李 強(qiáng)

緊身裝備在體育科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究進(jìn)展

李 強(qiáng)

銀力體育學(xué)院，江蘇 蘇州，215000。

緊身裝備作為當(dāng)今高科技運(yùn)動(dòng)裝備之一，它在維持運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)、促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)疲勞恢復(fù)以及減少肌肉損傷等方面的功能，被越來(lái)越多的運(yùn)動(dòng)員和健身群體所青睞，同時(shí)也受到廣大研究人員的關(guān)注，使其成為當(dāng)今體育科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。本研究運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)資料法、統(tǒng)計(jì)分類(lèi)法，歸納了近10年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外緊身裝備的研究進(jìn)展及應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：目前的研究文獻(xiàn)中關(guān)于緊身裝備在提升運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)與促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)的相關(guān)影響仍然不明確。但從多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)研究結(jié)果來(lái)看，緊身裝備在體育科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的可能功效表現(xiàn)為以下3點(diǎn)：（1）改善爆發(fā)力輸出，尤其是維持連續(xù)多次的爆發(fā)力輸出能力；（2）促進(jìn)力量與爆發(fā)力訓(xùn)練后的疲勞恢復(fù)；（3）有利于降低有氧與無(wú)氧耐力訓(xùn)練后恢復(fù)階段的肌肉酸痛感，但對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)性能的積極恢復(fù)作用不明顯。

緊身裝備；研究進(jìn)展；運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)；運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)

隨著科技的快速發(fā)展，運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練水平的日趨成熟，高科技的運(yùn)動(dòng)裝備無(wú)論在休閑的大眾健身領(lǐng)域還是激烈的競(jìng)技賽場(chǎng)都扮演著重要作用，近些年來(lái)，緊身裝備（壓力服、壓力襪、緊身褲、壓縮袖套等）以其獨(dú)特的工藝、廣泛的應(yīng)用和自身的特有功效[1,2,3]（增加毛細(xì)血管外周壓力，促進(jìn)血液循環(huán)，減少乳酸堆積，增加血液氧合度；提高運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的興奮性，優(yōu)化募集方式，改善力量輸出表現(xiàn)；增加肌肉及關(guān)節(jié)的本體感覺(jué)和姿勢(shì)控制；減少運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中因地面沖擊而造成肌肉振動(dòng)，避免肌肉損傷），漸漸受到國(guó)內(nèi)外運(yùn)動(dòng)員和健身大眾的青睞。近20年間，緊身裝備的工藝技術(shù)快速發(fā)展及其在維持運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)、促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)方面特殊性能，越來(lái)越受到廣大研究人員的關(guān)注。當(dāng)前，對(duì)合理利用緊身裝備進(jìn)行高效訓(xùn)練與運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)已成為體育科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，本研究綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外緊身裝備的研究現(xiàn)狀、應(yīng)用方法和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，為我國(guó)利用高新運(yùn)動(dòng)裝備與運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展提供有價(jià)值的借鑒和參考。

1 緊身裝備概述及分類(lèi)

緊身裝備是一類(lèi)根據(jù)人體身體結(jié)構(gòu)為模型而設(shè)計(jì)的具有緊身、壓縮形式的功能性運(yùn)動(dòng)服裝。通過(guò)不同比例的彈性纖維（聚酰胺和氨綸）含量與工藝設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)人體身體部位施加不同程度的壓力[4]。良好的緊身裝備應(yīng)具有較強(qiáng)的支撐性、包裹性、透氣性和舒適性等特點(diǎn)，因此，緊身裝備又被稱(chēng)為“人體的第二層皮膚”。

當(dāng)前，根據(jù)實(shí)用功能的不同，緊身裝備大致可以分為兩類(lèi)：（1）適用于靜脈疾病患者促進(jìn)靜脈回流的壓力服，通常采用由下至上遞減的加壓方式，例如，德國(guó)Molnlycke Health Care公司生產(chǎn)的Tubigrip醫(yī)療襪。（2）適用于運(yùn)動(dòng)員訓(xùn)練、比賽以及恢復(fù)的壓力服，則是采用遞增式加壓，例如，澳大利亞生產(chǎn)的緊身褲Skins A400、K-Proprium系列（76%聚酰胺和24%氨綸），以及國(guó)產(chǎn)李寧緊身褲ATDry系列。

2 資料與方法

2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略

檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（Pub Med、Springer Link、Wolters Kluwer 、Europe PMC、Google Scholar、Web of Science）、中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)、維普期刊），采用英文關(guān)鍵詞：Compression Garments（Stocking、sleeves、Tights、Short、Clothing）以及中文關(guān)鍵詞（緊身裝備、緊身衣、緊身褲、緊身襪、緊身套袖）進(jìn)行檢索，并對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充檢索。檢索年限為2010-2020年2月。

2.2 統(tǒng)計(jì)與分類(lèi)

截止2020年2月，初步檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，得文獻(xiàn)285篇，通過(guò)閱讀題目、摘要以及全文排除236篇（涉及材料學(xué)、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)等）。剩余49篇文獻(xiàn)符合本研究納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)與促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)），其中研究緊身裝備對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)影響的文獻(xiàn)27篇（含力量與爆發(fā)力表現(xiàn)15篇，有氧與無(wú)氧運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)12篇）；探討緊身裝備對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)影響的文獻(xiàn)22篇（含力量與爆發(fā)力運(yùn)動(dòng)后恢復(fù)8篇，促進(jìn)有氧與無(wú)氧運(yùn)動(dòng)后恢復(fù)14篇）。

3 緊身裝備對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的影響

3.1 緊身裝備對(duì)力量和爆發(fā)力表現(xiàn)的影響

傅維杰等[4]采用不同壓力等級(jí)（對(duì)照組CC、中等MC、高等HC）的緊身褲對(duì)股四頭肌進(jìn)行等張與等動(dòng)收縮測(cè)試，表明增加壓力等級(jí)并不能改善等張與等動(dòng)收縮中的峰值力和峰值功率；但與對(duì)照組相比，實(shí)驗(yàn)組的EMG均方根值均顯著降低，表明緊身褲有效提高肌肉收縮效率，且有可能減輕等速收縮中向心階段的肌肉疲勞。隨后，傅維杰等[5]以落地反跳作為目標(biāo)動(dòng)作，觀察緊身褲對(duì)下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)特征的改變，發(fā)現(xiàn)緊身褲對(duì)騰空高度和力量輸出表現(xiàn)沒(méi)有顯著影響。而最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于加壓舉重服與普通舉重服對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)影響的研究表明，加壓舉重服更有利于提高舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員的軀干穩(wěn)定性和力量輸出[6]。Kraemer等人[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)與寬松褲相比，緊身褲不能提高單次最大跳躍功率，但在重復(fù)跳躍中具有積極作用，能夠幫助保持較高的平均跳躍能力。其他具有相似發(fā)現(xiàn)的，如William等[8]、Doan等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)彈性纖維緊身褲對(duì)垂直跳躍具有積極影響。上述三種實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明穿著緊身褲不能改善單次運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)，但有利于幫助維持連續(xù)力量與力量功率輸出能力（例如排球攔網(wǎng)、籃球搶板等連續(xù)跳躍能力）。這種現(xiàn)象可能得益于緊身褲為肌肉和肌腱等淺表組織提供了類(lèi)似于“肌筋膜功能”的彈性支撐，從而減輕了組織震蕩和肌肉疲勞，提升了肌肉的協(xié)調(diào)性和動(dòng)力輸出。如在幾項(xiàng)關(guān)于肌肉振動(dòng)與緊身裝備關(guān)系的研究中，研究人員一致表示緊身褲能夠顯著降低肌肉振動(dòng)（震蕩），提升肌肉力量與爆發(fā)力，降低肌肉活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，減緩最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的衰退[5,10,11]。

最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于剛度短褲（Stiffness Apparel）與壓縮短褲的對(duì)照研究表明壓縮短褲也能夠?qū)未未怪碧a(chǎn)生積極影響[12]。Mancini等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)彈性長(zhǎng)襪（23-32mmHg）能夠改變脊髓反射發(fā)生，表現(xiàn)為較低的反射閾值以及較高的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元興奮性，能夠?qū)∪饣顒?dòng)產(chǎn)生潛在的積極影響，包括優(yōu)化神經(jīng)肌肉傳輸和肌肉內(nèi)與肌肉間的協(xié)調(diào)性，這對(duì)于改善肌肉力量和爆發(fā)力輸出具有重要作用。但Born等[14]研究綜述認(rèn)為：在短距離沖刺、縱跳、延長(zhǎng)體力消耗等方面，穿著壓力服的效果較小。當(dāng)然，考慮到各項(xiàng)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)、機(jī)能水平以及穿戴反應(yīng)和適應(yīng)性[15]、選用緊身褲的材質(zhì)和壓力等級(jí)以及測(cè)試方式的不同，所得到的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論也具有一定的差異性，所以，緊身褲對(duì)力量與爆發(fā)力表現(xiàn)的影響，仍需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

3.2 緊身裝備對(duì)有氧耐力和無(wú)氧耐力表現(xiàn)的影響

緊身裝備最初的設(shè)計(jì)目的是用于改善靜脈回流，但研究人員在不同類(lèi)型的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)其有促進(jìn)靜脈血液回流的功效。2010年，Ajmol等[16]以9名男性和1名女性為研究對(duì)象，采用雙盲測(cè)試，受試者隨機(jī)穿著不同壓力等級(jí)（對(duì)照：0mmHg、低：12-15mmHg、高：23-32mmHg）的壓力襪在跑步機(jī)上進(jìn)行3次40min跑步訓(xùn)練（80±5% V02max）。運(yùn)動(dòng)期間的攝氧量、心率和血乳酸濃度各組間無(wú)顯著差異，表明在運(yùn)動(dòng)期間穿著壓力襪對(duì)改善跑步性能沒(méi)有任何生理益處。隨后Ajmol和Robert等[17]又證實(shí)不同壓力等級(jí)的壓力襪對(duì)10km的跑步表現(xiàn)無(wú)影響。Mizuno等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)在120min、強(qiáng)度55%V02max的上坡跑過(guò)程中穿著不同身體覆蓋面積（15mmHg短褲、15mmHg壓力襪和對(duì)照組小于5mmHg的壓縮長(zhǎng)褲）的緊身裝備對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)心率、自我主觀疲勞值、跑步經(jīng)濟(jì)性、肌肉力量的影響無(wú)顯著差異。

一些學(xué)者在其他項(xiàng)目和環(huán)境下對(duì)高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員的測(cè)試中也未發(fā)現(xiàn)緊身裝備的積極影響。Aaron等[19]在自行車(chē)遞增負(fù)荷測(cè)試中，發(fā)現(xiàn)血乳酸濃度、攝氧量、肌肉氧合以及峰值功率等指標(biāo)無(wú)組間差異。這一結(jié)論在Billy等[20]的一項(xiàng)研究中也得到證實(shí)。Shi等人[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論在寒冷（10°C）還是高溫（32°C）的環(huán)境下，緊身褲對(duì)跑步性能均沒(méi)有積極作用。Del和Areces等[22]在壓力襪對(duì)半鐵人三項(xiàng)全能賽以及隨后Areces等[23]在壓力襪對(duì)馬拉松賽后恢復(fù)功效的研究中，均發(fā)現(xiàn)組間各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)（完成比賽的時(shí)間、腿部力量下降幅度、跳高、血清肌紅蛋白以及肌酸激酶濃度）并無(wú)明顯差異。以上研究表明無(wú)論在自行車(chē)遞增負(fù)荷測(cè)試、半鐵人三項(xiàng)以及馬拉松賽或者不同環(huán)境溫度下，壓力襪均不能改善運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)，認(rèn)為壓力襪是種無(wú)效恢復(fù)策略。與此具有相同結(jié)論的還有，Vercruyssen等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)緊身服不會(huì)改善耐力性能。Abigail等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)在任何速度下跑步的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)（耗氧量、地面接觸時(shí)間、擺動(dòng)時(shí)間、步頻和步長(zhǎng)）均無(wú)顯著差異，認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)中穿著壓力襪并不會(huì)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的跑步經(jīng)濟(jì)性。

盡管上述研究大多數(shù)沒(méi)有觀察到緊身裝備對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的顯著影響，但另有一些研究報(bào)告了緊身裝備微弱益處。Kemmler等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力襪可以改善不同代謝閾值下的跑步表現(xiàn)。Eduard等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)小腿壓力套有利于降低肌肉的激活程度（4%-16%），尤其是跑步速度控制在2.8m/s，認(rèn)為其可以延遲跑步運(yùn)動(dòng)中的肌肉疲勞。

4 緊身裝備對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)疲勞的影響

4.1 緊身裝備對(duì)力量與爆發(fā)力疲勞恢復(fù)的影響

盡管提升運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)是運(yùn)動(dòng)員和教練員以及科研人員關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)，但無(wú)論是在提升力量與爆發(fā)力表現(xiàn)方面，還是在改善有氧與無(wú)氧耐力性能方面，相關(guān)研究均表明緊身裝備對(duì)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)功能表現(xiàn)的作用十分有限。那么緊身裝備在減緩疲勞和促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)后恢復(fù)方面的功效究竟如何？Hill 和Howaston等人[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高壓緊身褲并不能改變肌肉酸痛程度、肌酸激酶濃度以及C-反應(yīng)蛋白等生理指標(biāo)的組間差異。另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于增強(qiáng)式訓(xùn)練的研究也表明壓力服能有效促進(jìn)力量與爆發(fā)力恢復(fù)，但不能改變血液指標(biāo)參數(shù)。Jakeman等[29]對(duì)健康女性進(jìn)行跳箱離心訓(xùn)練，發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力服對(duì)肌肉損傷（肌酸激酶活性）無(wú)積極影響，但在運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)（股四頭肌向心肌力、垂直跳）和肌肉酸痛程度方面卻具有顯著差異，表明壓力服是離心訓(xùn)練后肌肉損傷的有效恢復(fù)策略。而最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于壓力服對(duì)增強(qiáng)式訓(xùn)練（注重離心階段）后恢復(fù)的研究報(bào)告了恰恰相反的結(jié)果。Davies等[30]在一項(xiàng)交叉實(shí)驗(yàn)中，表明在增強(qiáng)式訓(xùn)練后穿著壓縮服能降低肌肉酸痛，但對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力恢復(fù)沒(méi)有積極影響。

除此之外，研究人員也探討了壓力服對(duì)抗阻訓(xùn)練后恢復(fù)的影響。2014年，Goto和Morishima等[31]對(duì)9名訓(xùn)練有素的男性進(jìn)行70%1RM抗阻訓(xùn)練，發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力服能促進(jìn)力量恢復(fù)（p <0.05），且降低肌肉酸痛和組織水腫，但血液指標(biāo)（胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子、血清睪酮、肌紅蛋白、白介素等）無(wú)顯著差異。與此類(lèi)似，Michael等[32]的相關(guān)研究。然而另一些抗阻訓(xùn)練恢復(fù)研究報(bào)告了不同的觀點(diǎn)。Goto等人[33]對(duì)11名有訓(xùn)練經(jīng)驗(yàn)的健康男性進(jìn)行兩次劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)（短跑、抗阻訓(xùn)練、反向跳躍）并隨機(jī)分為壓力服組和對(duì)照組，實(shí)驗(yàn)分析訓(xùn)練后4、24h運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)（臥推力量、跳躍表現(xiàn)、沖刺能力）和血液指標(biāo)（乳酸、肌酸激酶、白介素-6）在各階段均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

另有幾項(xiàng)關(guān)于離心訓(xùn)練的研究報(bào)告了積極的影響。Shimokochiy等[34]表示在肌肉疲勞后穿著壓力服可以促進(jìn)局部疲勞的恢復(fù)，但不會(huì)影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)因素。Kraemer等人[35]對(duì)20名無(wú)抗阻訓(xùn)練經(jīng)驗(yàn)的健康女性進(jìn)行2組50次/組的被動(dòng)手臂彎舉訓(xùn)練（離心階段），發(fā)現(xiàn)壓縮袖能有效降低離心訓(xùn)練后血清肌酸激酶濃度，減少肌肉酸痛感并促進(jìn)力量恢復(fù)。

4.2 緊身裝備對(duì)有氧和無(wú)氧耐力疲勞恢復(fù)的影響

Struhar等[36]在一項(xiàng)雙盲實(shí)驗(yàn)中，以10位訓(xùn)練有素的男性跑步者在6%的仰角跑步機(jī)上進(jìn)行3個(gè)8km的跑步測(cè)試（75%VO2MAX），研究發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力褲有助于加快運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)，減少肌肉酸痛，促進(jìn)跑步性能恢復(fù)。Bieuzen等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員在運(yùn)動(dòng)中穿著壓力襪時(shí)感覺(jué)到的肌肉酸痛程度明顯較低并表示壓力襪對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的恢復(fù)可能有較小的積極影響，但相關(guān)血液指標(biāo)（肌酸激酶和白介素-6）并無(wú)顯著差異。Hamlin等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力褲組在重復(fù)沖刺測(cè)試的平均沖刺時(shí)間和3km的完成時(shí)間均得到了改善（分別為2.0±1.9%；1.2±1.5%），且在48h恢復(fù)后，壓力褲組的延遲性肌肉酸痛明顯降低。然而，另一些研究卻報(bào)告了不同的結(jié)果。Hill等[39]表明壓力褲不能減輕運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的肌肉損傷和炎癥，也不能促進(jìn)耐力性疲勞的恢復(fù)。另外，Rebecca等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)壓力服能夠降低主觀疲勞知覺(jué)和肌肉酸痛覺(jué)，但卻不能體能測(cè)試指標(biāo)（沖刺、跳躍和敏捷），認(rèn)為存在安慰劑效果。

在高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練恢復(fù)方面，研究者也有不同的觀點(diǎn)。Lovell等[41]認(rèn)為高強(qiáng)度訓(xùn)練后穿著壓力短褲有助于降低血乳酸濃度，改善血氧飽和度，從而提高間歇性訓(xùn)練間的恢復(fù)效率。栗宏霖等[42]人認(rèn)為在高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后穿著壓力服進(jìn)行低強(qiáng)度、短時(shí)間的運(yùn)動(dòng)有利于骨骼肌內(nèi)乳酸的代謝。與此類(lèi)似，Christopher等[43]對(duì)12名大學(xué)籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行2x30s（間歇5min）的Wingate無(wú)氧測(cè)試，與對(duì)照組相比，穿壓力褲組平均輸出功率和總功更高，且疲勞感知指數(shù)顯著更低，表明穿壓力褲有益于提高無(wú)氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。但另外一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)訓(xùn)練后使用緊身裝備能夠降低肌肉酸痛而不能促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)恢復(fù)。Berry等人[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用彈性緊身衣不會(huì)影響運(yùn)動(dòng)后循環(huán)乳酸水平。這與孫凱揚(yáng)[45]、Williams等[46]、Gimenes等[47]的研究結(jié)果相似。同樣Duffield等人[47]比較了高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后誘導(dǎo)恢復(fù)（緊身褲）和自行恢復(fù)（普通褲）的影響，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)組間的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)（20米沖刺跑、縱跳）和生理指標(biāo)（血乳酸、肌酸激酶天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶等）沒(méi)有顯著差異，但緊身服組表述在恢復(fù)期間具有較低肌肉酸痛感。具有相同結(jié)論的研究還有Christoph等人[48]對(duì)12名手球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在3次短距力竭折返跑后并采用不同壓力等級(jí)的緊身褲進(jìn)行恢復(fù)干預(yù)，發(fā)現(xiàn)10mmHg的緊身褲有助于降低血漿中肌酸激酶和尿素的濃度，而不同壓力等級(jí)的緊身褲對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)性能的恢復(fù)無(wú)顯著差異。

5 總 結(jié)

目前的研究文獻(xiàn)中關(guān)于緊身裝備在提升運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)與促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)的相關(guān)影響仍然不明確。但從多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)研究結(jié)果來(lái)看，緊身裝備在體育科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的可能功效主要表現(xiàn)在以下3點(diǎn)：（1）改善爆發(fā)力輸出，尤其是維持連續(xù)多次的爆發(fā)力輸出能力；（2）促進(jìn)力量與爆發(fā)力訓(xùn)練后的疲勞恢復(fù)；（3）有利于降低有氧與無(wú)氧耐力訓(xùn)練后恢復(fù)階段的肌肉酸痛感，但對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)性能的積極恢復(fù)作用不明顯。

[1] COZA A, NIGG BW. Compression Apparel Effects on Soft Tissue and Its Relation Venous Refilling Time[J]. Br Med J, 1987, 295(06): 1087～1090.

[2] Doan BK, Kwon YH, Newton RU, et al. Evaluation of A Lower-Body Compression Garment[J]. J Sports Sci, 2003, 21(08): 601～610.

[3] VERONICA LBEGBUNA BSC, KONSTANTINOS T, DELIS, et al. Effect of Elastic Compression Stockings on Venous Hemodynamics During Walking[J]. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2003, 37(02): 420～425.

[4] WEIJIE FU, YU LIU, SONGNING ZHANG. Effects of Local Elastic Compression On Muscle Strength, Electromyography, and Mechanomyography Responses in The Lower Extremity[J]. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 2012, 22(01): 44～50.

[5] 傅維杰，黃靈燕，夏 銳，等.緊身裝備對(duì)下肢關(guān)節(jié)力學(xué)、軟組織振動(dòng)和肌肉活動(dòng)的影響[J].中國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，2015，34（09）：854～861.

[6] 吳肖潔. 加壓舉重服對(duì)脊柱穩(wěn)定性、力量輸出及恢復(fù)的影響[D].北京體育大學(xué)，2017.

[7] KRAEMER WJ, BUSH JA, BAUER JA, TRIPLETT-MCBRIDE NT, PAXTON NJ, CLEMSON A, et al. Influence of Compression Garments on Vertical Jump Performance in NCAA Division I Volleyball Players[J]. J Strength and Cond Res, 1996, 10(3): 180～183.

[8] WILLIAM J. KRAEMER, JILL A, ET AL. Influence of a Compression Garment on Repetitive Power Output Production Before and After Different Types of Muscle Fatigue[J]. Research in Sports Medicine, 1998, 8(02): 163～184.

[9] DOAN BK, KWON YH, NEWTON RU, et al. Evaluation of a Lower-body Compression Garment[J]. J Sports Sci, 2003, 21(08): 601～610.

[10] XANTAL BORRAS, XAVIER BALIUS, FRANCHECK DROBNIC. Effects of Lower Body Compression Garment in Muscle Oscillation and Tissue Injury During Intense Exercise[C].29 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, 2011.

[11] BRINGARD, A, R. DENIS, N. BELLUYE, ANDS. PERREY. Aerobic Energy Cost and Sensation Responses During Submaximal Running Exercise: Positive Effects of Wearing Compression Tights[J]. International J Sport Nutr, 2007, 6: 307～320.

[12] WANNOP, JOHN W, WOROBETS, JAY T, MADDEN, RYAN. Influence of Compression and Stiffness Apparel on Vertical Jump Performance[J]. J Strength & Cond Res, 2016, 30(04): 1093～1101.

[13] MANCINI S, MARIANI F, ROSSI A, et al. Effects of Elastic Stockings on Peripheral and Central Nervous System[J]. International Angiology, 2020, 21(03): 1326～1329.

[14] BORN DP, SPERLICH B, HOLMBERG HC. Bringing Light Into The Dark: Effects of Compression Clothing on Performance and Recovery[J]. International J Sports Physiology Performance, 2013, 8(01): 4～18.

[15] VARELA SANZ A, ESPANA J, CARR N, BOULLOSA DA, ESTEVE-LANAO J. Effects of Gradual-Elastic Compression Stockings on Running Economy, Kinematics, And Performance in Runners[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2011, 25(10): 2902～2910.

[16] AJMOL ALI, ROBERT H, CREASY, JOHANN A. EDGE. Physiological Effects of Wearing Graduated Compression Stockings During Running[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010, 109(08): 1017～1025.

[17] AJMOL ALI, ROBERT H, CREASY, JOHANN A. EDGE. The Effect of Graduated Compression Stockings on Running Performance[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2011, 25(05): 1385～1392.

[18] MIZUNO S, ARAI M, TODOKO F, YAMADA E, GOTO K. Wearing Compression Tights on the Thigh during Prolonged Running Attenuated Exercise-Induced Increase in Muscle Damage Marker in Blood[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2017, 8: 834.

[19] AARON T, SCANLAN, BENJAMIN J, et al. The Effects of Wearing Lower-Body Compression Garments During Endurance Cycling[J]. J Sports physiology and performance, 2014, 3(04): 424～438.

[20] BILLY SPERLICH, SILVIA ACHTZEHN, JOHN LINVILLE, HANS-CHRISTER HOLMBERG. Different Types of Compression Clothing Don’t Increase Sub-Maximal and Maximal Endurance Performance in Well-Trained Athletes[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2010, 28(06): 609～614.

[21] SHI SHIEN GOH, PAUL B. LAURSEN, BEN DASCOMBE. Effect of Lower Body Compression Garments on Submaximal and Maximal Running Performance in Cold (10°C) and Hot (32°C) Environments[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011,5: 819～826.

[22] DEL COSO J, ARECES F, SALINERO JJ, ABIAN VICEN J, et al. Compression Stockings Do Not Improve Muscular Performance During a Half-Ironman Triathlon Race[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014, 114(03): 587～595.

[23] ARECES F, SALINERO JJ, ABIAN VICEN J, et al. The use of compression stockings during a marathon competition to reduce exercise-induced muscle damage: are they really useful[J]. Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2015, 45(06): 462～470.

[24] VERCRUYSSEN F, GRUET M, COLSON SS, EHRSTROM S, BRISSWALTER J. Compression Garments, Muscle Contractile Function, and Economy in Trail Runners[J]. International J Sports Physiology Performance, 2017, 12(01): 62～68.

[25] ABIGAIL S.L. STICKFORD, ROBERT F, CHAPMAN, et al. Lower-Leg Compression, Running Mechanics, and Economy in trained Distance Runners[J]. International J Sports Physiology Performance, 2014, 10(01): 76～83.

[26] KEMMLER W, VON STENGEL S, K?CKRITZ C, MAYHEW J, WASSERMANN A, ZAPF J. Effect of Compression Stockings on Running Performance in Men Runners[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2009, 23(01): 101～105.

[27] EDUARD KURZ, CHRISTOPH ANDERS. Effects of Wearing Lower Leg Compression Sleeves on Locomotion Economy[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018, 36(18): 2105～2110.

[28] HILL JA, HOWASTON G, VAN SOMEREN KA, GAZE D. The Effects of Compression-Garment Pressure on Recovery After Strenuous Exercise[J]. International J Sports Physiology Performance, 2017, 12(08): 1078～1084.

[29] JAKEMAN JR, BYRNE C, ESTON RG. Lower limb compression garment improves recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in young, active females[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010, 109(06): 1137～1144.

[30] DAVIES V, THOMPSON KG, COOPER SM. The Effects of Compression Garments on Recovery[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2009, 23(06): 1786～1794.

[31] GOTO K, MORISHIMA T. Compression Garment Promotes Muscular Strength Recovery after Resistance Exercise[J]. Med Science Sports Exerc, 2014, 46(12): 2265～2270.

[32] MICHAEL HETTCHEN, KATHARINA GLOCKLER, SIMON VON STENGEL, et al. Effects of Compression Tights on Recovery Parameters after Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019(11): 1～11.

[33] GOTO K, MIZUNO S MORI A. Efficacy of Wearing Compression Garments During Post-Exercise Period after two Repeated Bouts of Strenuous Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Design in Healthy, Active Males[J]. Sports Medicine, 2017, 3(01): 25.

[34] SHIMOKOCHI Y, KUWANO S, YAMAGUCHI T, ABUTANI H, SHIMA N. Effects of Wearing a Compression Garment During Night Sleep on Recovery from High-Intensity Eccentric-Concentric Quadriceps Muscle Fatigue[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2017, 31(10): 2816～2824.

[35] KRAEMER WJ, BUSH JA, WICKHAM RB, DENEGAR CR, et al. Influence of Compression Therapy on Symptoms Following Soft Tissue Injury from Maximal Eccentric Exercise[J]. Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2001, 31(06): 282～290.

[36] STRUHAR L, KUMSTAT M, KRALOVA DM. Effect of Compression Garments on Physiological Responses after Uphill Running[J]. J Hum Kinet.2018, 23(06): 119～129.

[37] BIEUZEN F, BRISSWALTER J, EASTHOPE C, VERCRUYSSEN F, et al. Effect of wearing compression stockings on recovery after mild exercise-induced muscle damage[J]. International J Sports Physiology Performance.2014, 9(02): 256～264.

[38] HAMLIN MJ, MITCHELL CJ, WARD FD, DRAPER N, SHEARMAN JP, KIMBER NE. Effect of Compression Garments on Short-Term Recovery of Repeated Sprint and 3Km Running Performance in Rugby Union Players[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2012, 26(11): 2975～2982.

[39] HILL JA, HOWASTON G, VAN SOMEREN KA, WALSHE I, PEDLAR CR. Influence of Compression Garments on Recovery After Marathon Running[J]. J Strength Cond Res.2014, 28(08): 2228～2235.

[40] REBECCA ATKINS, WING-KAI LAM, AARON T. SCANLAN. Lower-body compression garments worn following exercise improves perceived recovery but not subsequent performance in basketball athletes[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020, 38(09): 961.

[41] LOVELL DI, MASON DG, DELPHINUS EM, MCLELLAN CP. Do Compression Garments Enhance the Active Recovery Process after High-Intensity Running[J]. J Strength Cond Res, 2011, 25(12): 3264～3268.

[42] 栗宏霖，齊建輝，魏孟田，等.下肢壓力衣促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].石家莊學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2018，20（03）：116～121+155.

[43] CHRISTOPHER BALLMANN, HUNTER HOTCHKISS, MALLORY MARSHALL et al. The Effect of Wearing a Lower Body Compression Garment on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Division I NCAA basketball players[J]. sports 2019, 7(06): 144.

[44] BERRY MJ, BAILEY SP, SIMPKINS LS, TE WINKLE JA. The Effects of Elastic Tights on the Post-Exercise Response[J]. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 1990, 15(04): 244～248.

[45] 孫凱揚(yáng)，李翰君，王 穎.不同壓力下肢緊身服對(duì)跑步運(yùn)動(dòng)中攝氧量及運(yùn)動(dòng)后血乳酸恢復(fù)的影響[J].中國(guó)體育科技，2020，56（02）：24～29+38.

[46] WILLIAMS, EWAN R; MCKENDRY, JAMES; BREEN, LEIGH. Enhanced Recovery of Cycling Performance with High Compression Garment Wear[J]. medicine & science in sports & exercise, 2019, 51(6s):650.

[47] GIMENES SV, MAROCOLO M, PAVIN LN, SPIGOLON LMP. Compression Stockings Used During Two Soccer Matches Improve Perceived Muscle Soreness and High-Intensity Performance [J]. J strength Cond res, 2021, 35(07): 2010～2017.

[48] DUFFIELD R, CANNON J, KING M. The Effects of Compression Garments on Recovery of Muscle Performance Following High-Intensity Sprint and Plyometric Exercise[J]. J Science Med Sports, 2010, 13(01): 136～140.

[49] CHRISTOPH ZINNER, MAXIMILIAN PELKA, ALEXANDER FERRAUTI, et al. Responses of Low and High Compression During Recovery After Repeated Sprint Training in Well-Trained Handball Players[J]. European Journal of Sport Science, 2017, 17(10): 1304～1310.

Research Progress of Compression Equipment in Sports Science

LI Qiang

Yinli Sport Institute, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215000, China.

As one of the most influential sports equipment in the field of sports science, compression equipment has been favored by more and more athletes and fitness groups. At the same time, it has also attracted the attention of researchers, making it a research hotspot in the field of sports science. This study uses the literature data method and statistical classification method to summarize the research progress and application status of compression equipment at domestic and abroad in the past decade. The results found that the current research literature on the impact of compression equipment on improving sports performance and promoting sports recovery is still unclear. However, according to the results of most literature studies, the potential effectiveness of compression equipment in the field of sports science is shown as the following three points: (1) It improve the output of explosive power, especially to maintain the ability to output explosive power multiple times in a row, (2) It promote the training of strength and explosive power fatigue recovery, (3) It is helpful to reduce muscle soreness in the recovery phase after aerobic and anaerobic endurance training, but the positive recovery effect on sports performance is not obvious.

Compression equipment; Research progress; Sports recovery; Sports performance

1007―6891（2022）05―0058―05

10.13932/j.cnki.sctykx.2022.05.13

G818.4

A

2020-06-28

2022-03-23