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五條早期生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育特征及胚胎發(fā)育的溫度適應(yīng)特性*

2022-01-04 06:21徐永江柳學(xué)周崔愛君王開杰李文升
漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展 2021年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:仔魚攝食色素

方 璐 徐永江 柳學(xué)周 崔愛君 王開杰 王 濱 姜 燕 李文升

方 璐1,2徐永江1①柳學(xué)周1崔愛君1王開杰1王 濱1姜 燕1李文升3

(1. 中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黃海水產(chǎn)研究所 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部海洋漁業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 青島海洋科學(xué)與技術(shù)試點(diǎn)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室深藍(lán)漁業(yè)聯(lián)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室 山東 青島 266071; 2. 上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院 上海 201306;3. 萊州明波水產(chǎn)有限公司 山東 煙臺(tái) 261400)

1 材料與方法

1.1 親魚培育和受精卵獲取

1.2 胚胎發(fā)育觀察

每天檢測(cè)親魚產(chǎn)卵情況,當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)親魚在培育池內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵時(shí),立即取樣觀察。收集受精卵置于方形白色PVC材質(zhì)的塑料箱(容積為60 L)內(nèi),連續(xù)充氣,流水孵化,控制水溫為22℃~23℃。孵化期間,胚胎發(fā)育至原腸期前每15~20 min取樣1次,胚體形成后每20~ 40 min取樣1次。利用NIKON(MSZ800,日本)解剖鏡進(jìn)行胚胎發(fā)育觀察,記錄胚胎發(fā)育時(shí)序及其形態(tài)特征,并使用NIKON (Coolpix 4500,日本)數(shù)碼相機(jī)進(jìn)行顯微拍照。

1.3 仔稚幼魚生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育觀察

仔魚孵化出膜后,利用室內(nèi)圓形水泥池(容積為7 m3)開展苗種培育,初孵仔魚布池密度為10,000尾/m2。培育條件:水溫為22℃~24℃,鹽度為27~30,pH為7.6~8.0,光照周期為12L : 12D。餌料系列:褶皺臂尾輪蟲()→鹵蟲無節(jié)幼體()→配合飼料。苗種胚后發(fā)育時(shí)間以日齡(day after hetching, DAH)計(jì)算,初孵仔魚為0日齡,以此類推。3~21 DAH仔魚投喂褶皺臂尾輪蟲,日投喂2次,投喂密度為8~10 ind./mL;投喂輪蟲時(shí)添加小球藻(),密度為5×105cell/mL。20 DAH開始增加投喂鹵蟲無節(jié)幼體,密度為1~2 ind./mL,日投喂2次;30 DAH開始投喂配合飼料,進(jìn)行配合轉(zhuǎn)化;40 DAH后轉(zhuǎn)換投喂配合飼料。自4 DAH開始換水,換水率逐漸達(dá)100%~200%,定期清理培育池底部,保持水質(zhì)清潔。

自仔魚布池日起15 DAH前,每天從育苗池中隨機(jī)取樣40~60尾;15 DAH后每3 d隨機(jī)取樣30~40尾;30 DAH后,每5 d隨機(jī)取樣20~30尾。實(shí)驗(yàn)之前,先使用MS-222對(duì)仔魚進(jìn)行麻醉處理,然后在NIKON (MSZ800,日本)解剖鏡下對(duì)仔魚不同時(shí)期的形態(tài)特征、色素變化、器官發(fā)育、攝食情況進(jìn)行觀察并拍照記錄,測(cè)量仔魚的體長(zhǎng)、眼徑、油球徑等。另外,使用固定液固定各日齡標(biāo)本10~20尾,以備實(shí)驗(yàn)室補(bǔ)充觀察使用。

1.4 溫度對(duì)胚胎孵化的影響

溫度梯度設(shè)置:20℃、22℃、24℃、26℃、28℃共5組,每組重復(fù)2次。實(shí)驗(yàn)容器為8個(gè)白色塑料桶(容積為100 L),使用300 W電熱棒帶控溫儀控制溫度(精確度為±0.5℃)作為恒溫水浴。將實(shí)驗(yàn)燒杯(2 000 mL)加水放入,將水溫調(diào)控到各自的溫度組,每個(gè)溫度組放置3個(gè)燒杯。發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)卵時(shí),從采卵網(wǎng)箱中取受精卵,挑選發(fā)育至多細(xì)胞的卵,計(jì)數(shù)120粒分別放入每個(gè)燒杯中,微充氣,定時(shí)觀察并記錄胚胎發(fā)育進(jìn)程。每天將每個(gè)燒杯中的死卵計(jì)數(shù)后去除,并換水30%~50%左右。受精卵孵出后,統(tǒng)計(jì)孵化率、畸形率,確定適宜孵化水溫。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

仔稚幼魚生長(zhǎng)數(shù)據(jù)、受精卵孵化率和畸形率數(shù)據(jù)采用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(Mean±SD)表示,使用SPSS 24.0軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差(one-way, ANOVA)分析方法,對(duì)受精卵孵化率、畸形率進(jìn)行顯著性分析,差異顯著性水平設(shè)定為0.05,當(dāng)<0.05時(shí)為差異顯著。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 胚胎發(fā)育特征

2.1.1 卵裂前期 未受精成熟卵子原生質(zhì)表層分布著復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)紋結(jié)構(gòu)。受精后,胚盤形成,卵周隙擴(kuò)大(圖1A)。

2.1.2 卵裂期 受精后2 h 10 min,受精卵胚盤發(fā)生經(jīng)裂。胎盤發(fā)生3次經(jīng)裂,將胚盤分成8個(gè)大小均等的細(xì)胞,進(jìn)入8細(xì)胞時(shí)期。每1次經(jīng)裂的卵裂溝均與前1次卵裂溝垂直,分裂球等大;受精后3 h發(fā)生第5次經(jīng)裂,進(jìn)入32細(xì)胞時(shí)期,卵裂大小不一;受精后3 h 30 min,第1次緯裂發(fā)生,胚盤分化成排列不均的2層細(xì)胞,進(jìn)入64細(xì)胞期;之后細(xì)胞不斷分裂,在動(dòng)物極處排成多層;至受精后5 h 15 min,胚盤動(dòng)物極一側(cè)形成表面粗糙的高帽狀細(xì)胞群,進(jìn)入桑葚期(圖1B~圖1H)。

2.1.3 囊胚期 受精后6 h 5 min,高帽狀細(xì)胞群表面由粗糙變得光滑,細(xì)胞繼續(xù)分裂增多,高帽狀細(xì)胞群高度增加,形成高囊胚;受精后10 h 20 min,高囊胚邊緣開始變薄并向扁平發(fā)展,進(jìn)入低囊胚期(圖1I和圖1J)。

2.1.4 原腸期 受精后11 h 30 min,進(jìn)入原腸早期。原腸胚邊緣下包,形成原腸腔,胚盾逐漸明顯;之后經(jīng)歷原腸中期、原腸晚期,至受精后17 h 30 min,原腸腔壁加厚,原口即將關(guān)閉,出現(xiàn)胚體雛形(圖1K~圖1N)。

2.1.5 神經(jīng)胚期 受精后18 h 50 min,原口完全關(guān)閉,進(jìn)入神經(jīng)胚期。此時(shí),神經(jīng)胚兩側(cè)加厚隆起向內(nèi)卷曲后在中間結(jié)合,形成神經(jīng)脊。胚體頭部呈橢圓形,胚體體節(jié)為5~6對(duì),有棕黃色點(diǎn)狀色素分布,出現(xiàn)克氏泡(圖1O)。

表1 五條胚胎發(fā)育時(shí)序(22.0℃±0.5℃)

2.1.6 器官發(fā)生期 受精后27 h 40 min,胚體包卵黃囊1/2,胚體頭部和尾部明顯,體節(jié)為9~12對(duì),心臟原基形成;受精后28 h 40 min,胚體包卵黃囊2/3,形成尾芽,出現(xiàn)心跳活動(dòng)(頻率為58~79次/min),胚體兩側(cè)均勻分布零散點(diǎn)狀黑色素,腦分化為3部分,形成晶體,體節(jié)為20~24對(duì),胚體偶爾出現(xiàn)間歇性收縮(頻率為1~3次/min)(圖1P和圖1Q)。

2.1.7 肌肉效應(yīng)期 受精后30 h 25 min,胚體包卵黃囊4/5,胚體兩側(cè)分布的黑色素明顯增多,形成黑色素條帶,尾部較頭部密集;受精后32 h,胚體完全包被卵黃囊,頭部和卵黃囊色素明顯增多,頭部分化為5部分,尾部扭轉(zhuǎn)明顯,胚體間歇性收縮(肌肉效應(yīng))明顯,收縮頻率為12~18次/min(圖1R和圖1S)。

2.1.8 孵化期 受精后35 h 15 min,胚體肌肉效應(yīng)幅度和頻率增大(15~23次/min),卵黃囊縮小,胚體按先尾部后頭部的順序,將卵膜頂破,脫膜而出(圖1T)。

2.2 仔稚幼魚生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育特征

2.2.1 卵黃囊仔魚期 初孵仔魚(0 DAH):全長(zhǎng)為(4.03±0.27) mm,卵黃囊較大,呈橢圓形,長(zhǎng)徑為(1.53±0.13) mm,短徑為(0.81±0.07) mm,油球徑為(0.48±0.04) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的10.9%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的57.2%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的52.2%。初孵仔魚剛脫膜時(shí),身體彎曲,軀體前半部分伏在卵黃囊上,腹部朝上或橫臥在水中,呈靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)。背鰭膜和尾鰭膜之間存在明顯的分界線,背鰭膜和臀鰭膜邊緣分布棕黃色點(diǎn)狀色素帶,軀干、頭部、油球上散布著枝狀黑色素。腸道為細(xì)線狀,緊貼軀干腹部(圖2A)。

圖1 五條胚胎發(fā)育形態(tài)特征

1 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(4.21±0.17) mm,卵黃囊體積減少約55%,油球徑為(0.44±0.06) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的11.5%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的57.4%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的54.5%。仔魚身體完全展開,在水體中靜止倒立懸浮,活動(dòng)能力較弱。心臟呈L型,心跳為150~180次/min。背鰭膜和臀鰭膜邊緣分布的色素細(xì)胞密度增加,呈較為明顯的色素帶;軀干兩側(cè)色素分布密集,尾部近乎透明。腸道尚未充氣(圖2B)。

2 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(4.43±0.13) mm,卵黃囊體積減少約75%,油球徑為(0.40±0.04) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的11.6%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的57.5%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的55.4%。仔魚開始平游,靠尾部擺動(dòng)可變換水層,且瞬時(shí)游泳速度快。在水體中分布較為均勻,分布密度水體上層較下層大。背鰭膜和臀鰭膜增高,色素帶密度增加;眼囊開始分布淡黃色色素;尾鰭膜仍為透明,呈扇形。腸道加粗,中間腔擴(kuò)大(圖2C)。

3 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(4.51±0.33) mm,卵黃囊體積減少約90%,油球徑為(0.21±0.05) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的15.1%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的58.5%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的48.5%。仔魚多靜止在水體中。鰾原基形成,未充氣。軀干上、下兩側(cè)枝狀黑色素增多,尾部有少量點(diǎn)狀色素,背鰭膜升高,棕黃色色素減少,胸鰭呈小葉狀,活動(dòng)能力不強(qiáng)。眼囊因黑色素分布密集而呈黑色。心臟有血液流動(dòng)。仔魚開口,下頜骨明顯,膀胱腔擴(kuò)大,腸道出現(xiàn)褶皺(圖2D)。

6 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(4.93±0.17) mm,卵黃囊消耗殆盡,油球仍有殘余。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的23.2%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的57.8%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的38.9%。仔魚游泳能力提高,能躲避障礙物,主要分布在水體中、上層,有趨光性。鰾開始充氣。軀干上、下兩側(cè)和眼囊黑色素分布密集,軀干中部為棕黃色,通體呈黃褐色(圖2E)。

2.2.2 脊索彎曲前仔魚期 10 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(5.21±0.23) mm,油球消耗完畢。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的25.7%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的59.3%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的32.5%。軀干黑色素分布密度加大,形成黑色色斑;兩側(cè)胸鰭分成明顯的兩部分,上半部為黑,下半部為棕黃。肩帶骨凸顯。胸鰭明顯增長(zhǎng)。鰾充氣呈橢圓形。消化系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)育,腸道褶皺增多(圖2F)。

2.2.3 脊索彎曲仔魚期 15 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(6.24±0.66) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的27.6%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的66.3%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的35.1%。軀干左右兩側(cè)明顯加寬。除頭部下半部分和尾部,全身分布黑色和棕黃色色斑,通體為深褐色。仔魚攝食輪蟲良好,攝食率(feeding rate, FT, %)(攝食率=攝食仔魚數(shù)/仔魚總數(shù)×100%)達(dá)90%以上,腸道前端和胃部后方形成第1個(gè)生理彎曲。仔魚脊索末端開始向上彎曲,下方尾扇形成,鰭條為12根,上有少量棕黃色點(diǎn)狀色素,背鰭膜明顯后移(圖2G)。

20 DAH仔魚:全長(zhǎng)為(7.55±1.12) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的28.7%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的60.5%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的41.6%。除尾部和眼囊,全身密集分布黑色色素,通體呈淡黑色,眼囊變成深藍(lán)色。脊索末端彎曲完成。背鰭鰭條16根,臀鰭鰭條8根,覆蓋著棕黃色色素。尾鰭扇形面積增大,鰭條17根,仍為透明。仔魚開始攝食鹵蟲無節(jié)幼體,腸道形成2個(gè)生理彎曲(圖2H)。

2.2.4 脊索彎曲后稚魚期 25 DAH稚魚:全長(zhǎng)為(10.25±1.35) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的28.8%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的59.5%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的33.1%。脊索末端演化成尾鰭條,尾鰭條17根,背鰭條23根,臀鰭條13根。通體除尾鰭外呈黃綠色。魚體能順流游動(dòng),有集群現(xiàn)象,分布在水體中、上層。個(gè)體生長(zhǎng)差異加劇。苗種攝食鹵蟲無節(jié)幼體良好(圖2I)。

30 DAH稚魚:全長(zhǎng)為(16.23±1.61) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的24.7%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的55.6%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的34.9%。尾鰭分叉明顯,鰭條19根,尾鰭始端有黑色色素斑點(diǎn)。背鰭鰭條30根,臀鰭條21根,腹鰭條5根,胸鰭條12根。通體呈黑金色,眼囊為金黃色,體表開始形成色素帶。可逆流游動(dòng)。全部攝食鹵蟲無節(jié)幼體,開始進(jìn)行配合飼料誘導(dǎo)。出現(xiàn)攻擊與殘食行為(圖2J)。

35 DAH稚魚:全長(zhǎng)為(22.45±1.42) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的26.6%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的53.6%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的33.8%。鰭條數(shù)量與成魚一樣。魚苗呈梭形,通體呈金黃色。生長(zhǎng)速度加快,個(gè)體差異加大,殘食現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,個(gè)體大的魚苗撕咬吞食個(gè)體小的魚苗,造成魚苗死亡率增高(圖2K)。

40 DAH稚魚:全長(zhǎng)為(28.07±2.32) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的27.8%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的54.3%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的32.3%。魚體體色發(fā)生巨大變化,開始生成鱗片,通體呈黑金色,光照下軀干部為銀白色,尾鰭上、下端出現(xiàn)褐色色斑。體表形成3~4條縱向的色素帶。魚苗在水中集群快速游動(dòng),遇有外部刺激快速散開逃逸(圖2L)。

2.2.5 幼魚期 50 DAH幼魚:全長(zhǎng)為(45.75±4.03) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的28.9%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的53.64%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的30.1%。色素帶顏色加深,背部為黑褐色,腹部為棕黃色,背鰭、尾鰭邊緣、臀鰭邊緣為棕黃色,眼囊為棕黃色??v向色素帶增加至5~6條(圖2M)。

65 DAH幼魚:全長(zhǎng)為(81.49±5.11) mm。頭長(zhǎng)占全長(zhǎng)的25.9%,肛前距占全長(zhǎng)的49.2%,眼徑為頭長(zhǎng)的37.7%。體色再次發(fā)生變化,背部為青色,腹部為銀白色,背鰭、尾鰭、臀鰭為棕黃色,體表鱗片形態(tài)同成體。眼囊為黃色,縱向色素帶褪去,苗體態(tài)與成體相似(圖2N)。

2.3 仔稚幼魚攝食與生長(zhǎng)特性

仔魚開口前,生長(zhǎng)主要靠?jī)?nèi)源性營(yíng)養(yǎng);3 DAH時(shí),仔魚開口后轉(zhuǎn)入混合營(yíng)養(yǎng)期(圖3);在4 DAH時(shí),卵黃囊消耗96%;在6 DAH時(shí),卵黃囊吸收完畢,仔魚開始發(fā)育并完全依賴外源營(yíng)養(yǎng),生長(zhǎng)速度加快。油球吸收速度較卵黃囊慢,至10 DAH吸收完畢。3 DAH時(shí),仔魚初次攝食輪蟲;6 DAH仔魚攝食率為60%~70%;20 DAH仔魚攝食鹵蟲無節(jié)幼體;30 DAH仔魚進(jìn)行配合飼料轉(zhuǎn)化;40 DAH仔魚全部攝食配合飼料。

TL=0.024 32–0.390 7+5.855 7 (2=0.997 2)

式中,TL為仔魚全長(zhǎng),為日齡。

圖2 五條胚后發(fā)育形態(tài)特征

圖3 五條仔魚卵黃囊吸收過程

圖4 五條早期生長(zhǎng)曲線(0~65日齡)

2.4 溫度對(duì)胚胎孵化的影響

圖5 溫度對(duì)五條胚胎孵化和初孵仔魚畸形的影響

3 討論

3.1 五條胚胎發(fā)育特征

3.2 仔稚幼魚攝食與生長(zhǎng)

表2 溫度對(duì)五條胚胎發(fā)育的影響

3.3 溫度對(duì)胚胎孵化的影響

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Early Growth and Development Characteristics ofand the Temperature Adaptation of Embryonic Development

FANG Lu1,2, XU Yongjiang1①, LIU Xuezhou1, CUI Aijun1, WANG Kaijie1, WANG Bin1, JIANG Yan1, LI Wensheng3

(1. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Deep Blue Fishery Joint Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; 2. College of Fishers and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; 3. Laizhou Mingbo Aquatic Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong 261400, China)

Yellowtail amberjack,, is a globally distributed, economically important, marine pelagic fish species belonging to the same genusasand. It is a popular table fish worldwide because of its flavorsome flesh and high nutritional value. Recently, we made a breakthrough in triggering the natural spawning ofby manipulating photothermal regimes in China, and produced over 7700 juveniles with an average total length (TL) of 147 mm in an indoor tank culture system. Meanwhile, the morphological and quantitative characteristics and the growth and development ofduring the early life history stages were observed and described for the first time. The mature eggs ofare transparent, spherical, and buoyant, with a single oil globe with a diameter of approximately 1.26~1.36 mm. The embryos hatched out at approximately 37 h 40 min post hatching at a water temperature of (22.0±0.5)℃. The embryonic development process can be divided into eight stages: pre-cleavage, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, neurula, organogenesis, muscle effect, and hatching. The morphology of embryonic development has been described previously. The TL of the newly hatched larvae was (4.03±0.27) mm with an oval yolk sac, which accounted for 3/8 of the TL. The TL of larvae 3 days after hatching (DAH) was (16.23±1.61) mm, and the mouth opened and larvae entered the mixed nutrition period. The first food was a rotifer. The TL of larvae at 6 DAH was (4.93±0.17) mm; here, the yolk sac was exhausted and the swim bladder started to inflate. The TL of larvae at 10 DAH was (5.21±0.23) mm, and the larvae entered the exogenous nutrition stage. The TL of larvae at 15 DAH was (6.24±0.66) mm, and the end of the spine began to bend. The TL of larvae at 25 DAH was (10.25±1.35) mm, and the spine bending process was completed; thereafter, the larvae began to feed on. The TL of juveniles at 30 DAH was (16.23±1.61) mm, which is when commercial feed conversion started, and the juveniles began to feed well on the commercial diet at 40 DAH when the TL reached (28.07±2.32) mm. The TL of juveniles at 65 DAH was (81.49±5.11) mm, which was when the juvenile morphology was similar to the adults. Furthermore, the suitable temperature for embryonic development was determined to be 22℃~24℃. The results provide technical support regarding artificial breeding and seedling production technology ofthat could boost the development of thefarming industry in China

; Embryonic development; Postembryonic development; Morphological characterisitcs; Growth performance; Temperature adaption

XU Yongjiang, E-mail: xuyj@ysfri.ac.cn

S936

A

2095-9869(2021)06-0194-11

10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210224002

http://www.yykxjz.cn/

FANG L, XU Y J, LIU X Z, CUI A J, WANG K J, WANG B, JIANG Y, LI W S. The early growth and development characteristics ofand the temperature adaptation of embryonic development. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2021, 42(6): 194–204

徐永江,研究員,E-mail: xuyj@ysfri.ac.cn

2021-02-24,

2021-03-30

*山東省支持青島海洋科學(xué)與技術(shù)試點(diǎn)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室重大科技專項(xiàng)(2018SDKJ0303-1; 2018SDKJ0501-2)、國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2019YFD0900901; 2018YFD0901204)、中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(TD47)、財(cái)政部和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部:國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-47)共同資助 [This work was supported by the Marine Science and Technology Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (2018SDKJ0303-1; 2018SDKJ0501-2), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFD0900901; 2018YFD0901204),Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (TD47), and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-47)]. 方 璐,E-mail: 342245529@qq.com

(編輯 陳 嚴(yán))

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