劉嫻

筆者從近年高考英語閱讀理解考查的題目出發(fā)，溯本求源，探尋命題點在文本中的來源，嘗試歸納出一般英語閱讀理解文本的重點語義表達處，以期對考生在閱讀理解文本中，有的放矢，迅速抓住有效文本信息，提高閱讀的效率。

本文基于近三年高考英語全國卷閱讀理解考題與文本的聯(lián)系，歸納出文本的重點語義表達特點，即命題的常見區(qū)間特點。

1.?轉(zhuǎn)折之后

轉(zhuǎn)折處常常是語義的重點，也是高考生查的重點。表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞有however，?but，?instead，?yet，?in?fact等。如2020年全國Ⅰ卷B篇：

...?But?books?dont?change，?people?do.?And?thats?what?makes?the?act?of?rereading?so?rich?and?transformative.

The?beauty?of?rereading?lies?in?the?idea?that?our?bond?with?the?work?is?based?on?our?present?mental?register.?Its?true，?the?older?I?get，?the?more?I?feel?time?has?wings.?But?with?reading，?its?all?about?the?present.?Its?about?the?now?and?what?one?contributes?to?the?now，?because?reading?is?a?give?and?take?between?author?and?reader.?Each?has?to?pull?their?own?weight.

24.?Why?does?the?author?like?rereading？

A.?It?evaluates?the?writer-reader?relationship.

B.?Its?a?window?to?a?whole?new?world.

C.?Its?a?substitute?for?drinking?with?a?friend.

D.?It?extends?the?understanding?of?oneself.

分析：本文倡導(dǎo)重讀書本，24題推測作者喜歡重讀的原因，原文重說理，難度偏大。但語義重點在轉(zhuǎn)折之處。通過文本中兩個轉(zhuǎn)折句“但是書不會改變，人會改變”以及“但是通過讀書（重讀），一切關(guān)乎當(dāng)下以及如何成為當(dāng)下的”可知，作者喜歡重讀的原因在于重讀能夠加深對自我的理解，選D項。

2.?比較之中

若文中出現(xiàn)比較，如like（像），?as?much?as（和……一樣），unlike（和……不同）?或比較級或最高級詞匯，往往是命題點。?如2018年全國Ⅰ卷D篇：

We?may?think?were?a?culture?that?gets?rid?of?our?worn?technology?at?the?first?sight?of?something?shiny?and?new，?but?a?new?study?shows?that?we?keep?using?our?old?devices（裝置）well?after?they?go?out?of?style.?Thats?bad?news?for?the?environment?and?–?our?wallets–?as?these?outdated?devices?consume?much?more?energy?than?the?newer?ones?that?do?the?same?things.

32.?What?does?the?author?think?of?new?devices？

A.?They?are?environment-friendly.

B.?They?are?no?better?than?the?old.

C.?They?cost?more?to?use?at?home.

D.?They?go?out?of?style?quickly.

分析：本段末句是含比較級，全句句意為“這對環(huán)境和我們的錢包來說是個壞消息，因為這些過時的設(shè)備比功能相同的新設(shè)備消耗更多的能量。”也就是說，新設(shè)備消耗的能量更少，即更環(huán)保，故選A項。

3.?因果關(guān)系處

因果關(guān)系處頗受命題者所青睞，表明某兩個事件之間存在因果關(guān)系的詞有because，?since，?for，?as，?therefore，?thus，?so，?consequently，as?a?result等。如2019年全國Ⅰ卷C篇：

Researchers?from?Georgia?Tech?say?that?they?have?come?up?with?a?low-cost?device（裝置）that?gets?around?this?problem：?a?smart?keyboard.?This?smart?keyboard?precisely?measures?the?cadence（節(jié)奏）with?which?one?types?and?the?pressure?fingers?apply?to?each?key.?The?keyboard?could?offer?a?strong?layer?of?security?by?analyzing?things?like?the?force?of?a?users?typing?and?the?time?between?key?presses.?These?patterns?are?unique?to?each?person.?Thus，?the?keyboard?can?determine?peoples?identities，?and?by?extension，?whether?they?should?be?given?access?to?the?computer?its?connected?to—regardless?of?whether?someone?gets?the?password?right.

29.?What?makes?the?invention?of?the?smart?keyboard?possible？

A.?Computers?are?much?easier?to?operate.

B.?Fingerprint?scanning?techniques?develop?fast.

C.?Typing?patterns?vary?from?person?to?person.

D.?Data?security?measures?are?guaranteed.

分析：本文介紹生物識別技術(shù)——智能鍵盤。29題考查智能鍵盤發(fā)明的基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)文本因果句的語義重點“人與人打字的模式獨一無二，因此，鍵盤可以確定人們的身份。”故選C項。

4.?定語從句中

定語從句也是命題的熱點之一。?如2020年全國Ⅰ卷D篇：

The?engineers?at?the?Massachusetts?Institute?of?Technology（MIT）have?taken?it?a?step?further?changing?the?actual?composition?of?plants?in?order?to?get?them?to?perform?diverse，even?unusual?functions.?These?include?plants?that?have?sensors?printed?onto?their?leaves?to?show?when?theyre?short?of?water?and?a?plant?that?can?detect?harmful?chemicals?in?groundwater.

33.?What?is?the?function?of?the?sensors?printed?on?plant?leaves?by?MIT?engineer？

A.?To?detect?plants?lack?of?water.

B.?To?change?compositions?of?plants.

C.?To?make?the?life?of?plants?longer.

D.?To?test?chemicals?in?plants.

分析：33題考查植物葉片植入傳感器的作用，根據(jù)文中兩個定語從句對列舉植物的解釋可知，由前一定語從句“將傳感器植入葉片是為了顯示什么時候缺水了”可知，選A項。

5.?舉例項中

列舉項中，也可能是高考的命題點，表示列舉的詞有such?as，?for?example，?for?instance等。如2020年全國Ⅰ卷C篇：

As?a?result，?she?says，?some?of?the?injuries?associated?with?running，?such?as?runners?knee，?are?uncommon?among?race?walkers.?But?the?sports?strange?form?does?place?considerable?stress?on?the?ankles?and?hips，?so?people?with?a?history?of?such?injuries?might?want?to?be?cautious?in?adopting?the?sport.?In?fact，?anyone?wishing?to?try?race?walking?should?probably?first?consult?a?coach?or?experienced?racer?to?learn?proper?technique，?she?says.?It?takes?some?practice.

29.?What?advantage?does?race?walking?have?over?running？

A.?Its?more?popular?at?the?Olympics.

B.?Its?less?challenging?physically.

C.?Its?more?effective?in?body?building.

D.?Its?less?likely?to?cause?knee?injuries.

分析：本文介紹競走運動。29題考查對比跑步，競走的優(yōu)勢。根據(jù)文中含有舉例項的句子，“與跑步相關(guān)的受傷，比如膝傷，在競走者身上并不常見”得出，舉例子為了說明競走不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷，故選D項。

6.?特殊標(biāo)點處

特殊標(biāo)點符號，如破折號、冒號、引號、省略號等，常對某一難詞或術(shù)語的含義進行更清楚的重述，或者對重要觀點態(tài)度的呈現(xiàn)。通常也是重點語義的呈現(xiàn)形式，因此，也可能是命題熱點。如2019年全國Ⅰ卷B篇：

But?hes，?nervous.?“Im?here?to?tell?you?today?why?you?should?...?should...”Chris?trips?on?the“-ld，”a?pronunciation?difficulty?for?many?non-native?English?speakers.?His?teacher，Thomas?Whaley，?is?next?to?him，?whispering?support.“...Vote?for?...me?...”Except?for?some?stumbles，?Chris?is?doing?amazingly?well.?When?he?brings?his?speech?to?a?nice?conclusion，?Whaley?invites?the?rest?of?the?class?to?praise?him.

25.?What?does?the?underlined?word“stumbles”in?paragraph?2?refer?to？

A.?Improper?pauses.????????????B.?Bad?manners.

C.?Spelling?mistakes.???????????D.?Silly?jokes.

分析：本文記敘了一位老師鼓勵學(xué)生做總統(tǒng)競選演講，學(xué)會夸耀自己樹立自信。25題根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義，文本中對Chris演講稿的引用以及講稿中的省略號的作用，可知，他做得很好，除了一些“不恰當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD”外，故選A項。

以上是筆者通過分析近三年全國Ⅰ卷總結(jié)出的常見的閱讀理解命題點，考生了解這些，可有效提高閱讀速度，迅速抓住文本的重點或考查點。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青