邊陽(yáng)甫 金琪
[摘要] 目的 分析工業(yè)輻射晶狀體混濁放射人員體檢結(jié)果及職業(yè)特點(diǎn)。方法 統(tǒng)計(jì)某檢測(cè)科技有限公司放射工作人員眼晶狀體混濁情況的檢查結(jié)果并進(jìn)行分析,20例晶狀體混濁患者與100例無(wú)晶狀體混濁患者分別作為觀察組和對(duì)照組,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析兩組患者的一般臨床資料、遺傳實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果。 結(jié)果 通過(guò)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),觀察組染色體畸變、淋巴細(xì)胞微核率均大于對(duì)照組患者(P<0.05);兩組患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體均存在無(wú)著絲粒環(huán)和雙著絲粒斷片的情況,觀察組患者的染色體畸變發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)高于對(duì)照組,且存在雙著絲粒體的畸變情況(P<0.05);通過(guò)對(duì)比不同工齡的晶狀體混濁患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核及染色體畸變情況發(fā)現(xiàn),工齡的長(zhǎng)短與患者的外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核發(fā)生率及染色體畸變發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 放射線對(duì)身體的損害不僅作用于晶狀體,同樣還對(duì)人體的基因染色體造成影響。對(duì)長(zhǎng)期從事放射工作的人員需加強(qiáng)輻射防護(hù)知識(shí)培訓(xùn),提高防護(hù)意識(shí)和加強(qiáng)防護(hù)措施,規(guī)范個(gè)人劑量監(jiān)測(cè)和職業(yè)健康檢查。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 晶狀體混濁;工業(yè)輻射;遺傳物質(zhì);染色體畸變
[中圖分類號(hào)] R776? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2022)10-0066-03
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the physical examination results and occupational characteristics of lens opacity of radiation in a detection technology co, ltd. Methods The results of lens opacity of radiation workers in a company were analyzed, 20 Lens opacity patients and 100 non-lens opacity patients as the observation group and the control group, respectively. The general clinical data and the genetic laboratory test results of the two groups of patients were statistically analyzed. Results It was found that the chromosomal aberrations and the number of lymphocyte micronuclei in the observation group affected by radioactive factors were greater than those in the control group, and the micronucleus cell rate and lymphocyte micronucleus rate were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosomes of the two groups of patients had acentric fragments and dicentric chromosomes, but the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in the observation group was much higher than that in the control group, and there were aberrations in the centromere ring (P<0.05). By comparing the peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus and chromosome aberrations of lens opacity patients with different working ages, it is found that the length of service is positively correlated with the incidence of peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations (P<0.05). Conclusion Radiation damages the body not only directly on the lens, but also on human genetic chromosomes. For workers who have been engaged in radiation for a long time, it is necessary to strengthen the training of radiation protection knowledge, improve protection awareness and strengthen protective measures, and standardize the implementation of personal dose monitoring and occupational health inspections of radiation workers.
[Key words] Lens opacity; Industrial radiation; Genetic material; Chromosome aberrationA4B4324B-629E-49AD-95F2-6E05D9290533
隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,放射源越來(lái)越常見(jiàn),長(zhǎng)期接觸放射性物質(zhì)對(duì)人體有一定危害[1]。當(dāng)晶狀體受到放射累積劑量超過(guò)1 Gy時(shí),經(jīng)過(guò)一定時(shí)間的潛伏期,就會(huì)發(fā)展成放射性白內(nèi)障[2-4]。但隨著放射性職業(yè)病的不斷深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人體長(zhǎng)期受低電離輻射,將會(huì)引起白細(xì)胞降低,抵抗力下降,外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核數(shù)增加和染色體畸變[5-6]。本文回顧性分析20例晶狀體混濁病例與100例無(wú)晶狀體混濁病例外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核和染色體畸變情況,探究晶狀體混濁外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核及其染色體畸變特點(diǎn),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本文回顧性分析2018—2021年杭州市職業(yè)病防治院進(jìn)行放射人員職業(yè)健康體檢的某大型檢測(cè)科技有限公司,該公司接觸的輻射種類包括工業(yè)輻照(3A)、工業(yè)探傷(3B)、放射性同位素生產(chǎn)(3D)及其他(3G),公司晶狀體混濁人員20例,晶狀體混濁率3.5%,工齡3~23年。選擇20例晶狀體混濁患者與同期100例無(wú)晶狀體混濁患者,分別作為觀察組和對(duì)照組,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析兩組一般臨床資料,檢測(cè)分析兩組研究對(duì)象外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核和染色體畸變情況。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):根據(jù)《放射工作人員職業(yè)健康檢查監(jiān)護(hù)技術(shù)規(guī)范》及《職業(yè)性放射性白內(nèi)障的診斷》中診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所有病例須符合以下特點(diǎn):①研究組晶狀體有混濁但達(dá)不到放射性白內(nèi)障診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②對(duì)照組無(wú)晶狀體混濁;③對(duì)照組患者無(wú)其他有毒有害接觸史[7-11];④兩組病例均無(wú)結(jié)締組織病、代謝性疾病、急性感染性疾病、腫瘤等可影響遺傳物質(zhì)的疾病。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):排除不配合本次調(diào)查的患者和家屬[12-13]。兩組的性別、年齡、工齡和體重等一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。本次研究所涉及的患者及家屬均知情同意,且研究通過(guò)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
(1)儀器和試劑:①眼壓計(jì);②裂隙燈;③散瞳劑;④Giemsa染液[14];⑤染色體及微核分析儀。
(2)采血:早晨采集空腹病人3 ml肘部靜脈血。操作時(shí),遵循無(wú)菌操作原則,采血力度應(yīng)適宜,防止血液出現(xiàn)泡沫,造成溶血現(xiàn)象[15-16]。
(3)淋巴細(xì)胞微核測(cè)定:油鏡下每例計(jì)數(shù)1000個(gè)胞漿完整已轉(zhuǎn)化的淋巴細(xì)胞[17-18]。檢查儀器為Scope.A1外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核顯微鏡觀察儀。計(jì)算淋巴細(xì)胞微核率(微核率正常參考值0‰~8‰);淋巴細(xì)胞異常檢出,指受檢者淋巴細(xì)胞微核率大于參考值上線。
(4)外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體畸變檢測(cè):采患者靜脈血,送實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行外周血淋巴細(xì)胞培養(yǎng),周期為3 d,后對(duì)培養(yǎng)所得細(xì)胞進(jìn)行制片染色,記錄染色體異常情況[19]。儀器為Zeiss imager. Z2自助染色體掃描分析儀(德國(guó))。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組研究對(duì)象的外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核和染色體畸變情況,外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核率=微核細(xì)胞數(shù)/細(xì)胞總數(shù)×100%,外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體畸變率=畸變細(xì)胞數(shù)/細(xì)胞總數(shù)×100%。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)設(shè)定為α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核比較
經(jīng)檢測(cè),觀察組患者的微核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞微核均多于對(duì)照組,且淋巴細(xì)胞微核率大于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 兩組外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體畸變比較
兩組患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體均存在無(wú)著絲粒斷片和無(wú)著絲粒環(huán)染色體畸變情況,其中觀察組患者的染色體畸變發(fā)生率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 不同工齡外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核及染色體畸變比較
工齡越長(zhǎng),晶狀體混濁患者的外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核發(fā)生率及染色體畸變發(fā)生率越高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
外周血淋巴細(xì)胞是人體的免疫細(xì)胞。長(zhǎng)期接觸電離輻射的員工,若工作時(shí)防護(hù)措施不到位,人體內(nèi)會(huì)對(duì)輻射防護(hù)劑量有個(gè)限值,當(dāng)超過(guò)這一限值后會(huì)對(duì)人體外周血淋巴細(xì)胞微核、染色體畸變及白細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、血紅蛋白、血小板等有一定的影響,嚴(yán)重者會(huì)出現(xiàn)腫瘤甚至癌變,危及工作人員的生命安全,故有效的防護(hù)措施及預(yù)防尤為重要[20-22]。對(duì)于放射性污染造成的外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體畸變及微核,郝述霞等[20]曾指出,微核率的大小與輻射累積量以及作用因子劑量均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。隨著研究不斷深入,對(duì)于畸變?nèi)旧w計(jì)數(shù)手段逐漸成熟,簡(jiǎn)易周期微核計(jì)數(shù)是根據(jù)染色體對(duì)輻射敏感度、畸變持續(xù)時(shí)間等相關(guān)性而得出的計(jì)數(shù)手段,并逐漸得到普及[23-24]。
本次研究通過(guò)回顧性分析兩組患者臨床資料顯示,受放射性因素影響的觀察組患者微核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞微核數(shù)均大于對(duì)照組患者。觀察組患者的染色體畸變發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)高于對(duì)照組,且存在雙著絲粒體染色體畸變情況。因此,長(zhǎng)期暴露于放射污染環(huán)境下的工作人員除了晶狀體、血液系統(tǒng)會(huì)受到損傷,染色體微核也會(huì)受到影響,存在變異風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)接觸放射性物質(zhì)劑量的不同,臨床表現(xiàn)也存在些許差異。職業(yè)性受照射人群受照累積劑量越高,外周血淋巴細(xì)胞染色體畸變率、微核細(xì)胞率越高,慢性放射性損傷細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)效應(yīng)就越明顯。對(duì)比不同工齡的晶狀體混濁患者情況發(fā)現(xiàn),工齡的長(zhǎng)短與患者的微核發(fā)生率及染色體畸變發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān)。表明工齡時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),人體接受電離輻射的劑量越多,承受能力越弱,管理部門應(yīng)告誡長(zhǎng)期工作在電離輻射下的員工做好防輻射措施,在有條件的情況下盡量縮短工作時(shí)間,緩解工作人員的身體承受能力,以保持工作人員的身體健康。
及早的預(yù)防、全面的防護(hù)措施才是減少放射工作人員身體出現(xiàn)損傷的必要措施,各企業(yè)要認(rèn)真落實(shí)員工職業(yè)健康體檢工作,并更新陳舊的、輻射量大的設(shè)備,普及防輻射知識(shí)、做好日常輻射劑量監(jiān)測(cè),將職業(yè)性放射性相關(guān)疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最低。A4B4324B-629E-49AD-95F2-6E05D9290533
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(收稿日期:2021-04-12)A4B4324B-629E-49AD-95F2-6E05D9290533