【譯者言】 前年上半年,北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院教師梁昊博士請我讀一遍她翻譯的書稿《中西文明對比》3,幫她把一下質(zhì)量關(guān)。她1996年在北外讀碩士,后又讀博士,我都是她導(dǎo)師,她的請求我不能不答應(yīng);更重要的是,我看書中有許多論述西方文化的經(jīng)典選篇,這正是長期以來我的興趣所在,于是欣然接受。然而一年過去了,由于手頭事情比較多,一直沒有抽出時間看她的譯稿。2020年秋,北京外國語大學(xué)成立不久的北外學(xué)院請我為2019級的學(xué)生教翻譯,第一學(xué)期是英譯中。我想篇子不妨就從這本Comparing Civilizations和我一直在翻譯的The Idea of a University里選,一舉兩得。課上完后,我又想,之前我上完一輪翻譯課,都把譯稿和注釋整理出來,投給期刊,這次不妨故伎重演,區(qū)別僅在于這一次是二人同行。本刊主編歡迎我的這一想法,于是就開設(shè)了“譯路同行” 這個欄目,邀請讀者與譯者同行。
Authors Preface
There is a story behind the origins of Comparing Civilizations: China and the West. In the autumn of 2001, when John G. Blair was serving as a Foreign Expert at Beijing Foreign Studies University, he saw that the materials being used to teach Western civilization were those adapted from an American textbook of some years before4. He remarked to the Professor in charge that these materials did not take into account the fact that the students studying them were not Americans but Chinese. The retort was: “Why dont you make us a course that will do just that?5” The result, several years and four revisions later, is the present CCCW.
There were some revealing steps6 along the way. Initially a course was proposed7 to senior professors8 of English at BFSU as an American-style Western civilization course: a chronological sequence moving from the Greeks to the Romans to the Europe of the Middle Ages and so on. The professors were unanimous in rejecting this model. They insisted that they want a “genuinely comparative course,” though9 at the time no one could point to a model of what that meant10, either in China or elsewhere. The obvious alternative structure was topical, with comparisons between the two civilizations taking place within a series of categories representing important cultural domains11. CCCW today is an evolved version of that kind of “genuinely comparative” format.
Readers of CCCW have often expressed a legitimate curiosity about the authors: their backgrounds and what led them to invest so much time and energy in this massive and unprecedented project. Here are some partial answers. Both authors came to this project with similar experiences, two of which proved crucial. The first was an American-style liberal arts college12 education: Brown University (1956) for Dr. John Blair and for Dr. Jerusha McCormack13 Wellesley14 College (1964), where in an earlier generation15 Soong Meiling, better known in the West as16 Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, was educated.
Liberal-Arts Education
The ideas behind liberal-arts education were spelled out by Cardinal17 John Henry Newman in the mid-19th century. Newman conceived of college-level study as18 giving its students an education as opposed to training. To him, the most important goals of a university were not vocational19. Education in his sense20 aspires21 to broaden the mind. For example, it presumes that all forms of knowledge are related to each other. Hence, it strives to relate all academic disciplines to each other, at least on some level. Although students studying under such a conception do choose a major (principal subject) on which to concentrate, they are free to range widely22 among courses classified as electives. In fact, during the first year or two of most American colleges, students are typically required to spread attention over23 a variety of disciplines in the humanities or arts, as well as the social sciences and physical sciences. These24 are commonly designated as distribution requirements.
To satisfy such requirements, John Blair studied at an introductory level: Chemistry, Mathematics, and Biology; Economics, Psychology, and Sociology; Philosophy, History, and English Literature. His foreign language was French. When he was obliged25 to select a major, he chose Literature, English and American, as the least limiting field he had yet26 encountered. The liberal-arts emphasis taught him how to learn so later he could access Anthropology, Political Science, and Art History at need.
Similarly, distribution requirements ensured that Jerusha Hull McCormack left Wellesley College with a good grounding in Biology and Botany, as well as a working knowledge of Sociology, European History, English and Latin Literature. She studied these before she concentrated on her joint major27 of Fine Arts and Philosophy.
This breadth of educational background has made it possible for both authors to access the diversity of disciplines represented in CCCW. From there both went on to graduate study in English and American Literature. That led each to a Ph.D. (respectively at Brown University in 1962 and Brandeis University in 1973). This stage of their studies constituted, in Western terms, professional training as opposed to their earlier liberal education. Their liberal arts education contributed more to CCCW than the research skills they learned as part of their professional training.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ■
作者自序
《中西文明對比》這部書的背后有一個故事。2001 年秋,約翰·G.布萊爾在北京外國語大學(xué)擔(dān)任外國專家,看到西方文明這門課的教材是根據(jù)美國前些年出版的教科書改編而成,便對負(fù)責(zé)這門課的老師說,這些教材沒有考慮到學(xué)生是中國人而不是美國人。那位老師答道:“那您能不能為我們的學(xué)生量身定制一套教材呢?”結(jié)果就是,幾年后,經(jīng)過四輪修訂,這部《中西文明對比》呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前。
本書的編撰過程有些環(huán)節(jié)頗有意思。教程編寫之初,筆者曾向北外的一些老教授提議,開設(shè)一門美國方式的西方文明課, 按照時間順序,從古希臘和古羅馬講到中世紀(jì)歐洲等等??墒沁@一提議遭到教授們一致反對。他們堅持說,他們要的是一門“真正的對比課”,不過無論在中國還是在其他地方,當(dāng)時沒人能說明符合這一要求的課是什么樣子。另一種顯而易見的架構(gòu)是圍繞主題展開,即將兩種文明放在一系列重要文化主題下加以對比?!吨形魑拿鲗Ρ取繁闶怯僧?dāng)初那個“真正的對比課”設(shè)計演變而來。
常有讀者表示,他們對本書的兩位作者很好奇(這很正常):他們是什么背景,為什么對這項史無前例的大工程投入如此多的時間與精力? 以下是部分答案。兩位作者參與這項工程之前的經(jīng)歷相似,其中有兩點非常重要。其一是美國大學(xué)的文理教育。約翰·布萊爾博士本科畢業(yè)于布朗大學(xué)(1956),潔茹莎·默考馬克博士本科畢業(yè)于維斯理學(xué)院(1964),20世紀(jì)初,宋美齡(西方多稱之為蔣夫人)曾就讀于該學(xué)院。
文理教育
文理教育背后的理念是樞機主教約翰·亨利·紐曼在19世紀(jì)中葉提出的。他認(rèn)為大學(xué)層次的學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)給予學(xué)生教育,而非培訓(xùn)。在他看來,大學(xué)最重要的目標(biāo)不是幫助學(xué)生進入職場。在他心目中,教育就是要力爭拓寬學(xué)生的精神世界。例如,教育假定所有形式的知識都相互關(guān)聯(lián)。從這一點出發(fā),教育致力于把所有學(xué)科都彼此關(guān)聯(lián)起來,至少在某一層次上如此。在這一觀念之下,學(xué)生雖然選擇一個專業(yè)(主修科目),卻可以在被定為選修課的廣泛課程中自由馳騁。事實上,美國大多數(shù)大學(xué)通常都要求學(xué)生在入學(xué)后的頭一兩年里把注意力鋪開,涉獵多種學(xué)科,既學(xué)人文或藝術(shù),又學(xué)社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)。這種修課上的多樣性通常稱為“分布要求”。
為滿足這一要求,約翰·布萊爾修過以下入門課程:化學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、生物,經(jīng)濟學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會學(xué),哲學(xué)、歷史及英文。他的外文是法文。到了選專業(yè)的時候,他選的是英美文學(xué),因為這是他至此所遇到的局限性最小的領(lǐng)域。對文理科的重視教會了他如何學(xué)習(xí),所以他后來可以根據(jù)需要涉足人類學(xué)、政治學(xué)和藝術(shù)史。
同樣,分布要求確保潔茹莎·赫爾·默考馬克從維斯理學(xué)院畢業(yè)時既具有扎實的生物學(xué)和植物學(xué)基礎(chǔ),又在社會學(xué)、歐洲史、英文和拉丁文學(xué)方面具備一些基礎(chǔ)知識。她在修完這些課程后才專攻她的美術(shù)和哲學(xué)二合一專業(yè)。
正是兩位作者的寬廣教育背景讓他們得以涉獵本書涵蓋的眾多領(lǐng)域。由此他們接著讀研,領(lǐng)域是英文和美國文學(xué),各自獲得博士學(xué)位(約翰·布萊爾 1962 年于布朗大學(xué),潔茹莎·默考馬克 1973 年于布蘭戴斯大學(xué))。與其早先的文理教育不同,他們這一階段的學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)成西方體系中的專業(yè)培訓(xùn)。他們接受的文理教育對本書的貢獻大于他們在專業(yè)培訓(xùn)中學(xué)到的研究技能。? ? ? ? ? ? ? □
1北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院講師;1999年獲北京外國語大學(xué)英語語言文學(xué)碩士學(xué)位,2007年獲北京外國語大學(xué)英語語言文學(xué)博士學(xué)位。研究領(lǐng)域是英中對比語言學(xué)、英語史和語法化。? 2北京外國語大學(xué)長青學(xué)者、外國語言研究所教授,廣西師范大學(xué)漓江學(xué)者、外國語學(xué)院教授;1985年北京外國語大學(xué)英語語言文學(xué)碩士畢業(yè),1996年獲英國劍橋大學(xué)英語歷史語言學(xué)博士學(xué)位。研究領(lǐng)域是語言學(xué)、英中對比與翻譯、雙語詞典學(xué)。? 3英文原作為John Blair和Jerusha McCormack合著的教材Comparing Civilizations: China and the West(復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社,2018年第四版)。該書出版時封面印有中文書名《西中文明比照》,本專欄重譯為《中西文明對比》。
4這里的時間指稱是以2001年為基點,得譯成 “前些年”。學(xué)生多譯成“幾年前”,不準(zhǔn)確,因為“幾年前”默認(rèn)的時間指稱基點是說話之時。? 5 that 指說話人考慮到北外的學(xué)生是中國人,從他自身立場看問題。? 6 revealing的意思是giving you interesting information that you did not know before(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary第9版 revealing adjective 1. 條下),這里取其interesting義。steps指本書編撰過程中的各個環(huán)節(jié),不必直譯成“步驟”。? 7原文是被動式,但中文不說“被提議”。這里顯然是作者的提議,因此譯成“筆者提議”。? 8 senior professor老教授。不宜譯為資深教授,因為北外從來沒有設(shè)這種崗位。? 9 though這個詞引導(dǎo)的從句如果位于主句之后,though往往得譯成“不過”聽起來才自然。? 10 point to 這里的意思是“指明,說明”;a model of指“范例;榜樣”,也可以指“樣子”;what that meant的that指“真正的對比課”。
11本書的章節(jié)架構(gòu)按照六大主題劃分,所以這里可以把“ categories … domains”譯成“重要文化主題”。? 12 liberal源自拉丁文liber(自由的、不受束縛的);arts 源自拉丁文artes(技藝),與中國古代六藝的“藝”是同一個意思,指學(xué)校教授的科目,liberal arts的意思即“自由人學(xué)的科目或受的教育”。古代liberal arts共由7個科目組成,即文法、邏輯、修辭、音樂、算數(shù)、幾何、天文。前三門屬于人文,第四門屬于藝術(shù),盡管樂理背后有數(shù)學(xué),前四門同屬大文科;后三門同屬理科。因此liberal arts college的譯名以“文理學(xué)院”最合適。? 13本譯文所有人名、地名的翻譯遵循按原語發(fā)音音譯原則,譯文音節(jié)數(shù)與原文盡量一致,并考慮人名的性別特征。例如將Jerusha譯為“潔茹莎”,音節(jié)數(shù)與原文一致,三個字都有女性特點,讓人一看就明白是位女性的名字;Mc譯為“默”比“麥”更符合原文讀音。? 14“維斯理”是該學(xué)院官網(wǎng)提供的中文譯名 。? 15指比潔茹莎更早的一代人,即宋美齡這一代人。譯文將an earlier generation替換成宋美齡在那里上學(xué)時的20世紀(jì)初,更便于讀者理解和牢記。? 16 better known as譯文沒有采用“人們更熟知的是”這種直譯法,變通譯成更地道的“多稱之為”。
17“樞機主教”是教會內(nèi)部規(guī)范譯名,“紅衣主教”是不規(guī)范俗稱。? 18 “conceived… as”即“認(rèn)為……是”。college-level大學(xué)層次的。這里強調(diào)的是教育的水平,不宜譯成大學(xué)階段的。? 19這里“職業(yè)性的”就是“幫助學(xué)生進入職場”。? 20在他的定義中,即“在他心目中”。? 21 aspire致力于,力爭。? 22這里 range意為“roam, wander”,譯成更具褒義的“馳騁”。free to range就是 to range freely;要想range widely,首先要有wide range,故譯成“廣泛(課程)”。? 23“把注意力平鋪在……上”即“涉獵”。? 24如單純譯成“這些”,意思不夠清楚。
25 obliged的意思一般是“有義務(wù)”,這里指布萊爾到了按照規(guī)定必須選專業(yè)的時候,簡單譯成“到了選專業(yè)的時候”即可,不必突出“有義務(wù)”。? 26 yet至此。? 27 joint major一個專業(yè),學(xué)兩個學(xué)科,一般稱為“二合一”專業(yè)。