王殿軒 劉磊 黃依林 陳亮 渠琛玲 張浩 白春?jiǎn)?唐培安
摘要 花生生長(zhǎng)中土壤蟲害、收獲后的莢果帶菌量、莢果發(fā)育不良或成熟過度、收獲中機(jī)械損傷、收獲后干燥不及時(shí)、莢果水分過高、儲(chǔ)藏中吸濕受潮、儲(chǔ)藏害蟲為害等影響花生果的安全儲(chǔ)藏。含水量為47%的濕花生果在10~25℃、RH 60%~90%時(shí)儲(chǔ)存1 d,或在4~5℃、RH 65%~79%條件下存放10 d即會(huì)出現(xiàn)霉變。含水量為39%的花生果在9~18℃、RH 62%~89%條件下存放1~2 d即會(huì)出現(xiàn)霉變。溫度9~19℃時(shí)大規(guī)模倉儲(chǔ)的干燥花生果在其水分活度為0.43~0.57時(shí),儲(chǔ)藏期間因溫差和濕熱轉(zhuǎn)移造成花生果堆內(nèi)局部水分增高,在半年的儲(chǔ)藏時(shí)間內(nèi)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)霉變或產(chǎn)毒。含水量為6%的花生果在20℃、RH 70%以下時(shí)可安全儲(chǔ)藏,相對(duì)濕度達(dá)到70%及以上則會(huì)發(fā)生霉變。含水量為9%的花生果在25~27℃、RH 70%條件下,或在環(huán)境氧氣含量低于1%,或二氧化碳含量60%以上安全儲(chǔ)藏時(shí)間可達(dá)1年。
關(guān)鍵詞 花生果;儲(chǔ)藏;環(huán)境因素;霉變
中圖分類號(hào): S435.652
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2021093
Abstract The safe storage of peanut pods can be affected by soil pest feeding during peanut growth,the amount of contaminated fungi in harvested peanut pods, immature or excessive mature pods, physical damage in harvest, drying not in time after harvest, higher moisture content, moisture re-absorption in storage, storage insect pest infestation and so on. Mildew grew in the peanut pods with a moisture content of 47% when at 10-25℃ and RH 60%-90% for only one day or at 4-5℃ and RH 65%-79% for ten days. Mildew grew in the peanut pods with a moisture content of 39% under the conditions of 9-18℃ and RH 62%-89% just in two days. Mildew or toxin production will occur within half a year in the large-scale stored dried peanuts with a water activity of 0.43-0.57 when the moisture in the peanut pile increases due to sharp temperature gradient and transfer of moisture and heat at the temperature of 9-19℃. The peanut pods with a moisture content of 6% can be safely stored at 20℃,a relative humidity below 70%,and it will mildew in a short time if the relative humidity reaches 70% or above. The peanut pods with a moisture content of 9% could be safely stored for up to one year at 25-27℃ and RH 70%, or in an environment with an oxygen content less than 1%, or a carbon dioxide content more than 60%.
Key words peanut pods;storage;environmental factors;mildew
花生Archis hypogaea是世界上第四大油料和第十三大人類食源作物[1],是人類重要的優(yōu)質(zhì)植物蛋白和油脂來源,也是深受人們喜愛的食品[2-3]?;ㄉ鷱V泛種植于亞洲、非洲、美洲等許多地區(qū)。中國(guó)花生種植面積約占世界種植面積的20%,居世界第2位,產(chǎn)量約占世界總產(chǎn)的40%,居第1位[4-5]。近年來世界上花生種植面積和產(chǎn)量增加趨勢(shì)明顯[6]。中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局資料顯示,2019年中國(guó)花生播種面積為46.3萬hm2,較2018年增加了1.38萬hm2;2019年中國(guó)花生產(chǎn)量為1 752萬t,較2018年的1 733.2萬t同比增長(zhǎng)108%?;ㄉ斋@及安全儲(chǔ)藏對(duì)其產(chǎn)業(yè)良好發(fā)展有著直接影響。我國(guó)花生收獲時(shí)間較為集中, 尤其是花生生產(chǎn)過程中的機(jī)械化導(dǎo)致短時(shí)間內(nèi)大量濕花生果積聚[7],使其霉變與產(chǎn)生毒素的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大大提高。花生種植、儲(chǔ)藏和加工中黃曲霉毒素超標(biāo)事件時(shí)有發(fā)生[8]。2015年我國(guó)出口歐盟食品違例事件251 起,其中花生黃曲霉毒素超標(biāo)事件占98 起, 在單一事件中比例最高[9]。花生中的真菌毒素以黃曲霉毒素為主, 包括黃曲霉毒素AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2, 其中AFB1占絕大部分且毒性最強(qiáng)[10]?;ㄉ斋@后大多先以莢果的形式處理和存儲(chǔ), 包括田間自然干燥、露天晾曬、帶稈碼垛、倉場(chǎng)儲(chǔ)存等, 期間極易受到霉菌污染甚至產(chǎn)生毒素[11-12]?;ㄉ拿棺兒投舅禺a(chǎn)生與處理過程中的環(huán)境因素及條件關(guān)系密切[13-17]。干燥花生果在高濕環(huán)境吸濕快,花生果殼吸收的水分比籽仁高[18],因而更易霉變。果實(shí)質(zhì)量、環(huán)境溫度、濕度、氣體成分、氣流狀況、倉儲(chǔ)條件等影響花生果的安全儲(chǔ)藏。
1 收獲花生果的質(zhì)量與安全儲(chǔ)藏
1.1 花生果田間收獲時(shí)的質(zhì)量因素與安全儲(chǔ)藏
生長(zhǎng)期帶菌量較多、蟲害、發(fā)育不良、成熟過度等都會(huì)對(duì)花生果后期儲(chǔ)藏造成不利影響。花生果后期的安全儲(chǔ)藏與收獲時(shí)花生果的帶菌量關(guān)系密切, 收獲前被霉菌污染的花生果在后期儲(chǔ)藏中因條件不當(dāng)而繼續(xù)霉變[2]。收獲前,土壤中的真菌種類、溫度、水分含量和濕度等都會(huì)影響霉菌感染[2,19]。黃曲霉Aspergillus flavus和鐮刀菌Fusarium spp.可以在花生果收獲后的幾個(gè)月內(nèi)被檢出[20]。花生果收獲前30~50 d,溫度適宜(24~28℃)時(shí)花生果被黃曲霉污染的概率高, 在此期間天氣越干旱, 黃曲霉的感染率和產(chǎn)毒率越高。未成熟或過度成熟的花生果黃曲霉污染率較高[21]。
花生果在收獲前若受到土壤中害蟲如蠐螬等為害,或收獲前30~50 d內(nèi)土壤溫度達(dá)28~30.5℃,或收獲前4~6周受到干旱等的脅迫, 其感染黃曲霉和寄生曲霉Aspergillus parasiticus的幾率增加[21-22]。地下害蟲對(duì)花生果的為害使其對(duì)霉菌的抵抗力降低, 更容易感染黃曲霉和青霉Penicillium[23-26]。適時(shí)收獲對(duì)減少霉菌和毒素污染以及后期安全儲(chǔ)藏都是必要的[2]。土壤中主要以蠐螬、金針蟲等為害花生果[4,27-28], 如南美玉米苗斑螟Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller可能攜帶和傳播黃曲霉等植物病原體[24]。
將黃曲霉和寄生曲霉的非產(chǎn)毒株與栽培土混合,其在生長(zhǎng)過程中與產(chǎn)毒株競(jìng)爭(zhēng)[29-30],可顯著降低花生果產(chǎn)生黃曲霉毒素的含量,被認(rèn)為很有應(yīng)用前景。
1.2 花生果收獲后的質(zhì)量因素與安全儲(chǔ)藏
收獲的花生果帶有的微生物含量會(huì)影響其后期儲(chǔ)藏安全, 儲(chǔ)藏條件不當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下花生果中的微生物會(huì)消耗其營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)造成質(zhì)量下降[31]。收獲的未成熟果、機(jī)械損傷果、破損果、開裂莢果、干燥不及時(shí)的果實(shí)會(huì)影響后期安全儲(chǔ)藏,尤其是后期花生返潮吸濕后更容易霉變[32-35]。花生果的病、殘、秕果抗感染能力下降,這類花生果含量多時(shí)也會(huì)增加黃曲霉侵染的機(jī)率。儲(chǔ)藏中的害蟲為害可能會(huì)間接導(dǎo)致黃曲霉侵染和毒素產(chǎn)生。
2 環(huán)境溫度與花生果安全儲(chǔ)藏
2.1 儲(chǔ)藏過程中溫度變化與干花生果的霉變與產(chǎn)毒
溫度影響多種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及制品中黃曲霉和寄生曲霉的消長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)及毒素產(chǎn)生[12-13]?;ㄉ悬S曲霉和寄生曲霉生長(zhǎng)的最適溫度分別為25℃和25~30℃[21]。在寄生曲霉產(chǎn)生的黃曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)和黃曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)中, AFG1的含量隨溫度升高而相對(duì)減少。實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下寄生曲霉在pH 5.9和5.5時(shí)產(chǎn)生毒素的最適溫度分別為27.84℃和27.32℃[36]。
在阿根廷, 將2 600 t品種為 ‘Runner’的花生果散存于長(zhǎng)120 m、寬12 m、高20 m的鋼板頂倉房中, 該倉房配有可降低溫濕度的機(jī)械通風(fēng)系統(tǒng), 儲(chǔ)藏期在5月—10月, 并于9月進(jìn)行了磷化氫熏蒸殺蟲。倉房5月、6月、8月、9月和10月平均環(huán)境溫度分別為12、9、10、15℃和19℃, 相應(yīng)月份花生的水分活度分別為0.57、0.48、0.45、0.48和0.43, 對(duì)相應(yīng)月份花生仁進(jìn)行檢測(cè)其總帶菌量在3.38~474(log cfu/g)范圍內(nèi)。檢測(cè)到的霉菌種類包括青霉Penicillium sp.、鐮刀菌Fusarium sp.和黃曲霉, 以及較少的枝孢霉Cladosporium sp.、黑曲霉Aspergillus niger、鏈格孢Alternaria sp.、散囊菌Eurotium sp.和曲霉Aspergillus spp.。期間對(duì)應(yīng)月份所取樣品的平均AFB1含量分別為<1 μg/kg、<1 μg/kg、2.85(最大12.09)μg/kg、68.86(最大342.4)μg/kg和69(最大314)μg/kg。在8月平均溫度僅10℃、水分活度0.45的情況下檢測(cè)樣品的AFB1含量最大達(dá)到12.09 μg/kg [34]。其原因可能是5月—8月的晝夜溫差變化使得大規(guī)?;ㄉ旬a(chǎn)生了明顯的溫差[34], 導(dǎo)致濕熱轉(zhuǎn)移使得花生堆局部水分增高,創(chuàng)造了利于霉菌繁殖的條件,導(dǎo)致花生果霉變, 進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生毒素。
2.2 高水分含量的濕花生果在幾個(gè)場(chǎng)所的霉變時(shí)間
將90 kg含水量為47.3%的濕花生果儲(chǔ)藏于直徑500 mm、高600 mm的透氣金屬網(wǎng)囤中, 在溫度10~25℃、RH 60%~90%的持續(xù)陰雨天氣下, 料堆中心1 d后出現(xiàn)霉變發(fā)熱。在溫度13~16℃時(shí)堆存不足2 d即有霉變。將含水量47.3%的濕花生果裝入直徑650 mm鐵皮小鋼板倉囤, 在溫度4~5℃、RH 65%~79%的冷庫中10 d即出現(xiàn)霉變發(fā)熱, 至18 d時(shí)料堆中心溫度可達(dá)28℃。水分含量39.1%的濕花生果在9~18℃、RH 62%~89%持續(xù)陰雨天氣下置于樓道內(nèi)走廊地面上, 攤開厚度10~15 cm, 每天翻動(dòng)2~3次, 2 d后出現(xiàn)霉變[37]?;ㄉ汛鏁r(shí), 堆內(nèi)因濕花生果及霉菌生長(zhǎng)的積熱容易導(dǎo)致進(jìn)一步霉變和毒素產(chǎn)生, 即使短時(shí)間也難以安全儲(chǔ)藏。
3 環(huán)境濕度與花生果安全儲(chǔ)藏時(shí)間
花生果干燥至含水量10%以下可安全儲(chǔ)藏[38-39]。國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 1532-2008中要求花生果的含水量為10%[40]?;ㄉ麅?chǔ)藏中霉菌的生長(zhǎng)與花生水分活度關(guān)系更為密切, 通常黃曲霉生長(zhǎng)要求的最低水分活度為0.78~0.80[41], 花生果上黃曲霉生長(zhǎng)的最低水分活度為0.67~0.72[42]。通常只有少數(shù)干性霉菌在水分活度0.75或以下時(shí)能生長(zhǎng)[43]。含水量8%~10%的花生果在RH 82%條件下可滋生黃曲霉,產(chǎn)生毒素則需要含水量在10%以上[44]。含水量9%的花生果在25~27℃、RH 70%時(shí)可安全儲(chǔ)存近1年[22,45-46]。
初始含水量為6%的花生果在溫度20℃、RH 70%時(shí)可長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不出現(xiàn)霉變, 在RH 80%環(huán)境可安全存放14 d無霉變, 在RH 90%時(shí)可安全儲(chǔ)藏8 d,在溫度25~30℃、RH 70%環(huán)境中可長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不發(fā)生霉變, 而在RH 80%環(huán)境中只能安全儲(chǔ)藏13 d, 在RH 90%時(shí)只能安全儲(chǔ)藏8 d[47]。干燥花生果可吸濕返潮, 含水量高于9%的花生果吸濕時(shí)霉菌活動(dòng)概率增大[4,48]。干燥花生果在相對(duì)濕度大于其平衡相對(duì)濕度時(shí)會(huì)吸濕導(dǎo)致含水量和水分活度升高, 進(jìn)而誘發(fā)霉菌生長(zhǎng), 即使環(huán)境溫度在20℃以下, 儲(chǔ)藏花生果的環(huán)境相對(duì)濕度也不宜超過70%。
黃曲霉的侵染和毒素的產(chǎn)生需要一定的條件和時(shí)間積累, 儲(chǔ)藏時(shí)間也影響花生果的安全和品質(zhì)[49]。適合黃曲霉生長(zhǎng)的相對(duì)濕度為83%~85%[10,50]。將5包25 kg包裝的‘Runner IAC 886’花生果置于倉內(nèi)通風(fēng)良好的木架上, 在為期12個(gè)月的儲(chǔ)藏中溫度為19.4~27.0℃, 前6個(gè)月RH為58.03%~7193%, 最后3個(gè)月RH大于82%, 整個(gè)儲(chǔ)藏期間花生殼水分活度為0.38~0.65, 去殼花生仁的水分活度044~0.65,儲(chǔ)藏期間的第3個(gè)月即有6.7%的樣品AFB1含量達(dá)15~23 μg/kg, 說明透氣包裝儲(chǔ)存的花生果在非適宜黃曲霉產(chǎn)生毒素的條件下, 經(jīng)過3個(gè)月也會(huì)有霉變和產(chǎn)生AFB1[10], 其中20℃以上的溫度和較高的相對(duì)濕度起了重要作用。
4 環(huán)境氣體成分和包裝方式與花生果安全儲(chǔ)藏時(shí)間
低氧環(huán)境中花生的內(nèi)部生理活動(dòng)受到抑制。氧含量小于8%時(shí)儲(chǔ)藏4~5個(gè)月,期間花生的自由基和乙醛含量變化很小;氧含量小于2%時(shí)儲(chǔ)藏6~7個(gè)月無霉變[51]。將二氧化碳按質(zhì)量比0.11 mL/g充入小包裝的含水量6.4%的花生果可即時(shí)形成吸附結(jié)塊, 在45℃下存放25 d其酸價(jià)僅從0.2 mg/g上升至0.3 mg/g, 且不出現(xiàn)霉變現(xiàn)象[52]。氧氣含量1%、氮?dú)夂?9%、二氧化碳含量80%時(shí)可完全抑制花生果黃曲霉毒素的產(chǎn)生[35]。26℃、二氧化碳含量60%可使花生在1年內(nèi)不霉變、不產(chǎn)生毒素[53]。25℃、氧含量為10%、環(huán)境中水分活度為097的花生儲(chǔ)藏21 d時(shí)出現(xiàn)霉變[54]。
含水量8%的花生果在40℃、RH 80%條件下5 d出現(xiàn)霉變, 在-0.06 MPa真空度下經(jīng)15 d才會(huì)出現(xiàn)輕微霉變[55]。真空包裝可以抑制霉菌發(fā)生, 但需要適合的包裝材料和包裝氣密性處理。
含水量10%的新收獲花生果可用透氣包裝袋儲(chǔ)藏, 以避免無氧呼吸和種胚中毒, 也利于呼吸產(chǎn)生的水分和熱量散發(fā)[56-58], 包裝應(yīng)以編織袋、麻袋為好。安全水分(含水量低于10%)的花生果適合用高阻隔性材料包裝, 含水量略高于安全水分的花生果適合用低氣密性的包裝材料, 較高含水量的花生果, 不適合密閉性包裝[59-61]。充分干燥且低溫儲(chǔ)藏的花生, 在環(huán)境濕度大于其平衡相對(duì)濕度時(shí)宜采用適當(dāng)?shù)拿芊獍b儲(chǔ)藏。花生果在RH 70%以上環(huán)境儲(chǔ)藏時(shí), 應(yīng)防止其吸濕增加含水量[47]。
5 花生儲(chǔ)藏害蟲與儲(chǔ)藏安全
世界范圍內(nèi)有600多種甲蟲,70多種蛾類和350多種螨為害農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及其加工品,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量減少和質(zhì)量受損[62]。一些國(guó)家對(duì)食品源農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的害蟲容忍度為零[63-64]。為害花生的儲(chǔ)藏害蟲有100多種, 主要包括谷斑皮蠹Trogoderma granarium Everts、花生豆象Caryedon serratus (Olivier)、鋸谷盜Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus)、印度谷斑螟Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)、粉斑螟Ephestia cautella (Walker)、煙草粉斑螟Ephestia elutella (Hübner)和赤擬谷盜Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), 以及扁谷盜科的害蟲如銹赤扁谷盜Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)等[65-70]。這些害蟲可為害花生果實(shí), 有時(shí)也是霉菌傳播的載體[26], 可攜帶傳播黃曲霉和青霉等[34]。
花生豆象是鉆蛀花生莢果為害種仁的害蟲, 其在花生大田晾曬期間即能為害。雌蟲在莢果或種仁上產(chǎn)卵, 孵化后幼蟲即鉆透果殼食害種仁。老熟幼蟲在果殼內(nèi)或果殼外做繭化蛹, 在花生堆垛頂部化蛹較多, 不利條件下其蛹可在繭內(nèi)停留數(shù)月至2年。成蟲多在花生果堆垛頂上交尾, 然后爬到垛內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵, 產(chǎn)卵多在倉內(nèi), 偶有產(chǎn)卵于田間。成蟲壽命2~3周, 一年可發(fā)生2~6代, 世代重疊嚴(yán)重, 常造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失[67,70]?;ㄉ瓜笤谖覈?guó)云南省、臺(tái)灣省有分布記錄。
谷斑皮蠹為我國(guó)和國(guó)際上最重要的檢疫性害蟲之一, 現(xiàn)已遍布非洲、亞洲、歐洲等60多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū), 我國(guó)目前僅在臺(tái)灣省有分布。該蟲以幼蟲取食為害, 除直接取食外, 還有粉碎食物的習(xí)性, 特別對(duì)花生、谷物、干果等為害嚴(yán)重, 造成的損失率一般為5%~30%, 最高能達(dá)到75%[71]。谷斑皮蠹常隨動(dòng)植物產(chǎn)品及其包裝物長(zhǎng)距離傳播蔓延, 適應(yīng)性強(qiáng), 對(duì)干燥、高溫、低溫以及殺蟲劑有較強(qiáng)的抵抗力, 當(dāng)條件不適時(shí)其幼蟲可滯育。滯育幼蟲隱藏于破碎糧和縫隙中, 具有強(qiáng)大的耐饑餓力, 斷絕食物的情況下可持續(xù)休眠和滯育4~8年[72]。近年來我國(guó)多次從進(jìn)口花生中檢出谷斑皮蠹。
印度谷斑螟是花生儲(chǔ)藏過程中的重要害蟲之一, 分布廣泛, 可為害約200種儲(chǔ)藏物品。其幼蟲可通過花生殼上的裂縫進(jìn)入內(nèi)部為害, 對(duì)花生仁為害嚴(yán)重。幼蟲可在花生堆垛表面吐絲結(jié)網(wǎng), 網(wǎng)內(nèi)含有幼蟲排泄物和蟲蛻等污染物[73-80]。
煙草粉斑螟為常見的世界性分布害蟲, 主要以幼蟲為害谷物和油料等, 其可以取食完整儲(chǔ)藏物, 也可通過取食、吐絲連綴、產(chǎn)生排泄物等進(jìn)行為害。煙草粉斑螟雌成蟲一生可產(chǎn)卵150~200粒, 孵化的幼蟲在儲(chǔ)藏物表面取食, 老熟幼蟲則覓隱蔽處化蛹, 環(huán)境適宜時(shí)其發(fā)育繁殖迅速, 造成嚴(yán)重危害[81-83]。
銹赤扁谷盜廣泛分布于世界各地, 幼蟲和成蟲均可為害破碎和受損的糧粒[84-86]。儲(chǔ)藏花生果中發(fā)生的扁谷盜科害蟲蟲體上檢出的霉菌樣品多為黃曲霉, 也有部分寄生曲霉[34]。儲(chǔ)藏中發(fā)生的扁谷盜科害蟲可能還包括長(zhǎng)角扁谷盜Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr)和土耳其扁谷盜Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle)等, 這些害蟲不直接取食花生, 在花生堆中發(fā)生主要是因其可取食物品粉屑, 喜歡有霉變儲(chǔ)藏物品的場(chǎng)所[68,87]。扁谷盜類害蟲對(duì)霉菌傳播具有促進(jìn)作用。
6 花生果安全儲(chǔ)藏因素調(diào)控
6.1 產(chǎn)前因素與調(diào)控
花生果被霉菌污染和毒素的產(chǎn)生量受產(chǎn)前和收獲花生果質(zhì)量及花生對(duì)霉菌抵抗力的影響, 更受后期水分、溫度、濕度等儲(chǔ)藏條件的影響。高水分活度與適宜溫度是霉菌發(fā)生和毒素產(chǎn)生的關(guān)鍵[88-89]。提高花生的抗旱性、抗病性和抗蟲性能有效降低收獲花生果被霉菌污染的程度, 培育抗黃曲霉花生品種是防止霉菌發(fā)生的途徑之一[90], 也是經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的預(yù)防措施[91], 但迄今國(guó)際上應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)的抗黃曲霉的花生品種還很少。
高水平毒素污染易出現(xiàn)于霉變和損傷的花生果上[92]。約80%的毒素污染出現(xiàn)在較小和有開裂的果體上[93], 收獲后去除霉變帶毒果粒是減少后期毒素污染的有效措施[94]。去除機(jī)械損傷、霉菌污染、變色、變形、開裂、癟小粒等果體可以減小黃曲霉毒素污染[2]。顆粒完整(少蟲害、少機(jī)械損傷, 少開裂、少未成熟、少成熟過度)、田間晾曬防雨淋、晾曬中防土壤接觸、保持通風(fēng)良好、及時(shí)干燥、適度干燥等也可防止花生果被霉菌污染[4]。產(chǎn)前的控制措施也包括生物制劑抑霉、適當(dāng)種植管理、采用抗性品種[2]。
土壤含鈣量低時(shí)會(huì)使花生果殼組織變松, 選擇含鈣較高且疏松的沙石土壤可大大降低花生田間生長(zhǎng)中感染黃曲霉毒素的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。土壤含水量高時(shí)容易產(chǎn)生爛果而有利于黃曲霉侵染[4]?;ㄉ墒旌蠹皶r(shí)收獲可減少花生感染黃曲霉毒素的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[95]。
6.2 收獲后的因素與調(diào)控
花生帶秧收獲后應(yīng)堆碼成通風(fēng)垛以利于迅速干燥降低含水量。收獲后去除雜質(zhì)、去除壞果可減少帶菌污染。雜質(zhì)含量達(dá)到4%或裂口莢果達(dá)到5%時(shí)安全儲(chǔ)藏比較困難, 花生果中混雜的籽仁會(huì)加快料堆霉變和產(chǎn)生毒素[22]。保持環(huán)境清潔衛(wèi)生、降低花生含水量、控制環(huán)境低溫條件可減少毒素產(chǎn)生, 倉房受潮、通風(fēng)不當(dāng)、出現(xiàn)結(jié)露、干燥不當(dāng)?shù)葘?dǎo)致花生果含水量升高影響安全儲(chǔ)藏[93]。選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膬?chǔ)藏容器并進(jìn)行充分合理通風(fēng)是減少霉菌發(fā)生和毒素污染的有效辦法[6]。
花生果倉內(nèi)散存時(shí)要求含水量控制在10%以內(nèi), 堆高不超過2 m, 低溫20℃以下一般可長(zhǎng)期保存。冬季通風(fēng)降溫后趁冷密閉儲(chǔ)藏效果更好, 可將堆垛下面墊高并再鋪一層10 cm厚的秸稈防潮[58]。市場(chǎng)收購的花生果可在倉內(nèi)設(shè)置通風(fēng)籠后堆存, 適時(shí)通入空氣以帶走因物料呼吸產(chǎn)生的熱量, 控制倉內(nèi)溫度20℃以下至15℃左右,相對(duì)濕度70%以下。也可裝袋后置于室外通風(fēng)處作短時(shí)間存放[35]。對(duì)不同類型花生種質(zhì)進(jìn)行品質(zhì)分析, 結(jié)果表明常溫密閉保存和低于8%的含水量對(duì)種子活力有較好的保持作用[96]。
農(nóng)戶儲(chǔ)藏花生果一般可分為3個(gè)階段處理:第一是田間自然通風(fēng)干燥, 使花生含水量由40%以上降到20%以下;第二是庭院地面露天、屋頂晾曬或帶稈碼垛儲(chǔ)存, 使花生含水量由18%降到9%以下;第三是花生果儲(chǔ)存, 干燥花生果采用農(nóng)家倉房、席茓囤或編織袋儲(chǔ)存, 待銷售時(shí)集中脫殼[58]。
干燥花生果在儲(chǔ)藏、運(yùn)輸和市場(chǎng)流通中應(yīng)避免受潮、結(jié)露[97], 達(dá)到安全水分(含水量低于10%)的花生果應(yīng)儲(chǔ)藏于干凈、干燥、低溫、防害蟲侵染[22]的環(huán)境條件下。包裝于黃麻包中的花生果可用丁香Syzygium aromaticum粉按3%(m/m)拌和以有效抑制寄生曲霉的感染, 當(dāng)花生含水量增加至18.5%時(shí)該方法失效[98]。在堆存、包裝時(shí)去除不完善粒和雜質(zhì)也是防止花生果霉變和毒素污染的重要措施[99]。花生果的含水量直接關(guān)系到其水分活度, 溫度25℃時(shí)花生的水分活度達(dá)到0.85, 適宜霉菌萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng), 水分活度0.75則對(duì)霉菌有抑制作用[100]。收獲后快速干燥將花生水分活度降低可防止毒素產(chǎn)生[2]。
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