雷新響,位盼盼,呂曉,張嫻,葉可,李正輝
(中南民族大學(xué) 藥學(xué)院,武漢 430074)
黃連始載于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》,為毛茛科植物黃連、三角葉黃連或云南黃連的干燥根莖[1]. 黃連藥材中含有生物堿、木脂素、香豆素、黃酮、萜類、甾體、有機(jī)酸、揮發(fā)油、多糖等多種化學(xué)成分,表現(xiàn)出抗菌、消炎、抗氧化、抗病毒等以及降糖作用的藥理活性[2]. 但是藥用植物種植周期較長(zhǎng)、藥用成分含量較低的特殊性以及大規(guī)模的開發(fā)利用,使黃連等一些藥用植物成為稀缺資源[3-4]. 植物內(nèi)生真菌具有培養(yǎng)周期較短、藥用成分含量較高、易處理、獲取成本較低等特點(diǎn),是緩解一些藥用植物匱乏的有效途徑. 1993年,Stierle首次從短葉紅豆杉的韌皮部中獲得一株產(chǎn)抗癌物質(zhì)紫杉醇的內(nèi)生真菌,開啟了藥用植物內(nèi)生真菌研究的新紀(jì)元. 為了進(jìn)一步研究黃連內(nèi)生真菌的化學(xué)成分,本文對(duì)黃連內(nèi)生真菌Fusariumproliferatum的次生代謝產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行了研究. 利用凝膠Sephadex-20、硅膠柱色譜層析及反向高效液相色譜等一系列分離方法,分離純化得到9個(gè)化合物單體(圖1).
圖1 化合物1~9的結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.1 Chemical structures of compounds 1-9
核磁共振波譜儀(600 MHz,德國(guó)Bruker);核磁共振波譜儀(500 MHz,德國(guó)Bruker);質(zhì)譜儀(Autospec Premier P776,美國(guó)Waters).
FUJI C18填料,粒徑為20~45 μm,孔徑為100 A(賽譜銳思);Sephadex-LH 20(瑞典Amersham biosciences);柱色譜硅膠(200~300目)與薄層色譜硅膠板(青島海洋化工廠);分析型高效液相色譜為Agilent 1260,色譜柱為Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm),徑粒為5 μm;制備型高效液相色譜為Agilent 1260,色譜柱為Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18柱(9.4 mm×250 mm),徑粒為5 μm;顯色溶劑:香草醛溶液和硫酸乙醇溶液;觀察熒光波長(zhǎng):254 nm和365 nm;色譜甲醇和乙腈(湖北弗頓).
采用固體培養(yǎng)方法. 培養(yǎng)基:大米100 g,加水100 mL,置于500 mL三角燒瓶中,121 ℃滅菌15 min,共30瓶;培養(yǎng)條件:溫度 24 ℃;靜置,暗培養(yǎng)30 d.
將固體發(fā)酵產(chǎn)物用2倍體積的濃度為80%甲醇提取3次,每次12 h,合并提取液,減壓濃縮至5 L,加入等體積的乙酸乙酯萃取5次,萃取液合并后減壓濃縮得到總浸膏56 g. 經(jīng)正相硅膠柱層析用氯仿/甲醇(1∶0,20∶1,10∶1,4∶1,1∶1,0∶1)系統(tǒng)梯度洗脫得3個(gè)組分(A~C). 組分C經(jīng)過甲醇-水(體積比為20∶80,40∶60,60∶40,80∶20)分離,得到16個(gè)亞組分C1~C16.
組分C3經(jīng)正相硅膠柱層析(氯仿-甲醇)分離得到7個(gè)組分C3-1~C3-7,C3-4經(jīng)過制備型HPLC(乙腈/水,5%~20%,18 min)分離得到化合物1(3.7 mg). C3-6經(jīng)過制備型HPLC(乙腈/水,10%~20%,12 min)分離得到化合物2(2.9 mg).
組分C10經(jīng)正相硅膠柱層析(石油醚/丙酮)分離得到9個(gè)組分C10-1~C10-9. C10-2經(jīng)過制備型HPLC(乙腈/水,15%~20%,15 min)和制備型HPLC(乙腈/水,35%,20 min)分別分離得到化合物3(2.2 mg)和4(1.9 mg). C10-6經(jīng)過制備型HPLC(乙腈/水,20%~35%,15 min)分離得到化合物5(1.3 mg).
組分C11經(jīng)過Sephadex-LH 20(甲醇)分離得到10個(gè)組分C11-1~C11-10. C11-10經(jīng)過制備型HPLC(乙腈/水,30%,15 min)分離得到化合物6(3.6 mg).
組分C12經(jīng)過正相硅膠柱層析(石油醚/丙酮)得到7個(gè)組分C12-1~C12-7,C12-6經(jīng)制備型HPLC(乙腈-水,55%,0~33 min;80%,34~40 min)分離得到化合物7(2.7 mg)、8(3.4 mg)、9(1.1 mg).
化合物1:分子式C10H9NO3S,無色晶體.1H NMR(CD3OD,600 MHz): δH8.92(S,1H,H-2),7.29(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,H-7),6.94(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,H-5),4.10(s,2H,H-8),3.69(d,J=1.6 Hz,3H,H-10).13C NMR(CD3OD,150 MHz): δC173.65(C-9),157.16(C-6),152.73(C-2),147.31(C-3),136.62(C-1),130.97(C-4),118.19(C-5),106.55(C-7),52.57(C-10),38.16(C-8). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[5]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致. 故化合物1被確定為methyl 2-(6-hydroxybenzothiazol-4-yl) acetate.
化合物2:分子式C14H16N2O2,白色粉末.1H NMR(CD3OD,600 MHz): δH7.30 - 7.21(m,5H,Ar-H),4.45(td,J=5.0,1.9 Hz,1H,H-9),4.07(ddd,J=10.9,6.3,2.0 Hz,1H,H-6),3.54(dt,J= 12.0,8.3 Hz,1H,H-3a),3.37(ddd,J=12.4,7.9,5.2 Hz,1H,H-3b),3.18(m,1H,H-10a),3.16(m,1H,H-10b),2.09(m,J=12.3,6.2,4.0 Hz,1H,H-5b),1.84 - 1.77(m,2H,H-4a,b),1.20(m,J=12.3,10.7,8.7Hz,1H,H-5a).13C NMR(CD3OD,150 MHz): δC170.91(C-1),166.91(C-7),137.32(C-1'),131.07(C-2'),129.46(C-6'),128.09(C-3',5'),60.07(C-6),57.69(C-9),45.95(C-3),38.22(C-10),29.39(C-5),22.75(C-4). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[6]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致. 故化合物2被確定為cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Pro).
化合物3:分子式C10H9NO2,黃色粉末.1H NMR(CD3OD,600 MHz): δH8.06 - 8.04(m,1H,H-4),7.96(s,1H,H-2),7.44(dt,J=8.1,1.0 Hz,1H,H-7),7.22 - 7.16(m,2H,H-5,6),3.88(s,3H,H3-9).13C NMR(CD3OD,150 MHz): δC167.85(C-8),138.13(C-7a),133.20(C-2),127.28(C-3a),123.71(C-6),122.52(C-5),121.89(C-4),112.96(C-7),108.24(C-3),51.38(C-9). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[7]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致. 故化合物3被確定為1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester.
化合物4:分子式C11H12O4,淡黃色膠狀.1H NMR(CD3OD,600 MHz): δH7.61(d,J=15.9 Hz,1H,H-1'),7.19(d,J=2.0 Hz,1H,H-2),7.07(dd,J=8.1,2.0 Hz,1H,H-6),6.81(d,J=8.1 Hz,1H,H-5),6.37(d,J=15.9 Hz,1H,H-2'),3.89(s,3H,H-7),3.77(s,3H,H-4').13C NMR(CD3OD,150 MHz): δC169.75(C=O),150.66(C-4),149.40(C-3),146.86(C-1'),127.67(C-1),124.12(C-6),116.46(C-5),115.19(C-2'),111.64(C-2),56.42(C-7),52.00(C-4'). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[8]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致. 故化合物4被確定為methyl ferulate.
化合物5:分子式C15H20N2O2,白色粉末.1H NMR(CDCL3,600 MHz): δH7.36 - 7.33(m,2H,H-3',5'),7.31 - 7.27(m,1H,H-4'),7.23-7.21(m,2H,H-2',6'),6.02(s,1H,2-NH),5.88(s,1H,5-NH),4.24(ddt,J=9.5,3.7,1.8 Hz,1H,H-3),3.92(dq,J=3.0,1.5 Hz,1H,H-6),3.43(dd,J=13.8,3.6 Hz,1H,H-11a),2.92(dd,J= 13.8,9.7 Hz,1H,H-11b),2.05 - 1.98(m,1H,H-7),1.17(m,2H,H-8),0.98(d,J=7.1 Hz,3H,10-CH3),0.88(t,J=7.4 Hz,3H,9-CH3).13C NMR(CDCL3,150 MHz): δC167.17(C-1),166.76(C-4),135.49(C-1'),129.74(C-3',C-5'),129.31(C-2',C-6'),127.73(C-4'),60.24(C-6),56.17(C-3),40.48(C-11),38.19(C-7),23.65(C-8),15.43(C-10),11.89(C-9). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[9]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致. 故化合物5被確定為 Cyclo-(D-Phe-L-Ile).
化合物6:分子式C40H36N6O4,黃色粉末.1H NMR(CD3OD,600 MHz): δH7.58(dd,J=8.0,0.9 Hz,1H,H-27),7.23(dt,J=4.1,1.4 Hz,3H,H-43,44,45),7.14(tt,J=7.4,1.3 Hz,1H,H-42),7.12-7.08(m,4H,H-46,21,19,23),7.02-7.00(m,2H,H-20,22),6.92-6.87(m,4H,H-26,31,7,25),6.77(d,J=7.9 Hz,1H,H-8),6.64-6.58(m,2H,H-1,6),5.80(s,1H,H-2),4.25(t,J=4.4 Hz,1H,H-15),3.47(td,J=4.6,1.1 Hz,1H,H-37),3.43(td,J=4.6,1.1 Hz,1H,H-34),3.23-3.15(m,3H,H-11,33a,12a),3.08-3.06(m,1H,H-17a),3.05(t,J=3.8 Hz,1H,H-40a),2.93(dd,J=13.7,4.7 Hz,1H,H-17b),2.82(dd,J=14.0,4.8 Hz,1H,H-33b),2.74(dd,J=11.8,5.9 Hz,1H,H-40b),2.05-2.00(m,1H,H-12b).13C NMR(CD3OD,150 MHz): δC169.96(C-39),169.16(C-13),168.19(C-16),167.63(C-36),147.18(C-9),135.09(C-18),135.08(C-41),134.93(C-29),133.72(C-4),132.03(C-4),129.90(C-42,C-46),129.56(C-23,C-19),129.02(C-28),128.62(C-7),128.29(C-20,C-22),128.04(C-43,C-45),127.47(C-21),126.83(C-44),124.67(C-31),122.88(C-5),122.8(C-24),119.26(C-27),118.98(C-26),118.78(C-25),118.37(C-6),110.23(C-8),108.52(C-32),83.07(C-2),58.54(C-15),57.07(C-3),56.72(C-11),55.21(C-37),54.96(C-34),39.35(C-17),38.23(C-12),38.21(C-40),28.52(C-33). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故化合物6被確定為Asperazine.
化合物7:分子式C32H26O10,黃色無定形粉末.1H NMR(CDCL3,600 MHz): δH15.25(s,1H,5'-OH),12.84(s,1H,5-OH),7.05(s,1H,H-6),6.97(s,1H,H-7),6.43(d,J=2.2 Hz,1H,H-7'),6.34(d,J=0.8 Hz,1H,H-3),6.18(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,H-9′),6.00(d,J=0.9 Hz,1H,H-3'),4.03(s,3H,H-13'),3.78(s,3H,H-12),3.61(s,3H,H-11'),3.43(s,3H,H-11),2.49(d,J=0.7 Hz,3H,H-13),2.12(d,J=0.8 Hz,3H,H-12').13C NMR(CDCL3,150 MHz): δC184.47(C-4'),182.86(C-4),167.40(C-2),166.78(C-2'),162.69(5'-OH),161.47(C-8'),161.00(C-6'),159.91(C-8),156.79(C-10),156.57(5-OH),154.99(C-10b),150.73(C-10'a),140.68(C-6a),140.53(C-9'a),117.04(C-7),110.56(C-3),109.28(C-4a),108.48(C-10a),107.88(C-3'),107.27(C-6),105.93(C-10'a),104.91(C-10'),104.14(C-4'a),101.47(C-7),96.87(C-7'),96.14(C-9'),61.13(C-11),56.13(C-13'),55.89(C-12),55.08(C-11'),20.61(C-12'),20.48(C-13). 以上數(shù)據(jù)和文獻(xiàn)[12]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致. 故化合物7被確定為fonsecinone A.
化合物8:分子式C32H26O10,黃色無定形粉末.1H NMR(CDCL3,600 MHz): δH15.25(s,1H,5'-OH),14.83(s,1H,5-OH),7.15(s,1H,H-10),6.97(s,1H,H-9),6.41(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,C-7'),6.20(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,C-9'),6.06(d,J=0.9 Hz,1H,C-3),5.98(d,J=0.9 Hz,1H,C-3'),4.02(s,3H,H-11'),3.79(s,3H,H-13),3.62(s,3H,H-12'),3.46(s,3H,H-12),2.44-2.40(m,3H,H-11),2.12(d,J=0.8 Hz,3H,H-13').13C NMR(CDCL3,150 MHz): δC184.63(C-4'),184.47(C-4),167.68(C-2),167.61(C-2'),162.71(5-OH),161.99(5'-OH),161.41(C-8),161.05(C-8'),160.18(C-6'),158.57(C-6),153.37(C-10a),150.84(C-10'a),140.70(C-9a),140.55(C-9'a),117.62(C-7),111.43(C-5a),108.56(C-5'a),107.45(C-3),107.27(C-3'),105.16(C-10'),104.73(C-4a),104.28(C-4'a),101.36(C-9),101.23(C-10),96.86(C-7'),96.47(C-9'),62.05(C-12),56.22(C-11'),55.93(C-13),55.15(C-12'),20.80(C-11),20.72(C-13'). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]基本一致. 故化合物8被確定為aurasperone A.
化合物9:分子式C32H26O10,黃色無定形粉末.1H NMR(CDCL3,600 MHz): δH15.34(s,2H,5-OH,5'-OH),6.42(d,J=2.3 Hz,2H,H-7,7'),6.04(d,J=2.3 Hz,2H,H-9,9'),6.00(d,J=0.9 Hz,2H,H-3,3'),4.05(s,6H,H-11,11'),3.47(s,6H,H-12,12'),2.03(d,J=0.7 Hz,6H,H-13,13').13C NMR(CDCL3,150 MHz): δC184.95(C-4,4'),168.09(C-2,2'),163.42(C-10a,10'a),162.22(C-8,8'),161.50(C-6,6'),151.69(C-5,5'),141.05(C-9a,9'a),109.09(C-10,10'),107.69(C-3,3'),105.86(C-5a,5'a),104.69(C-4a,4'a),97.57(C-7, 7'),96.73(C-9,9'),56.60(C-11,11'),55.62(C-12,12'),21.01(C-13,13'). 以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]數(shù)據(jù)基本一致,故被確定為nigerone.
通過對(duì)黃連內(nèi)生菌Fusariumproliferatum的系統(tǒng)分離,得到了9個(gè)化合物單體. 其中化合物2和5為環(huán)二肽類化合物,據(jù)報(bào)道該類化合物具有激素調(diào)節(jié)、控制能量代謝、抗菌和抗腫瘤等作用[13]. 化合物6是二酮哌嗪異二聚體,細(xì)胞毒性試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)人癌細(xì)胞系PC3、A2780、K562、MBA-MD-231和NCI-H168化合物6均有較弱活性[10]. 化合物7、8、9是苯并吡喃酮二聚體類化合物,這類化合物對(duì)大鼠和小鼠的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出急性毒性作用[14],并且對(duì)Taq DNA聚合酶具有抑制作用[15]. 本文分離得到的9個(gè)化合物單體,是否具有上述生物學(xué)功能,值得進(jìn)一步研究和探索.
中南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)2021年6期