河南 王來民

《中國高考評價體系》指出：“思維認(rèn)知能力”是指學(xué)習(xí)者在面對生活實(shí)踐或?qū)W習(xí)探索問題情境時，進(jìn)行學(xué)科認(rèn)知加工的過程中表現(xiàn)出的穩(wěn)定的個性心理特征，是學(xué)習(xí)者在秉持科學(xué)態(tài)度，運(yùn)用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)睦硇运季S和豐富的感性思維，發(fā)現(xiàn)新問題、運(yùn)用新方法、解決新問題、獲得新結(jié)論的過程中表現(xiàn)出來的思維能力，是激發(fā)個體好奇心、想象力、塑造創(chuàng)新人格所必須具備的基本能力。主要包括：形象思維能力、抽象思維能力、歸納概括能力、演繹推理能力、批判性思維能力、辯證思維能力等。

高考“七選五”試題要求考生從七個選項(xiàng)中選出五個正確選項(xiàng)，考查了考生的批判性思維能力，而“七選五”在段首、段中、段尾設(shè)空，則考查了考生的抽象思維能力、歸納概括能力、演繹推理能力、辯證思維能力。如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)？筆者認(rèn)為應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn)：

一、掌握設(shè)題特點(diǎn)

從“七選五”設(shè)題的特征來看，其主要考查考生“瞻前顧后”和歸納的能力?！罢扒邦櫤蟆敝高x擇時既要照顧到選項(xiàng)前的語義又要使其與選項(xiàng)后的語義銜接自然。歸納就是根據(jù)語段的內(nèi)容總結(jié)出設(shè)空處的語義。無論是“瞻前顧后”還是歸納都需要學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。

二、掌握解題思路

根據(jù)“瞻前顧后”和歸納可以衍生出并列式、遞進(jìn)式、問答式、因果式等解題方法，從而幫助學(xué)生分析問題，提升思維品質(zhì)。

1.并列式

并列式指選項(xiàng)與前句或后句在結(jié)構(gòu)或句型上一致，表達(dá)的內(nèi)容相近。首先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)后面或前面的句子進(jìn)行語義上的判斷，如果它們表達(dá)的是同一內(nèi)容，就可以判定其屬于并列式。有時在選項(xiàng)句子或其前后句子中，會出現(xiàn)also，and 等提示詞。

（2021 年全國甲卷） 38 .They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their “new”clothes home.

【答案及解析】G。由下文“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their‘new’clothes home.”可知，來做交換的人，也要準(zhǔn)備好環(huán)保袋，由此可推斷出正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是做交換的人應(yīng)做的事情。G 選項(xiàng)“Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition”與“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their‘new’clothes home.”在內(nèi)容上是并列關(guān)系。故選G。

2.問答式

問答式指選項(xiàng)與前、后句是一問一答的形式，要么是對前句的回答，要么是對后句的提問。判定問答式的依據(jù)是選項(xiàng)前的問句，或選項(xiàng)后的回答句。有時會出現(xiàn)answer，respond 等提示詞，但也存在無提示詞的情況。

（2021 年 全 國 甲 卷）So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? 36 .It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.

【答案及解析】B。由前句“So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor?”可知，作者提出如何處理那些你可能有點(diǎn)厭倦的衣服。下文“It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.”是解決問題的方法。所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)是處理舊衣物的方法。選項(xiàng)B“Hold a clothing swap”是一種處理舊衣服的方式。故選B。

3.因果式

因果式指選項(xiàng)與前后句構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。判定因果式需要分析出因果關(guān)系，通常選項(xiàng)是前句的結(jié)果，或是后句的原因。有時會出現(xiàn)because,so,for 等表示因果的提示詞，但有時并無提示詞，這時因果關(guān)系多隱含在選項(xiàng)前、后句中。

（2021 年全國乙卷）And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（贊揚(yáng)）. 40 .Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”

【答案及解析】G。由上文“If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（贊揚(yáng)）.”可知，如果在晚宴上遭遇了尷尬的沉默，打破沉默的唯一方法就是贊美主人。為什么一定要贊美主人呢？所以可知正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是陳述理由。而G 項(xiàng)“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most”正好說出了理由。故選G。

4.遞進(jìn)式

遞進(jìn)式指在前句的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步延伸。選項(xiàng)多是對其前面的句子的進(jìn)一步說明或意思上的拓展。在語義上進(jìn)行延伸，在內(nèi)容上進(jìn)行拓展。常出現(xiàn)and,besides 等提示詞，但提示詞并不經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，這就要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真揣摩前后句之間的關(guān)系。

（2021 年6 月浙江卷）Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com,a social network that has grown to 575 217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago. 33 Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.

【答案及解析】E。由上文“Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com,a social network that has grown to 575 217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago.”可知，postcrossing.com這個社交網(wǎng)站的影響在擴(kuò)大，再由下文“Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.”可知，經(jīng)營這個網(wǎng)站成了他的全職工作，說明網(wǎng)站在蓬勃發(fā)展，故正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是說明該網(wǎng)站蓬勃發(fā)展的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)E“On August 5,the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.”表明該網(wǎng)站正蓬勃發(fā)展。故選E。

5.詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)

詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)就是指選項(xiàng)中的詞或短語與前句或后句中的詞或短語相同或相似。詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)類的試題往往根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的某類詞，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)前或后的句子中出現(xiàn)的原詞或同義詞便可得出正確答案。詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)可分為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

（1）原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)指同一個單詞或短語在選項(xiàng)和其前、后的句子中出現(xiàn)。判定原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，只需觀察并找出同一單詞或短語，便能選出正確答案。

（2018 年北京卷）Each person,no matter who they are,has psychological imbalances.People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 53 Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition,but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.

【答案及解析】E。后句“Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition”中的pre-anger與選項(xiàng)E“Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state,...”中的pre-anger 為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，E 選項(xiàng)承接上文，符合語境。故選E。

（2）同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)指選項(xiàng)中的某個單詞或短語與其前、后句中的某個單詞或短語在意思上相近，這就需要學(xué)生在平時的英語學(xué)習(xí)中，多積累同義詞，做到舉一反三。

（2018 年全國卷Ⅱ） 40 If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

【答案及解析】A。選項(xiàng)A“You will stick to your diet.”中的diet 與后句“If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.”中的healthy food choice 屬于同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，且選項(xiàng)A 概括本段主旨。故選A。

詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)能幫助解決問題，但也能導(dǎo)致學(xué)生出錯，有時出現(xiàn)詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)的選項(xiàng)不一定是正確答案，所以做題時，應(yīng)結(jié)合詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)并根據(jù)語境去選。

（2019 年全國卷Ⅰ）We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”36 According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.

E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

【答案及解析】E。前句“We all grew up hearing people tell us to‘go out and get some fresh air.’”中含有fresh air，而選項(xiàng)A、E中都含有fresh air，這讓學(xué)生感到吃力，有些學(xué)生根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)會誤選A。由后句“According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES,...”的YES 可知，選項(xiàng)是問句。故選E。

6.對比式

對比式指選項(xiàng)與前句或后句形成語義相對。有時前、后句與選項(xiàng)句意構(gòu)成對比，有時選項(xiàng)是其前、后句的過渡句。判定對比式的依據(jù)是選項(xiàng)中的某些詞與其前、后句中的某些詞在語義上相反，或句意相反。對比式包含句意對比和詞語對比。

（1）句意對比

句意對比指選項(xiàng)語義與其前句或后句語義相反。通過對比，突出其中一個句子的句意，更清楚地表達(dá)作者的意圖。這就需要學(xué)生掌握段意，分辨出語義的對比關(guān)系。

（2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷）Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 16 Do you want to be a good public speaker?

【答案及解析】G。前句“Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.”（有些人是天生的演講家）與選項(xiàng)G“However,the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.”（然而大多數(shù)人是因訓(xùn)練而成為了有影響力的演講家）構(gòu)成對比。故選G。

（2）詞語對比

詞語對比指選項(xiàng)中的某個詞與其前句或后句中的某些詞意思相對。這在文本中往往很明顯，學(xué)生很容易就能找出，但對于英語基礎(chǔ)薄弱的學(xué)生來說，還是有一定難度的。所以在平常的詞語學(xué)習(xí)中，教師要有意識地讓學(xué)生找出對應(yīng)詞，并進(jìn)行積累。

（2021 年全國甲卷）Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection. 37 ,and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.

【答案及解析】A。由上文“Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.”可知，正確選項(xiàng)與人數(shù)有關(guān)。下文“and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.”中的“more than that”提出假設(shè)，選項(xiàng)A“Less people than that”提出另一種假設(shè)，“more than that”與“Less people than that”構(gòu)成對比。故選A。

7.指代式

指代式指選項(xiàng)中的代詞代替前句或后句中出現(xiàn)的主語或詞語，也有可能是選項(xiàng)前、后句中的代詞代替選項(xiàng)中的詞語。指代式的代詞不會無端出現(xiàn)，指代不明。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)代詞時，學(xué)生就要有意識地找出其所指代的內(nèi)容，從而選出正確選項(xiàng)。

（2020 年7 月浙江卷）I experienced years of loneliness as a child. 31 His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine.With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood,I had to spend hours by myself.

【 答案及解析】G。由后句“His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine.”可知，him 代指G 選項(xiàng)“My older brother couldn’t be bothered to play with me.”中的“My older brother”。故選G。

8.例證式

例證式指選項(xiàng)中的句子是其前面的句子的例子，或選項(xiàng)后的句子是選項(xiàng)的例子。往往會出現(xiàn)for example，such as 等明顯表示例證的詞，但也要注意選項(xiàng)與其前、后句構(gòu)成隱含的論證關(guān)系的情況。

（2021 年6 月浙江卷）Language is certainly a barrier for many people.For postcrossing to work worldwide,a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other.As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese,the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it. 34 So a common language is required and in postcrossing that’s English since it’s widely spoken.

【答案及解析】F。由上文“Language is certainly a barrier for many people.”可知，對于許多人來說，語言無疑是一個障礙。再由“As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese,the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it.”例證了外國人由于語言不通，當(dāng)收到用中文書寫的明信片時，就不能理解彼此。選項(xiàng)F“Similarly,if you speak only Chinese,receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away.”進(jìn)一步舉例說明了語言障礙問題。故選F。

9.句法結(jié)構(gòu)式

句法結(jié)構(gòu)式指選項(xiàng)是后句的從句或主句。這需要學(xué)生掌握一定的句法知識，選項(xiàng)與其前句或后句構(gòu)成因果、讓步、條件等邏輯關(guān)系，常出現(xiàn)if，because，when 等引導(dǎo)詞。

（2017 年全國卷Ⅱ）Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 ,there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

【答案及解析】B。根據(jù)后句“there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.”可知，選項(xiàng)缺少從句，七個選項(xiàng)中，從句不多，再根據(jù)語境，很容易選出答案。故選B。

10.主旨句式

主旨句式指選項(xiàng)在一段的開頭，概述本段主旨。根據(jù)段中意思?xì)w納出主旨句，從而選出正確的選項(xiàng)，這就要求學(xué)生歸納段意。由于傳統(tǒng)教法，老師總結(jié)，學(xué)生記憶和理解，學(xué)生很少有機(jī)會進(jìn)行總結(jié)，因而學(xué)生在歸納方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足。這就需要學(xué)生在平時的英語學(xué)習(xí)中，多進(jìn)行思考和歸納練習(xí)。

（2020 年全國卷Ⅱ） 40，and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome.And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.

【答案及解析】F。由“And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.”可知，在商務(wù)交流中使用表情符號可以提升工作文化，增加氣氛，選項(xiàng)F“Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace”（更加友好的交流會造就一個更加愉快的工作場所）與之在意思上相符。故選F。

11.末尾句式

末尾句式指根據(jù)段中的意思，歸納出總結(jié)句。這與主旨句式在邏輯上一致，都是對段意的歸納，只不過順序不同。但末尾句式不一定都是對段意的歸納，也有可能是對前句的延伸。

（2021 年6 月浙江卷）Paulo Magalhaes,a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer,loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome’s Colosseum.Or Africa’s Victoria Falls.Or China’s Great Wall. 31

【答案及解析】G。根據(jù)上文“Paulo Magalhaes,a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer,loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome’s Colosseum.Or Africa’s Victoria Falls.Or China’s Great Wall.（34 歲的葡萄牙電腦工程師Paulo Magalhaes 喜歡打開他的郵箱，去尋找一個色彩鮮艷的羅馬斗牛場，或者非洲的維多利亞瀑布，或者是中國長城的圖像。）”可知，本段介紹了Paulo 喜歡明信片的個人愛好。再根據(jù)下文“...and you realize that not everyone is into it.”可知，他身邊缺少與他志趣相投的人。選項(xiàng)G“In short,he loves postcards,and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away.（簡而言之，他喜歡明信片，也喜歡收到遠(yuǎn)方某人手寫的便條時的那種興奮）”起到承上啟下的作用，總結(jié)了上文Paulo 喜歡明信片，也引出了下文他的喜好得不到回應(yīng)的問題。故選G。

12.上下段互銜式

上下段互銜式指選項(xiàng)在一段的末尾，但又引出下段的內(nèi)容，該選項(xiàng)往往是下面幾段的主旨句。上下段的語義往往是環(huán)環(huán)相扣的，這就需要學(xué)生理解上下段內(nèi)容，找出上下段的銜接點(diǎn)，往往正確選項(xiàng)就是上下段的結(jié)合點(diǎn)。

（2020 年新高考Ⅱ卷）Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care.Don’t be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you. 36

【答案及解析】B。由上文“Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care.”可知和醫(yī)生交流的好處及鼓勵和醫(yī)生交流，下文“Stay positive.”“Keep track of how you are feeling.”等給出了和醫(yī)生交流的建議。B 選項(xiàng)“Here are some tips for talking with your doctor.”既總結(jié)了上文又是對下文每段主旨的概括。故選B。

“七選五”比較全面地考查了學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)，牽涉歸納、推理等方面的能力。教師應(yīng)通過方法的引領(lǐng)，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)，避免其盲目做題。通過思維品質(zhì)的訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生不但提高了做“七選五”試題的準(zhǔn)確率，而且努力成為一個在生活和學(xué)習(xí)中會思考的人。