劉青清 梁青春 歐陽(yáng)若蕓
摘 要:目的 術(shù)中快速病理診斷是目前重要的輔助診斷手段之一,有助于外科醫(yī)生實(shí)施更精準(zhǔn)的手術(shù)治療方案。術(shù)中快速病理常?;诒鶅鰳?biāo)本完成并且需要高效的染色、檢測(cè)流程。本研究旨在開(kāi)發(fā)一項(xiàng)耗時(shí)短、效率相對(duì)更高的新型冰凍免疫組織化學(xué)的染色方法。方法 通過(guò)對(duì)比觀察初步驗(yàn)證冰凍免疫組織化學(xué)的染色可行性以及有效性,進(jìn)一步在不同類(lèi)型的冰凍切片中對(duì)多種標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行染色從而觀察染色效果。結(jié)果 冰凍免疫組織化學(xué)在手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本中初步表現(xiàn)出較好的染色效果,同時(shí)能在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成;部分通過(guò)蘇木精-伊紅(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色無(wú)法較好鑒別診斷的手術(shù)標(biāo)本通過(guò)冰凍免疫組織化學(xué)能進(jìn)一步判斷特異性標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)水平,從而明確病灶性質(zhì)。結(jié)論 本研究提出的新型染色方法能夠?qū)πg(shù)中冰凍標(biāo)本切片進(jìn)行較好的染色,這為術(shù)中判斷病變性質(zhì)、腫瘤類(lèi)型、病變的邊界提供了較大的幫助,從而優(yōu)化患者的個(gè)體診療。
關(guān)鍵詞:快速免疫組織化學(xué);冰凍切片標(biāo)本;術(shù)中病理診斷
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R446.8
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
A novel rapid immunohistochemical staining method on frozen sections
LIU Qingqing LIANG Qingchun OUYANG Ruoyun
(1. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; 2. Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; 3. Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Changsha 410011, China;
4. Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University,Changsha 410011, China)
Abstract: Objective The rapid and accurate pathological diagnoses have been considered as a significant assistance intraoperatively which will lead to more precise surgical decisions. These diagnoses mainly base on rapid staining procedures of frozen sections. This study aims to develop a novel and efficient method, which is time-consuming and relatively more efficient. Methods The application and efficacy of this method was explored by comparison; furthermore, the performance of this method was observed on different slices originating from frozen surgical samples by staining several biomarkers. Result The incipient performance of the immunohistochemical staining on frozen slices was good and was accomplished within a short time. Some surgical samples which were difficult to be differentiated by HE staining were determined the expression levels of the specific biomarkers through frozen immunohistochemistry, thereby clarifying the lesion property. Conclusion The novel immunostaining method proposed in this study, can penform better staining on frozen slices, which provide assistance in identifing malignancies, the type of the tumors, and their margins, therehy optimizing individualized treatments.
Key words: rapid immunostaining; frozen section; intraoperative pathological diagnosis
術(shù)中病理診斷對(duì)手術(shù)術(shù)式可能產(chǎn)生較大影響,因此在外科手術(shù)中具有重要地位。準(zhǔn)確并且高效的術(shù)中病理診斷方法是研究重點(diǎn)之一。目前臨床廣泛應(yīng)用的傳統(tǒng)免疫組織化學(xué)(immunohistochemistry,IHC)技術(shù)已經(jīng)擁有成熟的方法和流程,可通過(guò)對(duì)特定的生物標(biāo)志物染色從而判斷病變的良惡性、邊界以及腫瘤種類(lèi),但術(shù)中獲取的冰凍標(biāo)本切片無(wú)法通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)進(jìn)行有效地染色分析。同時(shí),包括標(biāo)本固定、抗原修復(fù)、抗體等多方面原因均能對(duì)染色結(jié)果產(chǎn)生明顯的影響[1]。
IHC技術(shù)通過(guò)檢測(cè)生物標(biāo)志物表達(dá)水平輔助病理診斷。細(xì)胞角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)是細(xì)胞骨架中間纖維的組成成分,以往常常用于乳腺癌的診斷[2-3]。不同類(lèi)型的CK在乳腺癌類(lèi)型鑒別中具有重要的作用。甲狀腺轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(thyroid transcription factor-1,TTF-1)蛋白調(diào)節(jié)甲狀腺功能并且在不同類(lèi)型甲狀腺癌中有不同程度的表達(dá)[4-5],此外CK19在甲狀腺惡性腫瘤中特異性表達(dá)[5]。
本研究旨在開(kāi)發(fā)出一種新型的基于冰凍標(biāo)本切片進(jìn)行快速I(mǎi)HC的檢測(cè)方法,為輔助術(shù)中快速病理診斷提供依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 標(biāo)本來(lái)源、手術(shù)標(biāo)本的處理
選擇來(lái)自2017年12月至2023年3月中南大學(xué)湘雅二醫(yī)院外科手術(shù)標(biāo)本。所有標(biāo)本均進(jìn)行了術(shù)中快速病理檢測(cè)以及后續(xù)傳統(tǒng)IHC染色。手術(shù)獲取的同一大體標(biāo)本均分為不同組織塊進(jìn)行石蠟包埋或冰凍處理。冰凍標(biāo)本在-80 ℃條件下進(jìn)行初步凍存,依不同的組織類(lèi)型在-25 ℃~-16 ℃條件下完成冰凍切片,切片厚度為5~8 μm。獲得冰凍切片后立即開(kāi)始染色處理流程。石蠟組織塊切片進(jìn)行蘇木精-伊紅(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色后初步對(duì)細(xì)胞形態(tài)進(jìn)行判斷,并且進(jìn)行IHC染色,冰凍組織切片經(jīng)染色用于評(píng)估其染色效果。
1.2 石蠟組織塊制作與傳統(tǒng)IHC染色
從術(shù)中標(biāo)本中切除相應(yīng)部分于10%的多聚甲醛中固定,包埋后進(jìn)行常規(guī)石蠟切片以及HE染色和IHC學(xué)染色。
1.3 快速冰凍IHC染色
冰凍IHC步驟描述如下:獲取冰凍組織標(biāo)本切片后立即浸入固定液固定30~60 s,流水下沖洗后使用IHC筆圈出組織范圍隨后滴加封閉劑;封閉約30 s后再次清洗滴加一抗,孵育約3~4 min,清洗后滴加二抗,孵育4 min后清洗玻片;滴加含二氨基聯(lián)苯胺的顯色液進(jìn)行顯色,顯色后立即清洗,滴加蘇木素孵育15~20 s并清洗后封片,最后于顯微鏡下觀察判斷。冰凍切片全程處理流程耗時(shí)約15 min。冰凍IHC染色使用的一抗包括:廣譜CK抗體(AE1/AE3,鼠單抗)、 CK5/6(C6H1/C1C8,鼠單抗)、TTF-1(C7H7,鼠單抗)、CK19(A53-B/A2.26,鼠單抗)。所有試劑和抗體均由賽諾特生物技術(shù)(蘇州)有限公司提供。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)收集和分析
所有切片判讀均由兩位病理科醫(yī)生獨(dú)立完成。其中一位基于石蠟切片的HE染色進(jìn)行形態(tài)學(xué)診斷,通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)IHC方法對(duì)不同瘤種特異性生物標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行染色判讀作為后續(xù)“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”對(duì)照,另一位完成冰凍IHC染色操作并且對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行判讀。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 冰凍IHC有效性的初步驗(yàn)證
在同一組織標(biāo)本上,冰凍IHC對(duì)于陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的標(biāo)志物染色效果(圖1B)接近于傳統(tǒng)IHC染色(圖1A)。在淋巴結(jié)組織中,相較于丙酮固定標(biāo)本(圖1C),使用冰凍IHC配套固定液染色效果有所改善(圖1D)。冰凍切片HE染色對(duì)乳腺癌微小病灶范圍判斷較為困難(圖1E),同一標(biāo)本進(jìn)行廣譜CK IHC染色能快速區(qū)分腫瘤病灶以及鄰近正常組織(圖1F)。
2.2 冰凍IHC對(duì)良惡性病變的鑒別診斷作用
手術(shù)切除的乳腺來(lái)源標(biāo)本:1例進(jìn)行冰凍切片HE染色鏡下所見(jiàn)病灶內(nèi)細(xì)胞體積較小無(wú)法與炎性病變完全區(qū)分(圖2A),加做廣譜CK冰凍IHC后該蛋白表達(dá)陽(yáng)性提示病變性質(zhì)為惡性并且鏡下能更好觀察腫瘤細(xì)胞侵及范圍(圖2B)。另外1例冰凍切片HE染色見(jiàn)乳腺上皮實(shí)性、篩狀增生,與低級(jí)別導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌無(wú)法鑒別(圖2C),加做CK5/6冰凍IHC表現(xiàn)為馬賽克樣陽(yáng)性(圖2D),提示病變?yōu)槿橄賹?dǎo)管上皮普通型增生;第3例冰凍切片HE染色亦可見(jiàn)乳腺上皮實(shí)性、篩狀增生(圖2E),而CK5/6冰凍IHC結(jié)果為陰性(圖2F),提示病變?yōu)榈图?jí)別導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌。
手術(shù)切除的甲狀腺來(lái)源標(biāo)本:冰凍切片HE染色鏡下表現(xiàn)為乳頭狀增生可能(圖3A、3C),通過(guò)CK19冰凍IHC染色判讀其中1例為陰性,考慮為良性乳頭狀增生(圖3B),另一例表達(dá)為陽(yáng)性,考慮為甲狀腺癌(圖3D)。
A為傳統(tǒng)IHC方法對(duì)石蠟切片的廣譜CK染色效果(×100);B為冰凍IHC方法對(duì)組織切片的廣譜CK染色效果(×100);C為冰凍切片通過(guò)丙酮固定后廣譜CK染色效果(×100);D為冰凍切片經(jīng)特定固定液處理后廣譜CK染色效果(×100); E為腫瘤冰凍切片HE染色(×100);F為腫瘤冰凍切片IHC染色(×100)
2.3 冰凍IHC對(duì)手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本來(lái)源的輔助診斷
術(shù)中切除甲狀腺后方腫塊標(biāo)本:組織來(lái)源不明,冰凍切片HE染色鏡下組織特點(diǎn)缺乏特異性(圖4A),通過(guò)冰凍IHC染色提示甲狀旁腺素表達(dá)陽(yáng)性(圖4B),并且TTF-1表達(dá)陰性(圖4C),排除腫塊為甲狀腺來(lái)源可能。
3 討論
外科手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本經(jīng)冰凍處理后應(yīng)用于快速病理診斷,基于冰凍標(biāo)本的正確判識(shí)對(duì)手術(shù)決策具有關(guān)鍵性的作用,然而,常規(guī)IHC染色步驟應(yīng)用于冰凍切片時(shí)常伴隨細(xì)胞組織正常結(jié)構(gòu)破壞、靶蛋白不顯色等問(wèn)題[6-7],以往研究直接對(duì)冰凍切片進(jìn)行IHC染色效果欠佳且耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng)。本研究建立一套基于冰凍切片的IHC染色方法,用于術(shù)中快速病理分型以及病灶識(shí)別,該方法使用了改良的固定液和清洗液使得切片中靶蛋白更易顯色,具有高效的特點(diǎn)。
相對(duì)于冰凍切片HE染色形態(tài)學(xué)特征,CK蛋白及其家族成員蛋白表達(dá)水平在腫瘤淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、原位癌的識(shí)別中具有重要意義[8-9]。乳腺手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本是病理診斷的主要來(lái)源之一,但因?yàn)楸鶅銮衅嬖诩?xì)胞腫脹以及冷凍結(jié)晶等問(wèn)題使得直接進(jìn)行IHC染色效果欠佳,同時(shí)術(shù)中快速I(mǎi)HC染色需要在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成[10],因此,本研究建立了一套有效的冰凍IHC染色方法并且初步探討了其應(yīng)用效果。CK家族蛋白表達(dá)水平可在一定程度上預(yù)示乳腺癌的預(yù)后[11],這提示廣譜CK IHC染色結(jié)果可能對(duì)腫瘤個(gè)體化治療產(chǎn)生影響。此外,術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)病理診斷尤其是前哨淋巴結(jié)的判斷對(duì)乳腺癌患者的分期以及后續(xù)治療有決定性作用[12],CK家族蛋白表達(dá)水平同樣能夠輔助更加準(zhǔn)確判斷淋巴結(jié)是否被乳腺腫瘤細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[13],在將來(lái)的研究中應(yīng)當(dāng)納入更多淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本驗(yàn)證該方法的診斷效力。CK家族另一成員CK19在甲狀腺腫瘤中表達(dá)明顯升高[14-15],CK19陽(yáng)性表達(dá)聯(lián)合鏡下組織特點(diǎn)能進(jìn)一步提高甲狀腺癌診斷率[16]。不僅如此,既往研究提出CK19蛋白水平可能與甲狀腺癌類(lèi)型以及是否復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)[17-18],該研究還對(duì)甲狀腺來(lái)源組織中的CK19進(jìn)行了檢測(cè),結(jié)果提示該方法較好地評(píng)估了CK19的水平從而輔助判斷病變性質(zhì)。TTF-1蛋白是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,對(duì)多種器官的發(fā)育具有關(guān)鍵意義[19],TTF-1敲除的個(gè)體中甲狀腺的形成受到了嚴(yán)重影響[20]。TTF-1被證實(shí)在甲狀腺濾泡中表達(dá)[21],本研究對(duì)甲狀腺后方切除的腫塊進(jìn)行了TTF-1的冰凍IHC染色,結(jié)合其他標(biāo)志物更有助于明確腫塊的組織來(lái)源。
總之,冰凍IHC技術(shù)能夠?qū)κ中g(shù)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行更精準(zhǔn)的病理診斷,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)患者個(gè)體化診療的提升。本研究提出的針對(duì)冰凍切片的新型IHC染色方法,能夠?qū)x定的標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行較好的染色。但僅限于小樣本中,未來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)納入更多臨床標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢測(cè)并且與傳統(tǒng)IHC方法對(duì)比,進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證其特異性和敏感性,同時(shí)研發(fā)出更多抗體以拓寬臨床應(yīng)用。
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邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)2023年5期