楊文煜

近五年高考英語全國I卷閱讀理解考題中，出現(xiàn)以why設問的題目共八道，所涉及的文體有議論文、記敘文及說明文，而且不同文體中以why提問的題目，其求答的方向也不一樣，體現(xiàn)了命題者不同的設計意圖。從命題者的設計意圖入手，對題干特點、命題點及選項分析，有助于揣測命題者的設計意圖，從而提高答題的準確率。

一、why問句，問原因

why問句，問原因的題目多數(shù)出現(xiàn)在記敘文中，其題干特點“why+助動詞+普通人的一件事”為特點，而且選項都是主語相同的完整陳述句，正確選項通常是對文本材料進行語意概括。其命題點有以下三種情況：

1.?原因狀語從句

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷C篇）I?am?Peter?Hodes，?a?volunteer?stem?courier.?Since?March?2012，?Ive?done?89?trips?--of?those，?51?have?been?abroad.?I?have?42?hours?to?carry?stem?cells（干細胞）in?my?little?box?because?Ive?got?two?ice?packs?and?thats?how?long?they?last，?in?all，?from?the?time?the?stem?cells?are?harvested?from?a?donor（捐獻者）to?the?time?they?can?be?implanted?in?the?patient，?weve?got?72?hours?at?most.?So?I?am?always?conscious?of?time.

30.?Why?does?Peter?have?to?complete?his?trip?within?42?hours？

A.?He?cannot?stay?away?from?his?job?too?long.

B.?The?donor?can?only?wait?for?that?long.

C.?The?operation?needs?that?much?time.

D.?The?ice?wont?last?any?longer.

分析：由because引導的原因狀語從句“因為我有兩個冰袋，它們只能撐這么長的時間”可知，選D項。

2.?現(xiàn)在分詞短語

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷B篇）Garza?never?pleased?move?away.?Even?when?her?daughter?and?son?asked?her?to?move?to?San?Antonio?to?help?their?children，?she?politely?refused.?Only?after?a?year?of?friendly?discussion?did?Ms.?Garza?finally?say?yes.?That?was?four?years?ago.?Today?all?three?generations?regard?the?move?to?a?success，?giving?them?a?closer?relationship?than?they?would?have?had?in?separate?cities.

25.?Why?was?Garzas?move?a?success？

A.?It?strengthened?her?family?ties.

B.?It?improved?her?living?conditions.

C.?It?enabled?her?make?more?friends.

D.?It?helped?her?know?more?new?places.

分析：最后一句中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語，表示結(jié)果“這讓他們的關系比在單獨的城市更親密”，可見A項正確。

3.?表示轉(zhuǎn)折處

（2020年全國Ⅰ卷C篇）Race?walkers?are?conditioned?athletes.?The?longest?track?and?field?event?at?the?Summer?Olympics?is?the?50-kilometer?race?walk，?which?is?about?five?miles?longer?than?the?marathon.?But?the?sports?rules?require?that?a?race?walkers?knees?stay?straight?through?most?of?the?leg?swing?and?one?foot?remain?in?contact（接觸）with?the?ground?at?all?times.?Its?this?strange?form?that?makes?race?walking?such?an?attractive?activity，?however，?says?Jaclyn?Norberg，?an?assistant?professor?of?exercise?science?at?Salem?State?University?in?Salem，?Mass.

28.?Why?are?race?walkers?conditioned?athletes？

A.?They?must?run?long?distances.

B.?They?are?qualified?for?the?marathon.

C.?They?have?to?follow?special?rules.

D.?They?are?good?at?swinging?their?legs.

分析：由題干中的conditioned?athletes找到此段，由段中But后的內(nèi)容“但是這項運動的規(guī)則要求競走選手的膝蓋在擺腿的大部分時間里要保持筆直，一只腳要始終與地面接觸”可知，這些運動員必須遵守特殊的規(guī)則，故選C項。正確選項是對原因的高度概括。

二、why問句，問目的

why問句，問目的，多數(shù)出現(xiàn)在研調(diào)或科普說明文中。題干通常是“why+研究者（researchers）或團隊（teams）或組織等完成一件事”，材料中命題點所在的句子的主體跟題干的主語基本一致。四個選項均為不定式，正確選項往往是文本材料的同義轉(zhuǎn)換或高度概括。

其命題點有以下兩種情況：

1.?表示目的的不定式處

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷D篇）We?may?think?...?Thats?bad?news?for?the?environment?–?and?our?wallets?–?as?these?outdated?devices?consume?much?more?energy?than?the?newer?ones?that?do?the?same?things.

To?figure?out?how?much?power?these?devices?are?using，?Callie?Babbitt?and?her?colleagues?at?the?Rochester?Institute?of?Technology?in?New?York?tracked?the?environmental?costs?for?each?product?throughout?its?life?...

33.?Why?did?Babbitts?team?conduct?the?research？

A.?To?reduce?the?cost?of?minerals.

B.?To?test?the?life?cycle?of?a?product.

C.?To?update?consumers?on?new?technology.

D.?To?find?out?electricity?consumption?of?the?devices.

分析：由題干中的Babbitt可定位到第二段，由第一句中表示目的的不定式“（To?figure?out?...?為了弄清楚這些設備到底用了多少電）”可知，選D項。

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷C篇）Some?of?the?worlds?most?famous?musicians?recently?gathered?in?Paris?and?New?Orleans?to?celebrate?the?first?annual?International?Jazz?Day.?UNESCO（United?Nations?Educational，?Scientific?and?Cultural?Organization）recently?set?April?30?as?a?day?to?raise?awareness?of?jazz?music，?its?significance，?and?its?potential?as?a?unifying（聯(lián)合）voice?across?cultures.

28.?Why?did?UNESCO?set?April?30?as?International?Jazz?Day？

A.?To?remember?the?birth?of?jazz.

B.?To?protect?cultural?diversity.

C.?To?encourage?people?to?study?music.

D.?To?recognize?the?value?of?jazz.

分析：由題干中的April?30可定位到第一段的最后一句，“聯(lián)合國教科文組織最近將4月30日定為爵士樂日，以提高人們對爵士樂的認識、爵士樂的重要性以及爵士樂作為跨文化統(tǒng)一聲音的潛力?！庇善渲械牟欢ㄊ蕉陶Z可知，選D項：認識到爵士樂的價值。正確選項是對原文的概括。

2.?問題解決處

（2019年全國Ⅰ卷C篇）As?data?and?identity?theft?becomes?more?and?more?common，?the?market?is?growing?for?biometric（生物測量）technologies—like?fingerprint?scans—to?keep?others?out?of?private?e-spaces.?At?present，?these?technologies?are?still?expensive，?though.

Researchers?from?Georgia?Tech?say?that?they?have?come?up?with?a?low-cost?device（裝置）that?gets?around?this?problem：?a?smart?keyboard.?This?smart?keyboard?precisely?measures?the?cadence（節(jié)奏）with?which?one?types?and?the?pressure?fingers?apply?to?each?key.

28.?Why?do?the?researchers?develop?the?smart?keyboard？

A.?To?reduce?pressure?on?keys.

B.?To?improve?accuracy?in?typing

C.?To?replace?the?password?system.

D.?To?cut?the?cost?of?e-space?protection.

分析：第一段末句“然而，目前這些技術(shù)仍然很昂貴?！钡诙蔚谝痪洹白糁蝸喞砉W院的研究人員說，他們已經(jīng)發(fā)明了一種低成本的設備來解決這個問題（上文“昂貴”的問題）：智能鍵盤?！庇纱丝芍_發(fā)智能鍵盤就是為了降低電子空間保護的成本，故選D項。

當然，這類問題也可能出現(xiàn)在記敘文中。如：

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷B篇）I?work?with?Volunteers?for?Wildlife，?a?rescue?and?education?organization?at?Bailey?Arboretum?in?Locust?Valley?...?However，?when?it?works，?it?is?simply?beautiful.

I?got?a?rescue?call?from?a?woman?in?Muttontown.?She?had?found?a?young?owl（貓頭鷹）on?the?ground.?When?I?arrived，?I?saw?a?2-to-3-week-old?owl.?It?had?already?been?placed?in?a?carrier?for?safety.

I?examined?the?chick（雛鳥）and?it?seemed?fine.?If?I?could?locate?the?nest，?I?might?have?been?able?to?put?it?back，?but?no?luck...

25.?Why?was?the?author?called?to?Muttontown？

A.?To?rescue?a?woman.

B.?To?take?care?of?a?woman.

C.?To?look?at?a?baby?owl.

D.?To?cure?a?young?owl.

分析：本題問叫作者來Muttontown的目的。由第一段第一句可知，作者是野生動物志愿者，最后一句“然而，當救助成功時，會有一種美妙的感覺”應是本文的主題句，接下來應是救助成功的一個案例。第二段開始講案例，作者接到一個女士的電話，說她發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個貓頭鷹，第三段說作者檢查了這只貓頭鷹，一切正常，接下來就是講如何幫助貓頭鷹找到其父母的過程。我們看各選項，“治愈一位女士”“照料一位女士”顯然是無中生有，易排除，選項D“治愈一只小貓頭鷹”，貓頭鷹并未生病，何來治愈？只有C項正確，該項中的look?at是examine的同義表達。

面對why提問的問題，考生可從選項入手，是不定式，就是問目的;若是完整的陳述句，就是問原因。明確了設計意圖，就更易在文中找到信息句，從而有效地選出正確選項。

責任編輯 蔣小青