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脊髓損傷后呼吸肌訓(xùn)練的研究進(jìn)展

2023-06-25 20:43:14虎良吉娜王文麗
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2023年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:脊髓損傷

虎良吉娜 王文麗

【摘要】 呼吸肌訓(xùn)練(respiratory muscle training,RMT)作為肺康復(fù)的重要組成部分,能幫助脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)患者提高肺功能,改善活動能力,降低肺部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。近年來,多項(xiàng)研究不僅提出了更詳細(xì)、更全面的SCI后呼吸肌的評估內(nèi)容,還提出了新的抗阻呼吸訓(xùn)練方案,以及新的RMT方法,如聲樂呼吸訓(xùn)練、居家高強(qiáng)度訓(xùn)練、腹部牽拉(abdominal drawing in maneuver,ADIM)配合RMT法、高頻脊髓刺激法,這能最大程度激活SCI患者的呼吸肌,大幅改善患者的肺功能,并滿足患者居家肺康復(fù)的需求。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 脊髓損傷 呼吸肌訓(xùn)練 抗阻呼吸訓(xùn)練 肺康復(fù)

Research Progress of Respiratory Muscle Training after Spinal Cord Injury/HU Liangji'na, WANG Wenli. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(10): -168

[Abstract] Respiratory muscle training (RMT), as an important part of pulmonary rehabilitation, can help patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) improve pulmonary function, improve mobility, reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications and mortality, and improve the quality of life of patients. In recent years, many studies have not only proposed more detailed and comprehensive assessment of respiratory muscle after SCI, but also proposed new anti-resistance respiratory training scheme and new RMT methods, such as vocal respiratory training, home-based high-intensity training, abdominal drawing in maneuver (ADIM) combined with RMT and high-frequency spinal cord stimulation, which can maximize the activation of respiratory muscle in SCI patients and significantly improve lung function, and meet the needs of patients' home-based lung rehabilitation.

[Key words] SCI RMT Anti-resistance respiratory training Lung rehabilitation

First-author's address: The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650106, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.10.039

脊髓損傷(SCI)是指由于各種因素如創(chuàng)傷、畸形、感染或醫(yī)源性因素等導(dǎo)致脊髓的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能受損,導(dǎo)致患者生活自理能力、功能活動能力、生活質(zhì)量下降的一類疾病[1-4]。SCI患者普遍存在肺功能下降的問題,損傷平面越高,肺功能下降得越多[5-6]。其中,發(fā)生在頸段和上胸段的SCI會影響到呼氣肌和吸氣肌的功能[7],從而影響肺功能。急性頸椎SCI患者入院時(shí)存在限制性通氣障礙[8-10]。研究顯示,嚴(yán)重呼吸功能障礙是SCI急性期和慢性期患者死亡的主要因素,而36%~83%的SCI患者存在嚴(yán)重的呼吸功能障礙[11]。SCI后呼吸功能障礙可能會帶來更多的肺部并發(fā)癥,增加患者死亡率,延長住院時(shí)間[12-16]。1967年,Imamura[17]的研究首次提出呼吸肌訓(xùn)練(RMT)能夠幫助頸段SCI患者改善肺功能。RMT旨在通過使用阻抗負(fù)荷和閾值壓力負(fù)荷等方法來提高呼吸肌的力量和耐力[18],包括使用阻力訓(xùn)練器和閾值訓(xùn)練器,以及有效和同步地刺激吸氣和呼氣肌肉的歌唱訓(xùn)練等。近年來,新的呼吸肌訓(xùn)練技術(shù)、作用機(jī)制和應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新層出不窮,也有越來越多研究指出RMT對改善SCI患者的呼吸功能具有積極意義,但對其總結(jié)歸納的信息卻相對較少。因此,本文將論述和總結(jié)該領(lǐng)域國內(nèi)外的最新研究進(jìn)展。

1 SCI對呼吸肌的影響

頸段、胸段、腰段脊髓包含支配吸氣肌、呼氣肌、輔助呼吸肌的運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元[19]。吸氣肌包括膈肌、肋間外肌、斜角肌,呼氣肌主要包括腹直肌、肋間內(nèi)肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌,輔助呼吸肌包括胸鎖乳突肌、斜角肌、斜方肌[20],具體如表1所示。研究顯示,SCI患者膈肌血管供應(yīng)發(fā)生改變,限制氧氣彌散功能。膈肌活動的恢復(fù)可以逆轉(zhuǎn)這些變化,恢復(fù)對組織的氧氣供應(yīng),并使肌肉功能特性得以恢復(fù)[21]。

2 呼吸肌功能的評估

通過球海綿體反射結(jié)果,確定患者不處于脊休克期后可根據(jù)美國脊髓損傷協(xié)會(American Spinal Cord Injury Association,ASIA)分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評估患者感覺和運(yùn)動,確定損傷平面[22]。然后,評估患者呼吸模式、呼吸動度、咳嗽能力,同時(shí)使用改進(jìn)的Borg量表評估患者平靜狀態(tài)和不同活動期間呼吸困難的嚴(yán)重程度,量表從0分(沒有呼吸困難)至10分(無法忍受的呼吸困難)評估[23]。此外,通過肺通氣功能測試,可獲得結(jié)果包括肺總量(total lung capacity,TCL)、肺活量(vital capacity,VC)、深吸氣量(inspiratory capacity,IC)、最大吸氣壓(maximal inspiration pressure,MIP)、最大呼氣壓(maximal expiration pressure,MEP)、最大自主通氣量(maximal voluntary ventilation,MVV)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,F(xiàn)VC)、第一秒用力肺活量(forced expiratory volume in the first second,F(xiàn)EV1)等。

3 呼吸肌訓(xùn)練

3.1 抗阻呼吸訓(xùn)練 研究表明,呼吸肌訓(xùn)練對于增加SCI患者的呼吸肌力量和肺容量是有效的[24-27]。治療師可通過閾值訓(xùn)練器訓(xùn)練患者吸氣肌,囑患者用手捏住鼻翼,用嘴呼吸,緩慢吐氣后盡可能快而多地吸氣,起始阻力為60% MIP,每周5次,每次訓(xùn)練包括7組呼吸,其中每組包括2 min的閾值訓(xùn)練器抗阻吸氣和1 min無阻力呼吸。為讓患者更好地適應(yīng),第一周可以從3組呼吸開始,慢慢增加到7組[28]。

3.2 居家高強(qiáng)度訓(xùn)練 患者可通過使用Dofin呼吸訓(xùn)練器(臺北GaleMed公司)進(jìn)行呼吸肌訓(xùn)練。該設(shè)備允許患者訓(xùn)練吸氣和呼氣肌肉并獨(dú)立調(diào)節(jié)負(fù)荷,可將負(fù)荷調(diào)節(jié)至10~70 cmH2O[29-30]。使用該設(shè)備進(jìn)行為期10周的呼吸肌訓(xùn)練,每天2次,每次4組4 min的呼吸訓(xùn)練,每組之間休息1 min,初始訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷為50% MIP/MEP,每周請治療師評估一次,評估后再將訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷調(diào)整為新測MIP/MEP的50%。研究表明,該訓(xùn)練方案能夠改善肺功能和耐力,并減少呼吸肌無力的SCI患者的呼吸困難[31-32]。時(shí)間是肺功能恢復(fù)的關(guān)鍵因素,而RMT在肺功能改善與時(shí)間中有顯著的交互作用。

3.3 聲樂呼吸訓(xùn)練(VRT) VRT是一種與聲帶肌肉相關(guān)的治療,通常是音樂療法(music therapy,MT)的一個(gè)組成部分,側(cè)重于加強(qiáng)呼吸肌肉和改善肺功能。每個(gè)30 min的VRT培訓(xùn)課程包含以下部分:前10 min,治療師帶領(lǐng)患者唱一首短曲,然后引導(dǎo)患者用斷音唱法唱短旋律增強(qiáng)腹肌力量。在接下來的10 min內(nèi),治療師指導(dǎo)患者唱元音不同的音調(diào)旋律線。在最后10 min,患者被要求唱具體歌曲,歌曲是根據(jù)等級選擇的中國音樂家協(xié)會聲樂考試1-3(徐和龔,2014)。每次訓(xùn)練30 min,每周5次,共12周。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)12周后,患者的肺功能指標(biāo)顯著提高,其機(jī)制可能為基于MT的VRT不僅能夠改善呼吸肌功能,還能使延髓呼吸中樞神經(jīng)纖維束數(shù)量、長度、厚度、密度增加,從而影響神經(jīng)可塑性[33]。

3.4 腹部牽拉(ADIM)配合呼吸肌訓(xùn)練 腹部肌肉是主要的用力呼氣肌,包括腹直肌、腹斜肌、腹橫肌等。ADIM的目的在于牽拉腹部肌群,通過本體感覺刺激,使呼氣肌收縮,尤其是腹橫肌。此時(shí)配合呼吸肌訓(xùn)練,可以使膈肌收縮,產(chǎn)生向下的活動,與此同時(shí),腹橫肌向內(nèi)收縮,兩者共同運(yùn)動使得腹內(nèi)壓增加,脊柱穩(wěn)定性增加,呼吸肌效能提高,患者的呼吸功能得以改善[34]。具體做法是,患者取俯臥位,將壓力生物反饋裝置放置在患者下腹部和墊子之間,使壓力值達(dá)到50 mmHg。根據(jù)模擬壓力計(jì)的視覺反饋,要求受試者在俯臥位保持低于6~10 mmHg的壓力,然后進(jìn)行5 s的等長收縮。在保持5 s后,允許患者休息2~3 s。該練習(xí)共進(jìn)行五組(每組重復(fù) 10 次),組間患者可以休息1次。

3.5 高頻脊髓刺激法 在最近一項(xiàng)針對SCI受試者的人體臨床試驗(yàn)中,證明了較低頻的胸椎脊髓刺激(SCS,50 Hz)會激活呼氣肌,并產(chǎn)生正??人运赜械拇髿獾勒龎汉透叻逯禋饬魉俾蔥35]?;謴?fù)有效咳嗽可以更輕松地增加分泌物,降低呼吸道感染的發(fā)生率,并提高生活質(zhì)量。不幸的是,通過這種技術(shù)激活呼吸肌需要高刺激幅度(30~40 V),因此不能應(yīng)用于感覺完整的患者,因?yàn)榇碳捎诟杏X纖維激活而導(dǎo)致明顯的不適。而近期研究表明,高頻SCS (HFSCS)可以提供相同水平的呼氣肌激活,但刺激感更弱,因此更適合應(yīng)用于改善SCI患者的呼吸肌功能[36]。

4 小結(jié)與展望

越來越多的研究證明,RMT能夠有效改善SCI患者肺功能,降低肺部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,降低SCI可能帶來的死亡率,提高患者生活質(zhì)量,減少醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)。但是不同步的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和醫(yī)療資源分配不均勻,也使得偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的SCI患者難以受到最早期、最及時(shí)的治療,而往往偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的SCI患者比例更高。這既是對資源管理的挑戰(zhàn),也是對醫(yī)務(wù)者本身的挑戰(zhàn)。如何在環(huán)境、經(jīng)費(fèi)、條件有限的情況下,制訂出最適合患者的RMT計(jì)劃,如何讓患者能夠做正確、做好、能長期堅(jiān)持下去,這是值得每個(gè)醫(yī)務(wù)者深思的問題。本文總結(jié)了目前SCI患者RMT相關(guān)的評估、治療相關(guān)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,但仍缺乏更多證據(jù)更高、樣本量更大、觀點(diǎn)更新穎的優(yōu)質(zhì)文章,這些仍是我們需要去攻克的方向。

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(收稿日期:2022-10-31) (本文編輯:陳韻)

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