萬慧偉 李鑫河 王琳 楊慧 李鐵山
[摘要]目的探討A型肉毒毒素(BoNT/A)后爪皮下注射及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對單碘乙酸鈉(MIA)誘導(dǎo)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎模型大鼠的鎮(zhèn)痛效果及其機制。方法向大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)腔注射MIA建立骨關(guān)節(jié)炎模型。成模后將大鼠隨機分為后爪皮下注射對照組、后爪皮下注射給藥組、關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組、關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組,每組15只。分別于給藥后1、7、14、21 d對各組大鼠進行疼痛相關(guān)行為學(xué)測試,并于給藥后7、14、21 d檢測大鼠脊髓中P2X4受體(P2X4R)蛋白表達。結(jié)果后爪皮下注射給藥組給藥后21 d大鼠的50%縮足反應(yīng)閾值(PWT)較后爪皮下注射對照組改善明顯(F=10.42,P<0.05),關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組給藥后21 d大鼠的PWT較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組改善明顯(F=42.06,P<0.05)。后爪皮下注射給藥組給藥后14 d及21 d大鼠的雙下肢負重(WB)相較后爪皮下注射對照組改善明顯(F=9.23、38.96,P<0.05),關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組給藥后7、14、21 d大鼠的WB相較于關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組改善明顯(F=8.04~38.96,P<0.05)。后爪皮下注射給藥組與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組給藥后各時間點PWT、WB差異均無顯著性(P>0.05)。給藥后7、14、21 d,后爪皮下注射給藥組大鼠脊髓背角內(nèi)P2X4R蛋白表達較后爪皮下注射對照組減少,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=9.44~317.32,P<0.05)。結(jié)論后爪皮下及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A均可改善骨關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠的疼痛相關(guān)行為,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥起效更快,但兩者鎮(zhèn)痛效果沒有顯著差別。
[關(guān)鍵詞]A型肉毒毒素;骨關(guān)節(jié)炎;受體,嘌呤能P2X4;鎮(zhèn)痛
[中圖分類號]R493[文獻標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號]2096-5532(2022)02-0294-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.042[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220311.1335.012.html;2022-03-1414:32:16
COMPARISON OF THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS BETWEEN SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN RATS WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS? WAN Huiwei, LI Xinhe, WANG Lin, YANG Hui, LI Tieshan(Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic effects of subcutaneous injection into the hind paw and intra-articular injection of botulinum toxins type A (BoNT/A) on monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat osteoarthritis models and their mechanism. MethodsThe rats received intra-articular injection of MIA to their ankles to establish an osteoarthritis model. The model rats were randomly divided into subcutaneous control group (n=15), subcutaneous administration group (n=15), intra-articular control group (n=15), and intra-articular administration group (n=15). The pain-related behavioral tests were performed on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after administration. The protein expression level of purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4R) in the spinal cord was measured on days 7, 14, and 21 after administration. ResultsOn day 21 after administration, the rats in the subcutaneous administration group had a significantly improved 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) compared with those in the subcutaneous control group (F=10.42,P<0.05); the rats in the intra-articular administration group also had a significantly improved PWT compared with those in the intra-articular control group (F=42.06,P<0.05). On days 14 and 21 after administration, the rats in the subcutaneous administration group had significantly improved weight bearing (WB) on both lower limbs compared with those in the subcutaneous control group (F=9.23,38.96;P<0.05). On days 7, 14, and 21 after administration, the rats in the intra-arti-cular administration group had significantly improved WB compared with those in the intra-articular control group (F=8.04-38.96,P<0.05). At each time point after administration, there were no significant differences in PWT and WB results between the subcutaneous and intra-articular administration groups. On days 7, 14, and 21 after administration, the rats in the subcutaneous administration group had significantly lower levels of P2X4R protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn than those in the subcutaneous control group, and the rats in the intra-articular administration group had significantly lower levels of P2X4R protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn than those in the intra-articular control group (F=9.44-317.32,P<0.05). ConclusionBoth subcutaneous injection into the hind paw and intra-articular injection
of BoNT/A can improve pain-related behaviors in rats with osteoarthritis. The intra-articular administration takes effect faster. However, there was no significant difference in analgesic effect between the two routes of administration.
[KEY WORDS]botulinum toxins,? type A;osteoarthritis; receptors, purinergic P2X4; analgesia
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎是一種常見的關(guān)節(jié)疾病,疼痛是其最突出的臨床表現(xiàn),也是導(dǎo)致求醫(yī)的主要原因[1]。越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的疼痛存在神經(jīng)病理性痛的成分[2-3]。因此,治療上必須考慮對其神經(jīng)病理性痛的成分進行治療[4-5]。已經(jīng)有臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),A型肉毒毒素(BoNT/A)注射可以顯著減輕神經(jīng)病理性疼痛癥狀[6-7]。而關(guān)于其鎮(zhèn)痛機制,目前大多數(shù)研究者認(rèn)為BoNT/A通過逆向軸漿運輸在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用[8-9]。根據(jù)BoNT/A的逆向軸漿運輸特性,本文研究探討皮下注射BoNT/A對骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的治療效果,并通過比較后爪皮下注射和關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A的療效差異,為臨床治療尋找最佳的治療方法。
1材料和方法
1.1實驗材料
SPF級成年雄性SD大鼠75只,體質(zhì)量180~220 g,由青島大學(xué)實驗動物中心提供。大鼠于12 h光照/12 h黑暗、室溫23 ℃條件下分籠飼養(yǎng),不限制水和飼料的供應(yīng)。所有動物實驗操作都遵照青島大學(xué)動物保護和使用委員會的要求,并最大程度減少實驗動物的痛苦及其使用數(shù)量。A型肉毒毒素(BoNT/A,美國Allergan公司產(chǎn)品);單碘乙酸鈉(MIA,美國Sigma公司);Von-Frey Hair(美國North Coast公司);通道式鼠足支撐力測量儀(濟南益延科技有限公司);兔抗大鼠P2X4嘌呤受體(P2X4R)抗體(美國Bioss公司);凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)(美國UVP公司)。
1.2實驗方法
1.2.1骨關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠模型制備將大鼠隨機分為Sham組(12只)和造模組(63只),造模組大鼠應(yīng)用50 g/L異氟烷麻醉后,消毒大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)周圍的皮膚,固定大鼠左側(cè)下肢,使用50 μL微量注射器將4 mg(50 μL)的MIA沿脛骨-跗骨間隙注射到大鼠左側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)腔中;Sham組大鼠給予相同體積的生理鹽水關(guān)節(jié)腔注射。于造模后21 d對兩組大鼠進行50%縮足反應(yīng)閾值(PWT)及雙下肢負重(WB)測試,造模組大鼠PWT及WB明顯降低者提示造模成功,將造模成功的大鼠納入后續(xù)實驗。
1.2.2實驗分組及處理將造模成功的大鼠隨機分為4組,每組15只。后爪皮下注射對照組(A組):于大鼠左側(cè)后爪皮下注射20 μL生理鹽水;后爪皮下注射給藥組(B組):于大鼠左側(cè)后爪皮下注射BoNT/A 5 U(20 μL);關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組(C組):于大鼠左側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)腔注射20 μL生理鹽水;關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組(D組):于大鼠左側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A 5 U(20 μL)。
1.2.3疼痛行為學(xué)測試分別于造模前3 d、造模后21 d隨機抽取Sham組和造模組各6只大鼠進行PWT及WB測試;給藥后1、7、14、21 d隨機抽取A組、B組、C組、D組各6只大鼠進行PWT及WB測試。①PWT測定:將大鼠放入鐵絲網(wǎng)為底的特制有機玻璃籠子中,等待20 min使大鼠適應(yīng)周圍環(huán)境,采用up and down法將一系列Von-Frey細絲從2.0 g力度開始刺激大鼠左側(cè)后爪掌中部皮膚,輕微施力使軟絲彎曲,保持4~6 s,觀察大鼠的縮足反應(yīng),陽性反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為后足撤回。根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻方法計算PWT[10]。②WB測定:將大鼠放入透明通道中,驅(qū)趕大鼠使其爬上稱量架,當(dāng)大鼠兩側(cè)后爪分別放置于兩側(cè)稱量架上、并出現(xiàn)向斜面探究的動作或屈蹲在稱量架上時(以相對穩(wěn)定為準(zhǔn)),測量大鼠左右下肢的支撐力,連續(xù)測量5次,記錄數(shù)值并取平均值。結(jié)果以雙足靜態(tài)支撐的比值來表示[11]。
1.2.4P2X4R蛋白表達檢測Sham組和造模組于造模后21 d隨機抽取3只大鼠,A組、B組、C組、D組分別于給藥后7、14、21 d隨機各取3只大鼠,麻醉后脫頸處死,迅速剪下腰段脊柱,取出L2~L6段脊髓。提取蛋白后,使用BCA試劑盒對蛋白濃度進行測定,配合5×上樣緩沖液及PBS將所有樣本稀釋至同一濃度,加熱變性后保存。將等量的各組蛋白樣品進行電泳、轉(zhuǎn)膜、封閉等操作后,將PVDF膜置于兔抗大鼠P2X4R抗體稀釋液(1∶1 000)中,4 ℃過夜。漂洗后于FITC標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG稀釋液(1∶1 000, Abcam)中室溫下低速搖床孵育120 min,將孵育完成的PVDF膜漂洗后放入顯影儀中,加入ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光顯影液進行顯影,使用Image J軟件對圖像進行分析。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
采用 SPSS 19.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理。計量資料結(jié)果以x±s表示,兩組間比較采用兩獨立樣本的t檢驗;多組數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用重復(fù)測量雙因素方差分析及單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD法。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1各組大鼠PWT比較
造模前3 d,造模組與Sham組大鼠PWT比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在造模后21 d,Sham組與造模組大鼠的PWT分別為(15.00±0.00)、(0.62±0.38)g,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=92.31,P<0.05)。給藥后大鼠的PWT隨給藥時間逐漸變化(F=23.98,P<0.05)。組內(nèi)比較,后爪皮下注射給藥組及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組PWT各時間點變化明顯(F=8.69、26.76,P<0.01),兩組大鼠PWT在給藥后持續(xù)上升,21 d時到達峰值,并有繼續(xù)上升的趨勢。各組大鼠PWT差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=6.40,P<0.05), 后爪皮下注射給藥組的PWT較后爪皮下注射對照組明顯改善,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組大鼠的PWT較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組明顯改善,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組與后爪皮下注射給藥組PWT差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。給藥后不同時間比較,后爪皮下注射給藥組PWT在給藥后21 d較后爪皮下注射對照組改善明顯,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組PWT在給藥后21 d較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組改善明顯,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=10.42、42.06,P<0.01);其他時間點各組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。給藥時間及分組之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F=4.04,P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2各組大鼠WB比較
在造模前3 d,Sham組與造模組大鼠的WB比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。造模后21 d,Sham組與造模組大鼠的WB分別為1.00±0.16、0.46±0.15,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=5.98,P<0.05)。給藥后大鼠的WB隨給藥時間逐漸變化(F=25.05,P<0.05)。組內(nèi)比較,后爪皮下注射給藥組及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組各時間點WB變化明顯(F=25.05、12.27,P<0.01),兩組的WB在給藥后持續(xù)上升,21 d時到達峰值,并有繼續(xù)上升趨勢。各組間WB比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=22.96,P<0.05),后爪皮下注射給藥組的WB較后爪皮下注射對照組明顯改善,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組大鼠的WB較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組明顯改善,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組與后爪皮下注射給藥組WB差異無顯著性。給藥后不同時間比較,后爪皮下注射給藥組WB在給藥后14、21 d較后爪皮下注射對照組改善明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=9.23、38.96,P<0.01);關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組WB在給藥后7、14、21 d較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組改善明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=8.04~38.96,P<0.01);其他時間點各組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。后爪皮下注射給藥組與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組給藥后各時間點WB差異均無顯著性(P>0.05)。給藥時間及分組之間存在交互效應(yīng)(F=8.01,P<0.01)。見表2。
2.3各組大鼠脊髓P2X4R蛋白表達比較
造模后21 d,Sham組、造模組大鼠脊髓背角內(nèi)P2X4R蛋白表達量分別為0.87±0.06、0.97±0.05,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=6.08,P<0.05)。給藥后7、14、21 d,后爪皮下給藥組大鼠脊髓背角內(nèi)P2X4R蛋白表達較后爪皮下注射對照組減少,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組較關(guān)節(jié)腔注射對照組減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=9.44~317.32,P<0.05)。見表3。
3討論
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎是一種常見的關(guān)節(jié)疾病,疼痛為其主要的臨床表現(xiàn),嚴(yán)重影響病人的生活質(zhì)量,并給社會帶來沉重的經(jīng)濟負擔(dān)。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果已表明,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A可以用于治療骨關(guān)節(jié)炎疼痛[12]。由于BoNT/A可以通過逆向軸漿運輸發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用,因此在運輸路徑上的不同部位注射BoNT/A有潛在的治療作用。但目前缺乏關(guān)節(jié)外注射BoNT/A對骨關(guān)節(jié)炎鎮(zhèn)痛作用的研究,以及不同部位注射效果的比較研究[13]。
本研究通過對大鼠疼痛相關(guān)行為學(xué)檢測顯示,在給藥后14 d,后爪皮下給藥能明顯改善大鼠的WB,而對大鼠的PWT無明顯改善;在給藥后7 d,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥能明顯改善大鼠WB,而對大鼠的PWT無明顯改善;在給藥后21 d,后爪皮下給藥與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥均能明顯改善大鼠的PWT。各時間點后爪皮下給藥組大鼠PWT及WB與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組無明顯差異。表明后爪皮下及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A均具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組大鼠的WB較后爪皮下注射給藥組更早得到改善,而在各時間點兩種治療方法的鎮(zhèn)痛效果沒有差別。
BoNT/A是由肉毒桿菌分泌的一種神經(jīng)毒素,關(guān)于其鎮(zhèn)痛機制,有研究認(rèn)為BoNT/A可以抑制外周疼痛相關(guān)遞質(zhì)的釋放,從而減輕疼痛癥狀[14-16],也有研究表明,BoNT/A可以通過逆向軸漿運輸在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用,減少疼痛信號的傳遞[17],這兩種機制可能同時存在于BoNT/A的鎮(zhèn)痛過程中。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果表明,大鼠后爪皮膚、膝關(guān)節(jié)腔以及踝關(guān)節(jié)腔的感覺神經(jīng)均來源于L3、L4脊髓對應(yīng)的背根神經(jīng)節(jié)[9]。因此,在大鼠的后爪皮下注射BoNT/A,可以通過逆向軸漿運輸作用,到達支配關(guān)節(jié)腔感覺的脊髓節(jié)段,從而發(fā)揮與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A類似的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。本文研究結(jié)果顯示,后爪皮下注射與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射均在給藥后期(21 d)出現(xiàn)PWT的改善,這可能是由于PWT是對痛覺超敏進行評估的指標(biāo),而痛覺超敏的改善與BoNT/A的中樞調(diào)節(jié)作用有關(guān),盡管后爪皮下注射與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A均可發(fā)揮中樞鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但這個過程需要的時間較長。關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥組大鼠較后爪皮下注射給藥組更早出現(xiàn)WB的改善,究其原因:一方面可能是由于關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A不僅可以發(fā)揮中樞鎮(zhèn)痛作用,還可以抑制關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)疼痛相關(guān)遞質(zhì)的釋放,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥能更早地發(fā)揮作用[18];另一方面,兩種途徑注射后組織對藥物的吸收效率及運輸距離不同導(dǎo)致其作用時間存在差異。但其具體作用機制仍需進一步探討。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,MIA注射后大鼠的PWT和WB明顯下降,并且L2~L6脊髓中P2X4R的表達明顯上升,這與前人的研究結(jié)果一致[19]。MIA是一種不可逆的還原型輔酶Ⅱ抑制劑,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射后可以抑制軟骨細胞的代謝,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)軟骨缺失,軟骨下骨損傷,模擬骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)病過程,產(chǎn)生疼痛癥狀[20-21]。P2X4R是一種與神經(jīng)病理性疼痛相關(guān)的嘌呤受體,主要表達在小膠質(zhì)細胞中,當(dāng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)遭受傷害性刺激時,小膠質(zhì)細胞活化導(dǎo)致P2X4R的分子結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生改變,增強了感覺信息的傳遞,從而產(chǎn)生疼痛[22-23]。MIA骨關(guān)節(jié)炎模型大鼠具有明顯的神經(jīng)損傷,這是導(dǎo)致其L2~L6節(jié)段脊髓中P2X4R蛋白表達升高的主要原因。而在后爪皮下及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A后,大鼠脊髓小膠質(zhì)細胞中P2X4R蛋白表達下降,提示BoNT/A可能通過抑制P2X4R的表達發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用。我們之前的研究也顯示,BoNT/A輕鏈C末端和P2X4R具有很高的親和力,提示BoNT/A與P2X4R可能存在結(jié)合位點,通過影響P2X4R-P38MAPK信號通路,發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用[24-25]。
綜上所述,后爪皮下及關(guān)節(jié)腔注射BoNT/A均能緩解MIA誘導(dǎo)的骨關(guān)節(jié)炎大鼠的疼痛相關(guān)行為,關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥可以更早發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但兩組各時間點的鎮(zhèn)痛效果相似;后爪皮下與關(guān)節(jié)腔注射給藥均能對大鼠脊髓中的P2X4R蛋白表達進行調(diào)節(jié),表明兩種治療方式均發(fā)揮了中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)作用。此外,兩種治療方式均未出現(xiàn)明顯的不良反應(yīng)。本文結(jié)果可為臨床治療骨關(guān)節(jié)炎疼痛提供參考。
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(本文編輯黃建鄉(xiāng))