. must take part in
B. must have taken part in
C. would take part in
D. would have taken part in
【解析】該句中的 otherwise意為“要不然,否則”,暗示該句為虛擬條件句。根據(jù)“that day”可知,該句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。句意為:那天我病了,否則我就參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)了。故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用 would have done 的形式。故答案為 D項(xiàng)。
[答案]D
【例5】—Thank you for reminding me of the time, or I ________late yesterday.
——Dontmention it.
A. should be?????????? B. would be
C. will have been?????? D. would have been
【解析】該句中的 or意為“要不然,否則”,暗示該句為虛擬條件句。句意為:謝謝你提醒我時(shí)間,不然昨天我就遲到了。根據(jù)“yesterday”可知,本句是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè),所以用 would have done結(jié)構(gòu)。故 D項(xiàng)正確。
[答案]D
四、介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)暗示的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)題干中如果出現(xiàn)but,but for,without等介詞或介詞短語(yǔ),暗示本句為虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
【例6】Without our? great efforts,the speech con-test last week _______ such a great success.
A. wouldntbe??????? B. wouldnthave been
C. must have been????? D. could have been
【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,該句中的 without 意為“要是沒(méi)有”,暗示該句為虛擬條件句。句意為:如果沒(méi)有我們的努力,上周的演講比賽就不會(huì)如此成功。結(jié)合句意可知,此處為對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬,主句應(yīng)用wouldnt/couldnthave done形式,故選 B項(xiàng)。
[答案]B
【例7】But for your generous help,we ________the task ahead of time.
A. would not fulfill?? B. would not have fulfilled
C. would fulfill??? ??D. would have fulfilled
【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,該句中的 but for 意為“要不是(因?yàn)椋保凳驹摼錇樘摂M條件句。句意為如果沒(méi)有你的慷慨幫助,我們是不會(huì)提前完成任務(wù)的。根據(jù)句意可知,該句子表示和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,所以主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用 would/could have done,所以先排除 A 項(xiàng)和 C項(xiàng);但是根據(jù)句意,主句應(yīng)該用否定句,所以 D 項(xiàng)不對(duì)。故選 B項(xiàng)。
[答案]B
五、as if /as though方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
【例8】Dont handle the vase? as? if it ________made of steel.
A. is??? B. were??? C. has been??? D. had been
【解析】該句中的 as if意為“似乎、好像”,表示該句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,“as if it ________made of steel”與現(xiàn)在情況相反,故空格處應(yīng)該使用were,因此,正確答案為 B項(xiàng)。
[答案]B
[評(píng)注]虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于 as if/as though,even if/ eventhough等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);如果表示現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞為 were);如果表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,則用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
六、名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
在一些題目中,命題人會(huì)將對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查設(shè)置于同位語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句等名詞性從句中,進(jìn)而考查學(xué)生的綜合分析能力。
【例9】—Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
—No,but I wish I ________.
A. will B. have C. did D. had
【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意:你去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎?沒(méi)有,但我希望我有。“I wish...”從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。had后面承前省略了been to theGreat Wall。故選D項(xiàng)。
[答案]D
【例 10】The managers health was getting worseand worse because of heavy burden,so the doctorstrongly recommended that he ______ a holiday.
A. took B. would take C. must take D. take
【解析】句意為:由于負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重,經(jīng)理的身體越來(lái)越差,所以醫(yī)生強(qiáng)烈建議他休假。動(dòng)詞“recommend”作為“建議”之意,后接賓語(yǔ)從句,從句用should +動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。故選D項(xiàng)。
[答案]D
七、定語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
【例 11】It is the first time he ________ here andnow it is high time that he ________ around.
A. come;should be showed
B. has come;was showed
B. has come;be showed
D. came;was showed
【解析】句意為:這是他第一次到這里并且現(xiàn)在到了他被帶領(lǐng)參觀的時(shí)候了??崭?在句中作謂語(yǔ),固定句型“It is the first time(that)...”意為“第一次做某事”,結(jié)構(gòu)中that從句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);空格2在that從句中作謂語(yǔ),“It is high time that...”為虛擬語(yǔ)氣句型,意為“到了做某事的時(shí)候”,結(jié)構(gòu)中that從句應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示虛擬,由于that從句中主語(yǔ)he和show之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故選B項(xiàng)。
[答案]B
綜上所述,虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本用法是用一定的句式表示對(duì)過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)的假設(shè)。熟悉虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本用法,是解題的基礎(chǔ)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)還應(yīng)注意虛擬語(yǔ)氣的高頻考點(diǎn)。
(作者單位:江蘇省濱??h東元高級(jí)中學(xué))