江蘇省太倉(cāng)市沙溪鎮(zhèn)直塘小學(xué) 黃 瑛
《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》指出,英語(yǔ)課程承擔(dān)著培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基本英語(yǔ)素養(yǎng)和發(fā)展學(xué)生思維能力的任務(wù)。思維能力是指人通過(guò)大腦進(jìn)行分析、綜合、判斷、推理從而對(duì)事物進(jìn)行全面深入認(rèn)識(shí)的能力。英語(yǔ)繪本內(nèi)容豐富,可以為學(xué)生思維能力的培養(yǎng)提供較大的空間,繪本閱讀教學(xué)是學(xué)生思維能力培養(yǎng)的重要途徑。在繪本閱讀教學(xué)中,我們要結(jié)合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)和英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程,從課堂教學(xué)的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力。本文以四年級(jí)繪本The little red hen的教學(xué)實(shí)踐為例,闡述在英語(yǔ)繪本故事教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維能力的初步思考。
繪本The little red hen講述的是一只小紅母雞與朋友之間發(fā)生的一個(gè)關(guān)于友誼的故事。小紅母雞發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些種子,邀請(qǐng)朋友們一起幫忙播種、澆水、收割、磨面、做面包,小紅母雞的盛情邀請(qǐng)?jiān)獾搅送閭兊臒o(wú)情拒絕。沒有朋友幫助,小紅母雞通過(guò)自己的努力一個(gè)人完成了從播種到做面包的整個(gè)過(guò)程,最后小紅母雞終于做好了香噴噴的面包并享受著自己的勞動(dòng)成果,而此時(shí)同伴們卻想要一起分享面包。通過(guò)這個(gè)故事引發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)于友誼和不勞而獲的思考。
讀前環(huán)節(jié)重在激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣,引領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)入繪本學(xué)習(xí),激活學(xué)生的思維。
繪本閱讀教學(xué)的讀前環(huán)節(jié)不僅要激發(fā)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)興趣,而且要聯(lián)系學(xué)生已有的學(xué)習(xí)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),激活其思維。筆者在Pre-reading部分,首先以一首與話題相關(guān)的又符合學(xué)生年齡特點(diǎn)的歌曲帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生唱唱跳跳進(jìn)入動(dòng)物的世界,隨后以animals為抓手開展free talk引入話題,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),引發(fā)學(xué)生思考。
教學(xué)片段:
T: What animal do you like? Why? Where can we see the animals?
S1: On the farm .
S2:In the zoo.
T: Actually, we can also see the animals in some picture books.(出示書本)Have you ever read any picture books about animals?
S1: Yes. The three little pigs.
S2: This is my family
T: Today, Miss Huang brings a picture book too. It is also a story about animals. Would you like to read it with me?
Ss: Yes!
以上的教學(xué)片段中,筆者提出了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,學(xué)生說(shuō)出自己喜歡的動(dòng)物并說(shuō)明理由,結(jié)合已有經(jīng)驗(yàn)回憶讀過(guò)的關(guān)于動(dòng)物的繪本,帶著對(duì)動(dòng)物類繪本的好奇進(jìn)入新繪本的學(xué)習(xí)。
繪本封面和插圖豐富,文字簡(jiǎn)潔,給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造了充分的想象空間?!癡iewing+Reading”是繪本閱讀不同于其他文字材料閱讀的關(guān)鍵特質(zhì)。因此,在繪本教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師要巧用封面和圖片,搭建聯(lián)系。
教學(xué)片段:
T: Guess, what animal is it ?(利用希沃白板橡皮擦功能)
S: Is it a/ an ______?
T: Oh, look , it’s a hen.
T: This is the cover of the book. What do you know from the cover?
S1: The little red hen.
T: Great! This is the title of the book.
S2: The little red hen has some bread.
S3: I can see some seeds.
T: Enjoy more pictures of the book and say: What is this picture book about?
S1: This story is about the little red hen and her friends.
S2: The little red hen wants to make some bread with her friends.
繪本的封面和插圖透露了重要的文本信息,英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同樣強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生要能夠借助圖片讀懂故事。對(duì)于繪本中的插圖,我們不僅僅停留在“看一看”的層面,更重要的是要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生“想一想”。在導(dǎo)入本課的教學(xué)之后,筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察封面,找出故事名字及其主人公——The little red hen,欣賞繪本插圖,聯(lián)想故事的內(nèi)容:The little red hen wants to make some bread with her friends.為學(xué)生深入理解繪本做鋪墊。
讀中環(huán)節(jié)是深入理解文本、提升和發(fā)展學(xué)生思維能力的重要環(huán)節(jié)。在本課的教學(xué)中,筆者利用圖片環(huán)游的教學(xué)方式徐徐展開教學(xué),但需要注意的是,圖片環(huán)游并不是簡(jiǎn)單地讀圖,而是通過(guò)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生讀圖來(lái)分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題、學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),最終指向思維能力的提升,因此圖片環(huán)游的核心是問(wèn)題。筆者通過(guò)有效問(wèn)題的引領(lǐng),激發(fā)學(xué)生思維,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì),并在圖片環(huán)游的過(guò)程中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生邊閱讀邊總結(jié)閱讀技巧和策略。
教師在閱讀教學(xué)中,可以根據(jù)文本的特點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生尋找關(guān)鍵詞或者概括大意,以此加深學(xué)生對(duì)文本的理解,訓(xùn)練其歸納概括的能力。筆者前期通過(guò)文本的深入解讀,厘清了文本的主線——小紅母雞把種子從播種到做成面包的整個(gè)過(guò)程,由此設(shè)計(jì)如下環(huán)節(jié)。
教學(xué)片段:
T: To make the bread, what does the little red hen do?Skim the whole story and talk about it in your groups.
出示tips: If you meet some new words, try to read them and pictures will help us understand the meaning. Help each other in your groups!
T: Is it easy to make the bread?
S: No.
T: Yes! It’s not easy for the little red hen to make some bread by herself. So she wants some help from her friends.
在以上教學(xué)片段中,筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過(guò)快速瀏覽故事內(nèi)容,小組討論、排序找出故事的主線(小紅母雞做面包的過(guò)程),通過(guò)觀察圖片、上下文以及構(gòu)詞猜測(cè)詞義,根據(jù)發(fā)音規(guī)則朗讀生詞,并且體會(huì)小紅母雞做出面包的不易,為進(jìn)一步的閱讀做鋪墊。
進(jìn)入繪本后,根據(jù)故事發(fā)生的順序以小問(wèn)題引領(lǐng)展開導(dǎo)讀,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注圖片細(xì)節(jié),通過(guò)觀察人物表情、句子標(biāo)點(diǎn),體會(huì)人物心情,理解文本內(nèi)容。
教學(xué)片段一:
Scene 2: Picture 6-8。
T: After planting the seeds,the little red hen wants to water the seeds.
(錄音) Come on ,who can help me?
出示三句話。
T: Look at the pictures and choose which sentence does the cat say? Which sentence does the duck say? And which sentence does the goose say? And why?
S1:The cat says, I don’t like water,because cats are afraid of water.
S2:The duck says, I want my lunch. I can know this from the picture.
S3:The goose says,I want a walk.
在這一教學(xué)片段中,筆者通過(guò)讀一讀,選一選cat、duck、goose分別會(huì)說(shuō)哪句話的活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在繪本閱讀的過(guò)程中關(guān)注圖片與文字的一體性,將文本、圖片和學(xué)生生活實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)相聯(lián)系,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察能力、邏輯推理能力。
教學(xué)片段二:
Scene 5: Picture 15-17.
T: The little red hen wants to make some bread. Can the cat, the duck and the goose help her this time? What do they say to the little red hen? Try to guess.
S1:The cat says, No, I want to go fishing.
S2:The duck says, No, I want to sleep.
S3:The goose says,No, I want to go home and look after my baby.
...
筆者通過(guò)讓學(xué)生大膽猜測(cè)朋友們會(huì)說(shuō)什么,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生開放思維,同時(shí)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)句型“I want/want to...”進(jìn)行遷移運(yùn)用。
分析性問(wèn)題是指通過(guò)文本或語(yǔ)段的學(xué)習(xí),對(duì)于教師提出的問(wèn)題,學(xué)生要利用所學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析和思考,明確回答問(wèn)題的根據(jù)和理由,這為學(xué)生的思考提供了機(jī)會(huì)。
故事結(jié)尾,小紅母雞終于通過(guò)自己的默默努力做出了香噴噴的面包,學(xué)生通過(guò)觀察和預(yù)測(cè)了解到三個(gè)小動(dòng)物都很想吃這個(gè)面包,筆者針對(duì)小紅母雞是否會(huì)把面包與他們分享展開提問(wèn),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的分析能力。
教學(xué)片段:
Scene 6: Picture 18-19.
T: Wow! The bread is ready. It is time to eat the bread.Look at the bread. The cat, the duck and the goose all want to help the little red hen to eat the bread.
T: But the little red hen thinks. What does the little red hen think?
S1: Should I share the bread with them?
T: If you were the little red hen,do you share the bread with them? Why?
S1: No, because they didn’t do anything.
S2: No,because they are not my true friends.
S3: Yes, because they are my friends.
...
筆者通過(guò)讓學(xué)生猜一猜故事的結(jié)局,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生大膽想象,促進(jìn)學(xué)生思考,在輕松的氛圍中促進(jìn)學(xué)生的表達(dá)。而這里也是本節(jié)課的高潮部分,大部分學(xué)生說(shuō)小紅母雞不會(huì)和朋友們分享自己辛辛苦苦做出來(lái)的面包,因?yàn)榕笥褌冊(cè)谧约盒枰獛椭臅r(shí)候沒有做任何事情。而也有部分學(xué)生說(shuō)如果自己是小紅母雞,依然會(huì)和朋友們分享。無(wú)論學(xué)生的回答是會(huì)還是不會(huì),筆者都給予了肯定,不分享也在情理之中,依然選擇分享可見學(xué)生的善良和美好。由此可見,學(xué)生在讀繪本的過(guò)程中,確實(shí)在用心體會(huì)。學(xué)生眼里的繪本世界是真實(shí)可愛的,有了這樣真實(shí)有趣的課堂討論,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)繪本的過(guò)程中,心境會(huì)更寬廣,思維會(huì)更活躍。
著名教育家斯普朗格說(shuō)過(guò):“教育絕非單純的文化傳遞,教育之為教育,正在于它是一種人格心靈的喚醒,這是教育的核心所在?!泵恳粋€(gè)繪本故事都蘊(yùn)含著一定的哲理,寓意深刻,是進(jìn)行情感教育和文化滲透很好的載體,故事中主人公經(jīng)歷的事情對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)就是一種人生體驗(yàn)。
教學(xué)片段:
T: What do you think of the little red hen and her friends in the story?
S1: I think the little red hen is very hardworking.
S2: I think her friends are very selfish and lazy.
T: What do you learn from this lesson?
S1: From the story, I know how to make the bread.
S2: From the story ,I know “No pains,no gains”.
S3: From the little red hen and her friends, I know“A friend in need is a friend indeed” and friends should help each other.
...
T: It is spring. The little red hen finds some seeds again.What will happen?
S1: The little red hen asks her friends for help again,they do all the work together and enjoy the bread together.
S2: The little red hen gives the seeds to her fiends. Her friends do all the work and finally make some bread for the little red hen.
S3: ...
在讀后環(huán)節(jié),筆者設(shè)計(jì)了三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)追問(wèn)引思:一是讓學(xué)生談?wù)劰适轮行〖t母雞和朋友們的性格特點(diǎn);二是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生說(shuō)說(shuō)本節(jié)課中收獲的感悟;三是創(chuàng)設(shè)了一個(gè)新的留白情境,即第二年春天,小紅母雞又撿到了一袋種子,這次故事會(huì)怎么發(fā)展呢……繪本課給予學(xué)生的感動(dòng)往往高于文字的表達(dá),當(dāng)學(xué)生真正讀懂繪本后,故事中所蘊(yùn)含的豐富內(nèi)涵、人物的情緒和特點(diǎn)等自然而然地就能被學(xué)生體會(huì)。
培養(yǎng)思維能力、發(fā)展思維品質(zhì)是英語(yǔ)教育的主要目標(biāo)之一。在英語(yǔ)繪本閱讀教學(xué)中,教師要在解讀文本的基礎(chǔ)上,充分挖掘故事情節(jié)中的懸疑點(diǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)、留白點(diǎn)和趣味點(diǎn),充分利用繪本的圖片和文字內(nèi)涵設(shè)問(wèn)導(dǎo)學(xué),以繪本故事為主線,讀前設(shè)疑、讀中啟發(fā)、讀后反思,以豐富有效的活動(dòng)為載體促進(jìn)學(xué)生思維能力的發(fā)展。