毛祥忠 唐紹榮 楊斌 趙寧
摘 要:為了篩選營(yíng)建云南松抗蟲(chóng)混交林的樹(shù)種,該研究觀察了云南切梢小蠹非寄主植物川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟和山茶六種闊葉樹(shù)種葉片不同濃度的水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)及幼苗生長(zhǎng)的化感作用。結(jié)果表明:(1)川滇榿木、滇樸、麻櫟和山茶四種闊葉樹(shù)種葉片的水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出低濃度促進(jìn),高濃度抑制效應(yīng)。(2)在測(cè)試濃度范圍內(nèi),樟樹(shù)和緬桂葉片水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)存在抑制作用。綜上所述,六種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松的化感作用敏感性不同,低濃度范圍內(nèi)的川滇榿木、滇樸、麻櫟和山茶樹(shù)葉片水浸提液對(duì)云南松生長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出促進(jìn)作用,樟樹(shù)和緬桂葉片水浸提液對(duì)云南松生長(zhǎng)具有抑制作用。因此,結(jié)合營(yíng)林技術(shù),可選用川滇榿木、滇樸、麻櫟等闊葉樹(shù)種與云南松混交,營(yíng)建云南松抗蟲(chóng)混交林。
關(guān)鍵詞:浸提液,化感作用,云南松,種子萌發(fā),幼苗生長(zhǎng)
中圖分類號(hào):Q945
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000-3142(2021)09-1516-08
Abstract:This study observed the allelopathic effects of different concentrations of water extracts from the leaves of six broad-leaved tree species on the seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus yunnanensis,which can be used as potential tree species for the construction of P. yunnanensis hybrid forest. The six broad-leaved tree species were Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii,Quercus acutissima,Celtis kunmingensis,Cinnamomum camphora,Michelia×alba and Camellia japonica. The results were as follows:(1)Water extracts from the leaves of four broad-leaved tree species,namely Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii,Quercus acutissima,Celtis kunmingensis and Camellia japonica had promoting effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus yunnanensis when at low concentrations,but showed inhibitory effects on them at high concentrations. (2)In the tested concentrations,the water extracts from leaves of Michelia×alba and Cinnamomum camphora had exhibited inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus yunnanensis. In conclusion,six species of broad-leaved trees reflected different sensitivities to allelopathic effects of P. yunnanensis. At low concentrations,water extracts from leaves of Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii,Quercus acutissima,Celtis kunmingensis and Camellia japonica had promoting effects on the growth of Pinus yunnanensis,while water extracts from leaves of Michelia×alba and Cinnamomum camphora had inhibiting effects. Thus,in combination with silviculture techniques,Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii,Quercus acutissima,Celtis kunmingensis can be selected to construct Pinus yunnanensis insect-resistant mixed forest.
Key words:extract,allelopathic effect,Pinus yunnanensis,seed germination,seedling growth
云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)是我國(guó)云南、四川、西藏、廣西等?。▍^(qū))特有的樹(shù)種,具有耐干旱,生態(tài)適應(yīng)性廣和天然更新能力強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)(楊燕等,2009;陳飛等,2012)。云南松是云南省荒山造林的先鋒樹(shù)種,栽培面積占全省林地面積的52%、占林地蓄積的32%,在維持云南生態(tài)安全中具有不可替代的作用(王磊等,2018)。云南松林多以純林為主,由于種植面積廣,樹(shù)種單一,遭受了害蟲(chóng)的蛀食危害(柴守權(quán)等,2002;王大偉等,2013;劉凌等,2014)。其中云南切梢小蠹(Tomicus yunnanensis)的危害性較大,每年大約造成7.5萬(wàn) hm2云南松活力木死亡(馬學(xué)玉等,2016)。目前,針對(duì)該害蟲(chóng)的防治主要是人工清理蠹害木、化學(xué)農(nóng)藥防治、生物防治等(路榮春,2008),但均不能有效控制小蠹蟲(chóng)的危害。李孟樓等(2005)研究表明營(yíng)造混交林一定程度上能夠抵御害蟲(chóng)的危害,岳鋒等(2011,2013)的研究表明混交林能夠有效控制云南切梢小蠹的危害,周希偉等(2012)通過(guò)生物測(cè)試,發(fā)現(xiàn)川滇榿木(Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii)、緬桂(Michelia×alba)、滇樸(Celtis kunmingensis)、樟樹(shù)(Cinnamomum camphora)、麻櫟(Quercus acutissima)、山茶(Camellia japonica)等六個(gè)樹(shù)種對(duì)云南切梢小蠹表現(xiàn)出趨避作用,可以用來(lái)營(yíng)建云南松抗蟲(chóng)混交林。
抗蟲(chóng)混交林的營(yíng)建是個(gè)復(fù)雜的體系,受樹(shù)種選擇、混交模式、混交比例、培育措施等多因素調(diào)控。其中樹(shù)種選擇是關(guān)鍵的一步,既要考慮造林的目的,還要考慮樹(shù)種間的相互作用,特別是植物間的化感作用。植物的化感作用是植物自主產(chǎn)生并釋放到環(huán)境中的化學(xué)物質(zhì),在自然界中廣泛存在,其在控制農(nóng)田雜草、病蟲(chóng)害防治、植被的恢復(fù)和混交林樹(shù)種的選擇上具有重要意義(Bais et al.,2003;李浩然等,2006;李嘯宇等,2017;錢(qián)沉魚(yú)等,2019)。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者利用植物浸提液對(duì)種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)的化感作用進(jìn)行了大量的研究,結(jié)果表明,植物的化感作用對(duì)植物種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)具有“低促高抑效應(yīng)”,且低濃度的促進(jìn)作用強(qiáng)于高濃度的抑制作用(Young & Bush,2009;郭曉燕等,2018;Puig et al.,2018)。針對(duì)云南松種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)化感作用的研究鮮有報(bào)道,目前有朱霞等(2009)利用低濃度的水楊酸處理后能夠提高種子的發(fā)芽率和促進(jìn)幼苗的生長(zhǎng);曹子林等(2012)研究表明紫莖澤蘭(Ageratina adenophora)氣態(tài)揮發(fā)物在高濃度時(shí)可以極顯著降低云南松種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng),隨著濃度降低抑制作用減弱。關(guān)于營(yíng)建混交林用的闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松化感作用的研究未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此,本研究選取前期篩選出的能夠抗云南切梢小蠹的非寄主植物川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟、山茶等六種闊葉樹(shù)種葉片為材料,利用水浸提液研究對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)、幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響,篩選出能夠促進(jìn)云南松種子萌發(fā)及生長(zhǎng)的闊葉樹(shù)種,為云南松抗蟲(chóng)混交林營(yíng)建、改造選擇樹(shù)種提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 供試材料
供試闊葉樹(shù)種川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟和山茶葉片采自西南林業(yè)大學(xué)樹(shù)木園十年生樹(shù)體。隨機(jī)選取株高和胸徑一致的樹(shù)體,在相同高度用高枝剪剪下六種闊葉樹(shù)的樹(shù)枝,選取發(fā)育良好的葉片置于保溫箱中,帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室;供試種子購(gòu)自云南省林木種苗工作總站。
1.2 試驗(yàn)儀器
調(diào)溫電熱套、高壓滅菌鍋、旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀、人工氣候箱。
1.3 試驗(yàn)方法
1.3.1 闊葉樹(shù)種葉片水浸提液的制備 浸提液的制備參考張霖等(2015)的提取方法,將采集到的川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟、山茶等六種新鮮闊葉樹(shù)葉片用自來(lái)水沖洗干凈并用蒸餾水洗3 次,自然條件下晾干粉碎過(guò)60 目篩備用。分別稱取供試闊葉樹(shù)葉片100 g粉末加入圓底燒瓶中,按照1∶3(質(zhì)量體積比)比例加入蒸餾水浸泡48 h后真空抽濾,共計(jì)3 次,合并浸提液并定容至1 000 mL,得到質(zhì)量濃度為0.1 g·mL-1的母液,量取浸提液母液分別稀釋到質(zhì)量濃度為0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08 g·mL-1,置于冰箱(4 ℃)中備用。
1.3.2 云南松種子預(yù)處理 挑取飽滿、大小均勻的云南松種子用0.5%KMnO4溶液消毒10 min,并用無(wú)菌蒸餾水沖洗3 次,用無(wú)菌蒸餾水浸種4 h后備用。
1.3.3 六種闊葉樹(shù)種葉片水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)的影響 選取直徑為12 cm的培養(yǎng)皿,在培養(yǎng)皿中放兩層濾紙,分別均勻地放入處理過(guò)的50 粒種子,依次加入不同種類、不同濃度的植物浸提液6 mL,每個(gè)處理設(shè)3 個(gè)重復(fù),對(duì)照組以無(wú)菌蒸餾水處理。置于人工氣候箱(發(fā)芽條件為空氣相對(duì)濕度75%,溫度25 ℃,每天光照12 h)中培養(yǎng),每隔3 d分別向培養(yǎng)皿中加入2 mL無(wú)菌蒸餾水或水浸提液,置床當(dāng)天為第1 天,每天觀察并固定時(shí)間記錄種子萌發(fā)情況,第15 天計(jì)算發(fā)芽勢(shì),第21天結(jié)束發(fā)芽實(shí)驗(yàn)并計(jì)算發(fā)芽率。
1.3.4 六種闊葉樹(shù)種葉片水浸提液對(duì)云南松幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響 選擇顆粒飽滿且大小一致的云南松種子進(jìn)行催芽處理,待種子露白后采用盆栽法測(cè)定六種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響(李軻和楊柳,2019),每盆栽植5 株(花盆大小為44 cm × 29 cm),基質(zhì)為滅過(guò)菌的蛭石,分別向花盆中加入不同濃度的水浸提液20 mL,蒸餾水作為對(duì)照,每個(gè)處理設(shè)置3 個(gè)重復(fù),將花盆置于人工氣候箱中培養(yǎng),以后每隔3 d定時(shí)補(bǔ)充水浸提液或蒸餾水15 mL,28 d后測(cè)定云南松種子的苗高和生物量。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
參照申時(shí)才等(2017)方法計(jì)算種子萌發(fā)指標(biāo),發(fā)芽勢(shì)=(第15 天正常發(fā)芽的種子數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù))×100%;發(fā)芽率=已發(fā)種子總數(shù)/供試種子×100%。用化感效應(yīng)指數(shù)(RI)表示化感的強(qiáng)度,當(dāng)T≥C時(shí),RI=1-C/T;當(dāng)T
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 六種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)的影響
由表1和表2可知,不同濃度的川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟和山茶等六種闊葉樹(shù)種的水浸提液均能影響云南松種子的發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì),隨著水浸提液濃度的升高,云南松種子的發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)均呈下降趨勢(shì)。當(dāng)濃度為0.02 g·mL-1時(shí),川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶四種闊葉樹(shù)種的水浸提液對(duì)云南松發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)的化感指數(shù)RI均為正值,說(shuō)明四種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松種子的萌發(fā)有促進(jìn)作用,其中滇樸水浸提液處理過(guò)的云南松種子的發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)最高,分別為95.70%、90.30%,比對(duì)照組提高了12.06%、14.02%;在測(cè)試的濃度范圍內(nèi)樟樹(shù)和緬桂的浸提液對(duì)云南松種子的發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)均具有抑制作用。當(dāng)濃度達(dá)到0.10 g·mL-1時(shí),各處理組的發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)均極顯著小于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),表明川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸、山茶、樟樹(shù)和緬桂浸提液對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)具有一定程度的抑制作用。
2.2 六種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液對(duì)云南松幼苗生長(zhǎng)的影響
由表3可知,在濃度為0.02和0.04 g·mL-1時(shí),川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶四種闊葉樹(shù)種的水浸提液對(duì)云南松幼苗的生長(zhǎng)具有促進(jìn)作用,樟樹(shù)和緬桂兩種闊葉樹(shù)種的水浸提液對(duì)云南松幼苗的生長(zhǎng)具有抑制作用;當(dāng)水浸提液濃度為0.06~0.10 g·mL-1時(shí),六種闊葉樹(shù)種處理過(guò)的云南松幼苗的苗高化感指數(shù)均為負(fù)值,且隨著水浸提液濃度的增加化感指數(shù)RI的絕對(duì)值也在不斷增大,說(shuō)明隨著水浸提液濃度的增加,六種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松幼苗的生長(zhǎng)抑制作用逐漸增強(qiáng)。由表3可知,在最低濃度0.02 g·mL-1時(shí),測(cè)試的六種闊葉樹(shù)種中滇樸對(duì)云南松幼苗生長(zhǎng)的促進(jìn)作用最強(qiáng),處理組幼苗的苗高比對(duì)照組增加了1.60 cm。
2.3 六種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液對(duì)云南松幼苗生物量的影響
由表4可知,樟樹(shù)和緬桂兩種闊葉樹(shù)種葉片的水浸提液在測(cè)試濃度范圍內(nèi)分別對(duì)云南松幼苗生物量的增長(zhǎng)均表現(xiàn)出抑制作用,隨著濃度的上升,抑制作用均呈現(xiàn)出增大的趨勢(shì)。當(dāng)濃度為0.02 g·mL-1時(shí),川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶四種闊葉樹(shù)種的水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子的幼苗生物量增長(zhǎng)具有促進(jìn)作用;當(dāng)濃度超過(guò)0.06 g·mL-1時(shí),四種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液對(duì)云南幼苗的生物量的增長(zhǎng)由促進(jìn)作用轉(zhuǎn)化為抑制作用;當(dāng)水浸提液濃度達(dá)到0.10 g·mL-1時(shí),六種闊葉樹(shù)種處理過(guò)的云南松幼苗生物量均極顯著小于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),說(shuō)明六種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松幼苗生物量增長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出抑制作用。
3 討論與結(jié)論
在自然界中,化感物質(zhì)通過(guò)雨水淋刷和霧滴等途徑淋溶進(jìn)入土壤環(huán)境對(duì)其他植株產(chǎn)生化感作用,抑制或促進(jìn)臨近植株種子的萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng)(楊期和等,2000;Young & Bush,2009;Shen et al.,2018)?,F(xiàn)有的研究表明,化感物質(zhì)濃度較低可以促進(jìn)植物種子的萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng),當(dāng)化感物質(zhì)不斷積累到一定濃度或超過(guò)臨界濃度時(shí)植物生長(zhǎng)受到抑制(Alam et al.,2004;陳鋒等,2017),說(shuō)明化感作用在森林群落演替中具有調(diào)控作用。因此,在營(yíng)造混交林時(shí)需要考慮不同樹(shù)種間的化感作用的影響。本研究結(jié)果表明,六種闊葉樹(shù)種的水浸提液對(duì)云南松種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)有促進(jìn)或抑制作用。在濃度較低的時(shí)候,川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶四種闊葉樹(shù)種浸提液對(duì)云南松種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)有促進(jìn)作用,隨著濃度的增大,四種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)由促進(jìn)作用轉(zhuǎn)化為抑制作用,這可能是川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶四種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液低濃度時(shí)促進(jìn)了受體植物細(xì)胞通透性,提高了營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素和水分的吸收,增強(qiáng)了植物生長(zhǎng)激素的表達(dá),濃度升高后受體植物細(xì)胞分離受到抑制,甚至引起細(xì)胞凋亡,從而造成植株生長(zhǎng)緩慢;而樟樹(shù)和緬桂兩種闊葉樹(shù)種水浸提液在測(cè)試濃度范圍內(nèi)對(duì)云南松種子的萌發(fā)和幼苗的生長(zhǎng)均表現(xiàn)出抑制作用,這是因?yàn)椴煌瑯?shù)種化感物質(zhì)成分差異較大,受體植物對(duì)化感物質(zhì)的耐受機(jī)制不同,這兩種闊葉樹(shù)種的化感物質(zhì)抑制了云南松細(xì)胞分離和通透性,影響了營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素和水分的吸收,影響植物光合作用進(jìn)行,從而造成植株生長(zhǎng)受到抑制,這種現(xiàn)象與楊珊等(2020)和劉濟(jì)明等(2019)的研究結(jié)果一致。因此,在實(shí)際林業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶樹(shù)種與云南松混交初期,這四個(gè)樹(shù)種分泌到自然環(huán)境中的化感物質(zhì)濃度低,能夠促進(jìn)云南松的種子萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng),而隨著植株的生長(zhǎng),種群密度變大,化感物質(zhì)不斷積累并超過(guò)臨界濃度時(shí)就會(huì)抑制云南松的種子萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng),在經(jīng)營(yíng)撫育管理期間,應(yīng)適當(dāng)控制川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶的種群密度和及時(shí)清除落葉,促進(jìn)云南松的天然更新和健康生長(zhǎng)。
抗蟲(chóng)混交林樹(shù)種的選擇除了需要考慮抗蟲(chóng)效果,還需要考慮樹(shù)種之間的化感效應(yīng)。周希偉等(2012)通過(guò)研究篩選出川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟和山茶等六個(gè)闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南切梢小蠹具有趨避作用,可以作為抗蟲(chóng)混交林樹(shù)種,但并未對(duì)樹(shù)種間的化感作用進(jìn)行研究。植物的化感作用是一個(gè)復(fù)雜過(guò)程,受多種因數(shù)的影響,如與受體的種類、雨水量、溫度和受體體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化途徑有關(guān),它可以直接或間接影響周圍植物的種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)(Anaya,1999;閻飛等,2000;陳淑芳,2009)。本研究采用水浸提法研究六種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)的化感作用,篩選出了對(duì)云南松生長(zhǎng)具有促進(jìn)作用的樹(shù)種川滇榿木、麻櫟、滇樸和山茶。目的是為了快速篩選混交林營(yíng)建樹(shù)種,為抗云南切梢小蠹混交林營(yíng)建和蠹害林改造提供了理論依據(jù),且這些闊葉樹(shù)種種類都是在前期野外調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上篩選出來(lái)的,結(jié)果并不能完全說(shuō)明測(cè)試的六種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松的化感作用,若要進(jìn)一步研究六種闊葉樹(shù)種對(duì)云南松的化感作用,需要采集川滇榿木、緬桂、滇樸、樟樹(shù)、麻櫟和山茶六種闊葉樹(shù)種根際和群落土壤,試驗(yàn)這些土壤是否能對(duì)云南松種子萌發(fā)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生影響。
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(責(zé)任編輯 周翠鳴)